Ski jumping
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| Highest governing body | International Ski Federation |
|---|---|
| First played | Olaf Rye, November 1808, Eidsberg church, Eidsberg, Norway |
| Characteristics | |
| Team members | individual, team |
| Type | winter sport |
| Equipment | skis |
| Venue | worldwide |
| Presence | |
| Olympic | Since the first Winter Olympics in 1924 |
Ski jumping is a form of Nordic skiing in which athletes descend a specially constructed takeoff ramp (known as the inrun), jump from the end of it (the table) with as much power as they can generate, and "fly" as far as possible down a steeply sloped hill.[1] Points are awarded for distance and style by five judges, with competition sanctioned by the International Ski Federation (FIS). To enable the athletes (who are known as ski jumpers) to effectively glide such long distances and land safely, the skis they use are considerably wider and longer than their cross-country and alpine skiing counterparts. Ski jumping is predominantly a winter sport and has been part of the Winter Olympic Games since its inception in 1924,[2] but it can also be performed in the summer on artificial surfaces made from plastic. Along with cross-country skiing, ski jumping is one of two sports which form the Nordic combined discipline.
History[edit]
The recorded origins of ski jumping can be traced directly to November 1809, in which Danish-Norwegian lieutenant Olaf Rye launched himself 9.5 metres in the air as a show of courage to his fellow soldiers at Eidsberg church in Eidsberg, Norway.[3] By 1862, ski jumpers were facing much larger jumps and traveling longer. The very first recorded public competition was held at Trysil, Norway, on 22 January 1862. At this first competition, judges already awarded points for style ("elegance and smoothness"), participants had to complete three jumps without falling and rules were agreed upon in advance.[4] It is clear from the news report published in Morgenbladet that the ski jumping in Trysild was entertainment, but also a national, competitive sports event. The first known female ski jumper participated at the Trysil competition in 1863.[5] Norway's Sondre Norheim jumped 30 meters without the benefit of poles.[3] In 1866, the first skiing event held in Christiania near Old Aker Church was a combined cross-country, slalom and jumping competition, and attracted an audience of some 2,000 people. Sondre Norheim won his first competition in Christiania in 1868.[5] The first widely known ski jumping competition was the Husebyrennene, held in Oslo in 1879, with Olaf Haugann of Norway setting the first world record for the longest ski jump at 20 meters.[6] Explorer Fridtjof Nansen was a skilled skier and was number 7 in the 1881 competition at Huseby.[5] Until 1884–1886 jumping and cross-country was a single integrated competition: In 1886 at Huseby cross-country and jumping were held on separate days, and final results were calculated from the combined achievements (similar to present nordic combined).[5] The annual event was moved to Holmenkollen from 1892, and Holmenkollen has remained the pinnacle of ski jumping venues. To distinguish ski jumping competition only from Nordic combined, it is still referred to as spesielt hopprenn in Norwegian (ski jumping only). Until 1933 there were no "jumping only" national championships in Norway, only Nordic combined. International championships in ski jumping only were introduced in the 1920s.[7]
In 1929, Norwegian instructors arrived in Sapporo to train the Japanese in ski jumping.[4]
The Large Hill competition was included on the Olympic programme for the 1964 Olympic Games in Innsbruck.
Competition[edit]
The FIS Ski Jumping World Cup is the highest level of the sport, and is contested on three types of hills:
- Normal hill: the calculation line is set at approximately 80–100 metres (260–330 ft). Distances over 110 metres (360 ft) can be reached. There are no competitions in the mens World Cup in this sizes, although there are both World Championship and Olympic competitions.
- Large hill: the calculation line is set at approximately 120–130 metres (390–430 ft). Distances of over 150 metres (490 ft) can be reached, with this being the most commonly contested hill type on the World Cup calendar. Together with some ski flying hillsides (se below).
- Ski flying hill: the calculation line is set at 185–200 metres (607–656 ft). Extremely long distances of over 240 metres (790 ft) can be reached, and it is on these hills where world records are set. The current world record is held by Norwegian Anders Fannemel at 251.5 metres (825 ft).
