Legality of cannabis by U.S. jurisdiction
In the United States, the use and possession of cannabis is illegal under federal law for any purpose, by way of the Controlled Substances Act of 1970. Under the CSA, cannabis is classified as a Schedule I substance, determined to have a high potential for abuse and no accepted medical use – thereby prohibiting even medical use of the drug.[1] At the state level, however, policies regarding the medical and recreational use of cannabis vary greatly, and in many states conflict significantly with federal law.
The medical use of cannabis is legal (with a doctor's recommendation) in 31 states, the District of Columbia, and the territories of Guam and Puerto Rico.[2] Fifteen other states have laws that limit THC content, for the purpose of allowing access to products that are rich in cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive component of cannabis.[2] Although cannabis remains a Schedule I drug, the Rohrabacher–Farr amendment prohibits federal prosecution of individuals complying with state medical cannabis laws.[3]
The recreational use of cannabis is legal in 9 states (Alaska, California, Colorado, Maine, Massachusetts, Nevada, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington), the District of Columbia, and the Northern Mariana Islands. Another 13 states plus the U.S. Virgin Islands have decriminalized.[4] Commercial distribution of cannabis is allowed in all jurisdictions where cannabis has been legalized, except Vermont and the District of Columbia. Prior to January 2018, the Cole Memorandum provided some protection against the enforcement of federal law in states that have legalized, but it was rescinded by Attorney General Jeff Sessions.[5]
There are currently three cannabinoid drugs (Marinol, Syndros, and Cesamet) that can be prescribed in accordance with federal law. The drug cannabidiol cannot legally be prescribed (as with whole-plant cannabis), due to the fact that the Drug Enforcement Administration considers it a Schedule I drug.[6] Despite this classification, a number of online retailers sell CBD products to all 50 states, claiming such products are derived from industrial hemp plants and therefore legal.[7] The federal government has so far not taken action against these retailers.[8]
Legal | Legal for medical use | Legal for medical use, limited THC content | Prohibited for any use | D Decriminalized |
By state[edit]
State | Recreational | Medical | Transportation | Cultivation | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alabama | felony (1st-offense possession is a misdemeanor) |
non-psychoactive CBD oil | not clearly stated | illegal | First-time may be punished as a misdemeanor, but further possession, or intent to sell, can result in felony charges. |
|
Alaska | legal | legal | up to 1 oz. (28 grams)[9] | 12 plants in a household with two adults 21+,[10]or no limit with commercial license | Legalized by Measure 2 on November 4, 2014.[11] |
|
Arizona | Illegal | legal | medical use only | medical use only | November 2010: medical marijuana legalized when Proposition 203 passed with 50.13% of the vote.[12][13][14] |
|
Arkansas | Illegal | legal | medical use only | Possession under three ounces a misdemeanor; Cities of Fayetteville and Eureka Springs labeled cannabis their lowest law enforcement priority. November 8, 2016: medical marijuana legalized when Issue 6 passed by 53%.[15] |
||
California | legal | legal | up to 1oz. (28 grams) | six plants, or commercially licensed | July 1975: Senate Bill 95 reduced the penalty for possession of one ounce (28.5 grams) or less of cannabis to a citable misdemeanor.[16] |
|
Colorado | legal | legal | up to 1 oz. (28 grams) | six plants, or commercially licensed[18] | Colorado Amendment 64 legalized the sale and possession of marijuana for non-medical use on November 6, 2012, including cultivation of up to six plants with up to three mature.[19][20] Second state to legalize recreational marijuana (Dec 10, 2012, by 4 days). |
|
Connecticut | D | decriminalized | legal | felony (legal for medical use) | felony | Possession less than a half-ounce by those 21 or over, results in graduated fines, and confiscation. Under 21 face more sanctions, with temporary loss of drivers license.[21] |
Delaware | D | decriminalized (civil infraction) | legal | medical use only | medical use only | February 10, 2012: Governor Markell suspended medical marijuana after a Justice Department letter threatened federal prosecution. On August 31, 2016, Gov. Markell signed House Bill 400, expanding medical cannabis programs for those with a terminal illness.[22][23] |