Amateur and junior level competitions are held on hills which are smaller than 80 m. The second level of senior competition, below the World Cup, is the FIS Ski Jumping Continental Cup. In addition to individual competitions on all three hill types, a lesser number of team competitions take place as part of the World Cup. In team events, four ski jumpers are chosen to represent their country. One member of each team participates in an opening round, until all teams have completed their jumps. The lowest-scoring teams (usually two or three) are then eliminated, after which a second round decides the winning team and subsequent order based on accumulated points.
Individual ski jumping at the Winter Olympics consists of a training jump and two scored jumps.
Summer ski jumping[edit]
Ski jumping can also be performed in the summer on an inrun where the tracks are made from porcelain and the grass on the slope is coated with plastic, combined with water. However, not all hills are equipped with these facilities. There are also many competitions during the summer, including the FIS Ski Jumping Grand Prix. Norwegian ski jumper Vegard Haukø Sklett holds the summer world record on plastic with 147 metres (482 ft) which he set at Continental Cup competition on 23 September 2011 in Klingenthal, Germany.
Women's ski jumping[edit]
Women competed at the 2009 Nordic World Ski Championships followed by a women's team event at the 2011 world championships.
In 2006 the FIS proposed that women could compete at the 2010 Winter Olympics,[8] but this was rejected by the IOC because of the low number of athletes and participating countries at the time.[9]
A group of fifteen competitive female ski jumpers later filed a suit against the Vancouver Organizing Committee for the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games on the grounds that it violated the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms since men were competing.[10][11] The suit failed, with the judge ruling that the situation was not governed by the charter. Virginia Madsen told the story in the film called Fighting Gravity (2009).
The 2011–12 World Cup season was the very first in which women competed at World Cup level; previously, women had only competed in Continental Cup seasons.[12] The inaugural women's World Cup champion was Sarah Hendrickson. A further milestone was reached when women's ski jumping was included as part of the 2014 Winter Olympics.
Because they are lighter than men, female ski jumpers need a longer inrun and reach a higher landing speed. Injuries have affected a number of the sport's female athletes including Lisa Demetz,[13] Daniela Iraschko,[14] Anja Tepeš,[15] Caroline Espiau,[16] Alexandra Pretorius,[17] Sarah Hendrickson,[18] Jacqueline Seifriedsberger,[19] Svenja Würth,[20] Ema Klinec,[21] Ramona Straub,[22] Anja Tepeš,[23] Daniela Iraschko-Stolz,[24] Bigna Windmüller,[25] Lindsey Van,[26] Carina Vogt,[27] Manuela Malsiner,[28] and Elena Runggaldier.[29]
Mixed team ski jumping[edit]
A number of events took place in 2012:
- The first mixed pairs event was held at Mostec, Slovenia.[30][31] ski jumping complex located in Šiška District, Ljubljana. On four different hills of size HS14, HS23, HS38 and HS62 mixed teams competed with each other by rules of elimination system. Slovenians Maja Vtič and Tomaž Naglič won.[32]
- Mixed jumping at the FIS Grand Prix Ski Jumping event and first ever on plastic was held in Courchevel, France. Competition was held on normal La Praz olympic HS96 hill. The first full four member Mixed Team and first ever Grand Prix mixed team winner in history was team of Japan.
- The first FIS World Cup Mixed Team event took place in Lillehammer, Norway. Competition was held on normal Lysgårdsbakken olympic HS100 hill. Each national mixed team consisted of four ski jumpers, two men and two women. The first World Cup mixed team winner was team of Norway.
Tandem[edit]
On 18 February 2016 Slovenian ski jumpers Rok Urbanc and Jaka Rus made a historic first ever 35 metres (115 ft) world record tandem ski jump both on one pair of longer skis at HS45 hill in Planica, Slovenia.[33]
Scoring and rules[edit]
Ski jumpers below the minimum safe body mass index are penalized with a shorter maximum ski length, reducing the aerodynamic lift they can achieve. These rules have been credited with stopping the most severe cases of underweight athletes, but some competitors still lose weight to maximize the distance they can jump.[34]
The winner is decided on a scoring system based on distance, style, inrun length and wind conditions.
Aerodynamics has become a factor of increasing importance in modern ski jumping, with recent rules addressing the regulation of ski jumping suits. This follows a period when loopholes in the rules seemed to favour skinny jumpers in stiff, air foil-like suits.
Each hill has a target called the calculation point (or K point or "critical point") which is a par distance to aim for. It is also the place where many jumpers land, in the middle of the landing area. This point is marked by the K line on the landing strip. For K-90 and K-120 competitions, the K line is at 90 metres (300 ft) and 120 metres (390 ft) respectively. Skiers are awarded 60 points if they land on the K Line. Skiers earn extra points for flying beyond the K Line, or lose points for every meter(~3 ft) they land short of the mark. The typical meter value is 2 points in small hills, 1.8 points in large hills and 1.2 points in ski-flying hills. Thus, it is possible for a jumper to get a negative score if the jump is way short of the K line with poor style marks (typically a fall hill where the slope begins to flatten as measured from the take off.
In addition, five judges are based in a tower to the side of the expected landing point. They can award up to 20 points each for style based on keeping the skis steady during flight, balance, good body position, and landing. The highest and lowest style scores are disregarded, with the remaining three scores added to the distance score. Thus, a perfectly scored K-120 jump – with at least four of the judges awarding 20 points each – and the jumper landing on the K-point, is awarded a total of 120 points.
In January 2010, a new scoring factor was introduced to compensate for variable outdoor conditions. Aerodynamics and take-off speed are important variables that determine the value of a jump, and if weather conditions change during a competition, the conditions will not be equal for everyone, which is unfair. The jumper will now receive or lose points if the inrun (or start gate) length is adjusted to provide optimal takeoff speed. An advanced calculation also determines plus/minus points for the actual wind conditions at the time of the jump. These points are added or withdrawn from the original scores from the jump itself.
In the individual event, the scores from each skier's two competition jumps are combined to determine the winner.
Technique[edit]
The ski jump is divided into four parts: in-run, take-off (jump), flight and landing. In each part the athlete is required to pay attention to and practice a particular technique in order to maximize the outcome of ultimate length and style marks.
Using the V-style, popularised in late 1980s by Jan Boklöv from Sweden and Jiří Malec from Czechoslovakia, skiers are able to exceed the distance of the take-off hill by about 10% compared to the previous technique with parallel skis. Previous techniques first included the Kongsberger technique, the Däescher technique and the Windisch technique.[35] Until the mid-1960s, the ski jumper came down the in-run of the hill with both arms pointing forwards. This changed when the former East German Ski jumper Jochen Danneberg introduced the new in-run technique of directing the arms backwards in a more aerodynamic position.[citation needed]
The landing requires the skiers to touch the ground in the Telemark landing style (Norwegian: telemarksnedslag). This involves the jumper landing with one foot in front of the other, mimicking the style of Telemark skiing. Failure to comply with this regulation leads to the deduction of style marks (points).[7]
Gallery[edit]
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Pull-up style, Oslo, 1908
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Upright style, Sweden, 1917
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Torbjørn Falkanger with arms forward style, 1949
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Paavo Lukkariniemi, parallel style, world championship, 1966
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Postage stamp depicting Matti Nykänen at Calgary 1988 when Nykänen obtained 20 points
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Kamil Stoch, Telemark landing, Zakopane, 2013