Florida | illegal | legal | medical use only | medical use only | November 8, 2016: medical marijuana legalized as of July 1, 2017 when voters passed Amendment 2 by 71%.[24] |
|
Georgia | illegal, decriminalized in Atlanta < 1oz[25]. | CBD oil less than 5% THC | medical use only | illegal | Possession, sale, or cultivation results in suspension of driver's license. First-time offense eligible for discharge with payment of fine and community service. April 16, 2015: CBD oil legalized for medical use.[26] |
|
State | Recreational | Medical | Transportation | Cultivation | Notes | |
Hawaii | illegal | legal | against program rules. | medical use only | June 15, 2000: Governor Benjamin Cayetano signed bill legalizing medical marijuana. First state legislature to do so.[27][28] July 14, 2015: Governor David Ige signed bill allowing medical cannabis dispensaries.[29] July 14, 2016: Governor Ige signed law expanding medical cannabis programs.[30] |
|
Idaho | misdemeanor (85 grams/3 oz. or less) | illegal | not clearly stated | felony | Possession of 3 ounces or less a misdemeanor up to 1 year prison or fine up to $1,000 or both. More than 3 ounces but less than 1 pound a felony up to 5 years prison or fine up to $10,000 or both.[31] |
|
Illinois | D | decriminalized (civil infraction) | legal | legal for medical use | misdemeanor (legal for medical use) | Cannabis Control Act of 1978 allowed for medical marijuana but was never implemented.[32][33] |
Indiana | misdemeanor up to 6 months, $1000 fine | CBD oil for patients with epilepsy[36] | not clearly stated | illegal |
|
|
Iowa | illegal | cannabis oil less than 3% THC | not clearly stated | felony |
|
|
Kansas | misdemeanor | illegal | not clearly stated | illegal | ||
Kentucky | misdemeanor (less than 8 oz (230 g)) | CBD oil | not clearly stated | misdemeanor (less than 5 plants) |
|
|
Louisiana | illegal | legal | medical use only | illegal |
|
|
Maine | legal | legal | legal to carry up to 2.5oz. (71 grams) | up to six plants, or commercially licensed | ||
Maryland | D | decriminalized (10g or less) | legal | medical use only | medical use only | April 14, 2014: SB 364 decriminalized possession of 10 grams or less punishable by $100 fine for first offense, $250 fine for second offense, and $500 fine plus possible drug treatment for third offense. HB 881 legalized medical cannabis. Both laws effective October 1, 2014.[44][45] |
State | Recreational | Medical | Transportation | Cultivation | Notes | |
Massachusetts | legal | legal | up to 1 oz. (28 grams) | 1 oz of marijuana outside the home, 10 oz inside the home, up to six plants. | ||
Michigan | illegal | legal | medical use only | medical use only |
|
|
Minnesota | D | decriminalized | legal | medical use only | illegal | |
Mississippi | D | decriminalized (first offense; 30 grams or less) | CBD oil | not clearly stated | illegal |
|
Missouri | D | decriminalized | CBD oil | not clearly stated | illegal |
|
Montana | illegal | legal | medical use only | medical use only | Possession 60 grams or less up to 6 months in prison and fine of $100–$500. Second offense up to 3 years in prison or fine up to $1,000 or both. More than 60 grams a felony up to 5 years in prison or fine up to $50,000 or both. Intent to distribute a felony up to 20 years in prison or fine up to $50,000 or both.[53] |
|
Nebraska | D | decriminalized (first offense only) | illegal | not clearly stated | illegal | Possession up to one ounce fined up to $300 for first offense, with potential mandatory drug education. Second offense fine up to $500 and up to five days' jail, third offense up to $500 fine and maximum one week jail.[54] |
Nevada | legal | legal | medical and recreational use | (adults over 21) 6 plants per household | November 7, 2000: medical marijuana legalized with 65% vote on Question 9.[55][56] |
|
New Hampshire | D | Decriminalized (up to three-quarters of an ounce) | legal | medical use only | medical use only | July 23, 2013: medical marijuana legalized when Governor Maggie Hassan signed HB 573.[59][60] July 11, 2015: Governor Hassan expanded medical marijuana law.[61]
July 18, 2017: Governor Chris Sununu signed bill decriminalizing up to three-quarters of an ounce. |
New Jersey | illegal | legal | medical use only | illegal | January 18, 2010: medical marijuana law signed by Governor Jon Corzine. Maximum 1 year in prison and 1,000 dollar fine for possession of up to 50 grams.[62][63] September 19, 2016: Governor Chris Christie signed Assembly Bill 457 adding PTSD as qualifying condition for medical marijuana, effective immediately.[64] |