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Rok Urbanc, V-style, at Holmenkollen 2005
.jpg)
Historic jumps[edit]
Ladies[edit]
| First jump | Date | Country | Hill | Place | Meters | Yards | Feet | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| In history | 1897 | Ragna Pettersen |  Norway |
Nydalsbakken | Aker, Norway | 12.0 | 13.1 | 39 |
| Over 50 meters | 1932 | Johanne Kolstad |  Norway |
Gråkallbakken | Trondheim, Norway | 62.0 | 67.8 | 203 |
| Over 100 meters | 29 March 1981 | Tiina Lehtola |  Finland |
Rukatunturi | Kuusamo, Finland | 110.0 | 120.3 | 361 |
| Over 150 meters | 5 February 1994 | Eva Ganster |  Austria |
Kulm | Tauplitz/Bad Mitterndorf, Austria | 161.0 | 176.1 | 528 |
| Over 200 meters | 29 January 2003 | Daniela Iraschko | Austria |
Kulm | Tauplitz/Bad Mitterndorf, Austria | 200.0 | 218.7 | 656 |
Men[edit]
| First jump | Date | Country | Hill | Place | Meters | Yards | Feet | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| In history | November 1808 | Olaf Rye | Norway |
Eidsberg church | Eidsberg, Norway | 9.5 | 10.4 | 31 |
| Over 50 meters | 16 February 1913 | Ragnar Omtvedt |  United States |
Wolverine Hill | Ironwood, United States | 51.5 | 56.3 | 169 |
| Over 100 meters | 15 March 1936 | Josef Bradl | Austria |
Bloudkova velikanka | Planica, Kingdom of Yugoslavia | 101.5 | 111.0 | 333 |
| Over 150 meters | 11 February 1967 | Lars Grini | Norway |
Heini-Klopfer-Skiflugschanze | Oberstdorf, West Germany | 150.0 | 164.0 | 492 |
| Over 200 meters | 17 March 1994 | Toni Nieminen | Finland |
Velikanka bratov Gorišek | Planica, Slovenia | 203.0 | 222.0 | 666 |
| Over 250 meters | 14 February 2015 | Peter Prevc |  Slovenia |
Vikersundbakken | Vikersund, Norway | 250.0 | 273.4 | 820 |
Tandem[edit]
| First jump | Date | Country | Hill | Place | Meters | Yards | Feet | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| In history | 18 February 2016 | Rok Urbanc Jaka Rus |
Slovenia Slovenia |
Planica Nordic Center HS45 | Planica, Slovenia | 35.0 | 38.3 | 115 |
Ski flying[edit]
All-time records[edit]
As of 9 January 2015
World Cup[edit]
Other records[edit]
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Winter Olympic Games[edit]
FIS Nordic World Ski Championships[edit]
FIS Ski Flying World Championships[edit]
Four Hills Tournament[edit]
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Highest attendance[edit]
Single daily events with more than 50,000 people. List is not complete:
Perfect score jumps: 5 x 20[edit]
Those who have managed to show a perfect jump, which means that all five judges attributed the maximum style score of 20 points for their jumps. So far only 7 jumpers are recorded to have achieved this:
| No. | Date | Ski jumper | Rank | Hill | Size | Location | Competition | Meters | Yards | Feet |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 7 Mar 1976 | Anton Innauer |
1 | Heini-Klopfer-Skiflugschanze K-175 | FH | Oberstdorf, Germany | KOP International Ski Flying Week | 176.0 | 192.5 | 577 |
| 2 | 25 Jan 1998 |  Kazuyoshi Funaki |
1 | Heini-Klopfer-Skiflugschanze K-185 | FH | Oberstdorf, Germany | World Cup / Ski Flying World Championships | 205.5 | 224.7 | 674 |
| 3 | 15 Feb 1998 | Kazuyoshi Funaki |
1 | Hakuba K-120 | LH | Nagano, Japan | Olympic Games | 132.5 | 149.9 | 438 |
| 4 | 17 Jan 1999 | Kazuyoshi Funaki |
2 | Wielka Krokiew K-116 | LH | Zakopane, Poland | World Cup | 119.0 | 130.1 | 390 |
| 5 | 8 Feb 2003 |  Sven Hannawald |
1 | Mühlenkopfschanze K-130 | LH | Willingen, Germany | World Cup | 142.0 | 155.3 | 466 |
| 6 | 8 Feb 2003 | Hideharu Miyahira |
6 | Mühlenkopfschanze K-130 | LH | Willingen, Germany | World Cup | 135.5 | 148.2 | 445 |
| 7 | 6 Jan 2009 | Wolfgang Loitzl |
1 | Paul-Ausserleitner-Schanze HS 140 (night) | LH | Bischofshofen, Austria | Four Hills Tournament | 142.5 | 155.8 | 468 |
| 8 | 20 Mar 2015 | Peter Prevc |
1 | Letalnica bratov Gorišek HS 225 | FH | Planica, Slovenia | World Cup | 233.0 | 254.8 | 764 |
| 9 | 22 Mar 2015 | Jurij Tepeš |
1 | Letalnica bratov Gorišek HS 225 | FH | Planica, Slovenia | World Cup | 244.0 | 266.8 | 801 |
Sven Hannawald and Wolfgang Loitzl were attributed four times 20 (plus another 19,5) style score points for their second jump, thus receiving nine times the maximum score of 20 points within one competition.