|
State | Recreational | Medical | Transportation | Cultivation | Notes | |
New Mexico | illegal; decriminalized in Albuquerque.[65] | legal | medical use only | medical use only | April 2007: medical marijuana legalized when Governor Bill Richardson signed Senate Bill 523.[66][67] |
|
New York | D | decriminalized (unless open to public view[68]) | legal | medical use only | misdemeanor | July 14, 2014: medical marijuana legalized when Governor Andrew Cuomo signed legislation allowing edibles, oils, pills, and vaporization, but not smoking.[69][70][71] |
North Carolina | D | decriminalized (.5 oz or less) | CBD oil | illegal | illegal |
|
North Dakota | illegal | legal | medical use only | November 8, 2016: legalized medical marijuana when voters passed Measure 5 by 64%.[72] |
||
Ohio | D | decriminalized (civil infraction) | legal | not clearly stated | illegal | June 8, 2016: Governor John Kasich signed legislation legalizing medical marijuana.[73] |
Oklahoma | illegal | legal | not clearly stated | legal with medicinal license |
|
|
Oregon | legal | legal | up to 1 oz., more for licensed cultivators | (adults 21+) 4 plants per household | Voter approved Measure 91 November 4, 2014 provides for possession and sale of set amounts of cannabis.[76][77] Cannabis sentencing reform signed July 1, 2015 by Governor Kate Brown.[78][79] More medical cannabis reforms signed July 28, 2015 by Governor Brown effective October 1, 2015.[80][81] Governor Brown signed 25% cannabis sales tax.[82] |
|
Pennsylvania | illegal | legal | illegal | illegal | Medical use law signed by Governor Wolf April 17, 2016. Possession of 30g or less up to 30 days in jail and fine up to $500. More than 30g a misdemeanor up to a year in jail and $5000 fine.[83] |
|
Rhode Island | D | decriminalized (civil violation) | legal | medical use only | medical use only | Possession of an ounce $150 fine, three violations within 18 months a misdemeanor with larger fines or prison or both.[84] |
South Carolina | misdemeanor[85] | cannabis oil less than 0.9% THC | CBD oil | illegal |
|
|
State | Recreational | Medical | Transportation | Cultivation | Notes | |
South Dakota | misdemeanor | illegal | not clearly stated | illegal | Personal use of 2 oz or less a Class 1 misdemeanor punishable by maximum 1 year in prison and maximum fine $2,000.[87] |
|
Tennessee | misdemeanor (less than 1/2 ounce; first or second offense only). | cannabis oil less than 0.9% THC | CBD oil | misdemeanor: 9 plants or less; felony: 10+ plants | First-time possession one year supervised probation instead of one year in prison; *Possession of 1/2 ounce or more for resale a felony. CBD oil possession allowed as of May 4, 2015, if suffering seizures or epilepsy with recommendation of doctor.[88] |
|
Texas | Illegal. "Cite and Release" in Houston, Dallas, and Austin residents of Travis County | CBD oil | not clearly stated | illegal | Dec. 2014: "possession of up to two ounces of marijuana can result in a jail sentence of up to six months and fine of up to $2,000."[89] June 1, 2015: governor Greg Abbott signed a bill legalizing CBD oil for medical use.[90] |
|
Utah | misdemeanor | terminally ill patients only. CBD oil for patients with epilepsy. | not clearly stated | illegal | HB 105 signed in 2014 allows use of low-THC cannabis oil for patients with epilepsy.[91] HB 195 signed in March 2018 allows cannabis for certain terminally ill patients.[92] Possession up to an ounce 6-months prison and maximum fine $1,000. Over 10 ounces $10,000 fine. Selling any amount a felony with 5 years in prison and $5,000 fine.[93] |
|
Vermont | legal (up to one ounce, no commercial sales) | legal (medical sales allowed) | legal | two mature plants, four immature | May 19, 2004: medical marijuana legalized when Senate Bill 76 passed,[94] expanded in June 2007 by SB 7.[95] |
|
Virginia | misdemeanor | cannabis oil less than 5% THC | not clearly stated | illegal | First offense- Unclassified Misdemeanor up to 30 days jail and $500 fine or both, and loss of driving privilege or community service.[105] 2nd offense Class 1 misdemeanor up to 12 months prison and $2,500 fine or both, plus loss of driving privileges. [106]First offense may qualify for deferred disposition & dismissal with drug assessment, classes, community service, and loss of driving privileges for six months, but does not qualify for expungement, remaining on record permanently.[107] |
|
Washington | legal | legal | legal | legal with restrictions and licensing | Legalized by Washington Initiative 502 in 2012, the law permits anyone over 21 to carry one ounce, and it requires licensed sellers, distributors and growers. Home growing is not allowed except for medical use.[108]First state to legalize recreational marijuana (Dec 6, 2012, by 4 days).[109] |
|
West Virginia | misdemeanor | legal | not clearly stated | illegal | "Compassionate Use Act for Medical Cannabis; providing for protections for the medical use of cannabis..."[110] |
|
Wisconsin | misdemeanor on first offense, felony on subsequent offenses[111] | CBD oil | qualified patients may have 12 plants and three oz of leaves or flowers. [110] | felony | First possession a misdemeanor fine up to $1,000 or imprisonment up to 6 months, or both. Second offense a Class I felony fine up to $10,000 or imprisonment up to 3.5 years, or both. |
|
Wyoming | misdemeanor | CBD oil | not clearly stated | illegal | Being under the influence of marijuana is a misdemeanor up to 90 days in prison and fine up to $100. Possession three ounces or less a misdemeanor up to 1 year in prison and fine up to $1000.[112] |
|
State | Recreational | Medical | Transportation | Cultivation | Notes |
Federal district[edit]
District | Recreational | Medical | Transportation | Cultivation | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
legal (no commercial sales)[113] | legal (commercial sales) | legal to carry up to 2 oz. (57 grams) | legal to grow up to six plants (only three mature at a time) for recreational purposes; no provision for commercial recreational cultivation |
|
||
District | Recreational | Medical | Transportation | Cultivation | Notes |
By inhabited territory[edit]
Territory | Recreational | Medical | Transportation | Cultivation | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
American Samoa | illegal | illegal | illegal | illegal | In 1999, the Territory established a 5-year mandatory minimum sentence for possession of any amount of any illegal drug, to explicitly include marijuana, even when medically prescribed in another jurisdiction.[115] |
|
Guam | illegal | legal | medical use only | medical use only | Residents passed a ballot measure on November 4, 2014, that allows cannabis for medical use only.[116] |
|
Northern Mariana Islands | legal | legal | legal | legal | On September 21, 2018, Republican governor Ralph Torres signed a bill into law to legalize the recreational use of cannabis in the territory.[117][118] |
|
Puerto Rico | illegal | legal | medical use only | medical use only | On May 4, 2015, the governor of Puerto Rico signed an executive order legalizing medicinal marijuana in the U.S territory.[119] |
|
U.S. Virgin Islands | D | decriminalized | illegal | illegal | illegal | |
Territory | Recreational | Medical | Transportation | Cultivation | Notes |
By Native-American reservation[edit]
Reservation | Possession | Sale | Transportation | Cultivation | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe (South Dakota) |
legal[120] | Legal sales since January 1, 2016 | One single licensed grow site for the nation | In summer 2015, the tribal authorities voted 5–1 to legalize recreational cannabis, making them the first reservation to do so following the 2013 Cole Memorandum.[120] | ||
Suquamish Tribe (Washington state) |
legal | Legal sales since December 2015[121][122] | In September 2015, the tribe signed the nation's first tribe-state cannabis pact, under which the tribe would operate a cannabis retail store with regulations paralleling those of Washington state.[123] | |||
Squaxin Island Tribe (Washington state) |
legal | Legal sales since November 2015[124] | ||||
Reservation | Possession | Sale | Transportation | Cultivation | Notes |
See also[edit]
- Legality of cannabis
- Legal history of cannabis in the United States
- Timeline of cannabis laws in the United States
- Cannabis laws of Canada by province or territory
- Solomon–Lautenberg amendment ("Smoke a joint, lose your license" laws)
References[edit]
- ^ State-By-State Medical Marijuana Laws, Marijuana Policy Project, December 2016
- ^ a b "State Medical Marijuana Laws". National Conference of State Legislatures. June 27, 2018. Retrieved July 3, 2018.
- ^ Ingraham, Christopher (June 13, 2017). "Jeff Sessions personally asked Congress to let him prosecute medical-marijuana providers". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 31, 2017.
- ^ "MARIJUANA OVERVIEW". National Conference of State Legislatures. Retrieved December 31, 2017.
- ^ Zapotosky, Matt; Horwitz, Sari; Achenbach, Joel (January 4, 2018). "Use of legalized marijuana threatened as Sessions rescinds Obama-era directive that eased federal enforcement". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 4, 2018.