Notable ski jumpers[edit]
Notable ski jumpers can be found in the following lists:
- Winners of the FIS Ski Jumping World Cup
- Winners of Olympic Winter Games / Ski Jumping
- Winners of Nordic World Ski Championships / Ski Jumping
- Winners of the Four Hill Jumping
Male[edit]
Female[edit]
Sarah Hendrickson
Sara Takanashi
Anette Sagen
Eva Ganster- Lindsey Van
- Jessica Jerome
- Daniela Iraschko
Elena Runggaldier- Evelyn Insam
- Lisa Demetz
Coline Mattel
Anna Hafele- Magdalena Schnurr
- Ulrike Grässler
- Line Jahr
- Jacqueline Seifriedsberger
- Juliane Seyfarth
Eva Logar- Maja Vtič
- Anja Tepeš
- Špela Rogelj
- Katja Požun
- Urša Bogataj
- Nika Križnar
- Ema Klinec
Unsuccessful[edit]
- Vinko Bogataj – Best known as "The Agony of Defeat man" because of the constant use of footage of his spectacular tumble in the title sequence of ABC's Wide World of Sports
Eddie "The Eagle" Edwards – Popular favourite – and last-place finisher – at the 1988 Winter Olympics
National records[edit]
_1980,_MiNr_2480.jpg)
See also[edit]
- List of FIS Ski-Flying World Cup winners
- List of FIS Ski Jumping World Cup team medalists
- List of the longest ski jumps
- Medicinernes Skiklub Svartor
References[edit]
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- ^ See http://berkutschi.com/de/front/news/show/2590-daniela-iraschko-erfolgreich-operiert. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
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- ^ See http://olympictalk.nbcsports.com/2013/08/21/sarah-hendrickson-ski-jumping-injury/. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
- ^ See http://www.ladiesskijumping.com/wiadomosci/503/World-Cup-continues-in-Hinterzarten. Retrieved 5 January 2014.
- ^ See http://www.ladiesskijumping.com/wiadomosci/508/Svenja-Wuerth-seriously-injured. Retrieved 5 January 2014.
- ^ See http://www.fis-ski.com/ski-jumping/news-multimedia/news/article=ema-klinec-injured.html. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
- ^ See http://www.ladiesskijumping.com/wiadomosci/545/Ramona-Straub-tore-her-cruciate-ligament/. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
- ^ See http://www.ladiesskijumping.com/wiadomosci/546/Anja-Tepes-tore-her-ACL-again. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
- ^ See http://www.ladiesskijumping.com/wiadomosci/548/New-knee-injury-for-Daniela-Iraschko-Stolz. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
- ^ See http://www.fis-ski.com/ski-jumping/news-multimedia/news/article=bigna-windmueller-and-lindsey-van-injured.html. Retrieved 16 March 2014.
- ^ See http://www.ladiesskijumping.com/wiadomosci/550/Lindsey-Van-injured. Retrieved 2 March 2014.
- ^ See http://www.focus.de/sport/wintersport/skispringen-skisprung-olympiasiegerin-vogt-sagt-start-in-rasnov-ab_id_3653705.html. Retrieved 2 March 2014.
- ^ See http://www.sportnews.bz/it/altri-sport/salto-con-gli-sci/dettaglio-news/news/brutta-caduta-in-allenamento-per-manuela-malsiner.html. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
- ^ See https://www.facebook.com/pages/Elena-Runggaldier-Fanpage/138338596335863?ref=stream&hc_location=timeline. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
- ^ "Prvič v zgodovini smučarskih skokov – tekma mešanih parov", Športna zveza Ljubljane, June 16, 2012
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- ^ video, tvslo.si (slovene), June 16, 2012
- ^ "First ever tandem ski jump in Planica on 18 February 2016". youtube. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
- ^ For Ski Jumpers, a Sliding Scale of Weight, Distance and Health
- ^ Development of ski jumping technique
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