- ^ Summers, DJ (March 22, 2017). "Is CBD Oil Legal? Depends on Where You Are and Who You Ask". Leafly. Retrieved January 3, 2018.
- ^ Belville, Russ (March 20, 2017). "DEA: CBD Oil Is Not 'Legal in All 50 States'". High Times. Retrieved January 3, 2018.
- ^ Green, Johnny (November 2, 2017). "Are CBD Products Legal In All 50 States?". Weed News. Retrieved January 3, 2018.
- ^ Labs, Kelley Code. "Legal Weed Alaska". legalweedalaska.com. Retrieved January 24, 2017.
- ^ "Here's how many cannabis plants Alaskans can now legally possess at home". AlaskaDispatchNews. July 29, 2016. Retrieved March 11, 2017.
- ^ "Alaska Becomes Fourth State To Legalize Recreational Marijuana". Huffingtonpost. November 5, 2014. Retrieved March 2, 2015.
- ^ the CNN Wire Staff (November 14, 2010). "Arizona voters approve medical marijuana measure – CNN.com". Edition.cnn.com. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
- ^ "Ariz. voters approve medical marijuana – TODAY News". TODAY.com. November 13, 2010. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
- ^ "Arizona Becomes Fifteenth State To Legalize Limited Medical Use Of Marijuana". Norml.org. November 18, 2010. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
- ^ "Arkansas Election Results 2016". The New York Times. November 8, 2016. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
- ^ "NCJRS Abstract – National Criminal Justice Reference Service". Ncjrs.gov. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
- ^ [1] Archived October 24, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Scheinkman, Andrei; Sledge, Matt (November 7, 2012). "Marijuana Legalization On The Ballot". Huffington Post. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
- ^ "Colorado Laws & Penalties - NORML.org - Working to Reform Marijuana Laws". NORML.org. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
- ^ "Colorado Legalization - NORML.org - Working to Reform Marijuana Laws". NORML.org. December 10, 2012. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
- ^ James Orlando, Associate Analyst (December 22, 2011). "Marijuana Penalties". Cga.ct.gov. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
- ^ "Delaware Gov. signs bill to allow marijuana for terminally ill". WKYC.com. August 31, 2016. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
- ^ "Measure would expand medical marijuana to terminally ill patients". Delaware State News. May 19, 2016. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
- ^ "Florida Election Results 2016". The New York Times. November 8, 2016. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
- ^ "Atlanta Joins List Of Cities That Decriminalized Marijuana". October 3, 2017. Retrieved September 13, 2018.
- ^ "Medical marijuana is now legal in Georgia". April 16, 2015. Retrieved April 16, 2015.
- ^ "Hawaii Becomes First State to Approve Medical Marijuana Bill – New York Times". HAWAII: Nytimes.com. June 15, 2000. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
- ^ "Governor Signs Hawaii's Medical Marijuana Bill Into Law". Norml.org. June 15, 2000. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
- ^ "Hawaii Governor Signs Bill Legalizing Medical Marijuana Dispensaries". The Daily Chronic.
- ^ "Hawaii Governor Signs Medical Marijana Expansion Law". Thedailychronic.net. July 14, 2016. Retrieved November 9, 2016.
- ^ "Idaho Laws & Penalties". Norml.org. Retrieved March 2, 2015.
- ^ "Medical Marijuana Is Already Legal in Illinois".
- ^ "720 ILCS 550/ Cannabis Control Act".
- ^ "Gov. Quinn Signs Illinois Medical Marijuana Bill".
- ^ McCoppin, Robert. "Illinois lawmakers propose legalizing recreational marijuana". chicagotribune.com.
- ^ Sheridan, Jill (April 27, 2017). "Governor Signs Indiana's First Medicinal Cannabis Bill". WFYI Public Media. Retrieved April 29, 2017.
- ^ "Join the Marijuana Policy Project". Marijuana Policy Project. Retrieved 2018-06-03.
- ^ "Kansas: New Law Excludes CBD From The Criminal Code - NORML - Working to Reform Marijuana Laws". norml.org. Retrieved 2018-06-03.
- ^ "SB 282" (PDF).
- ^ "Referendum Election Results, Questions 1-3 – November 2, 1999 (Secretary of State, State of Maine, U.S.A.)". Maine.gov. November 2, 1999. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
- ^ "Maine: Lawmakers Expand Marijuana Decriminalization Law". Norml.org. May 7, 2009. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
- ^ "PUBLIC Law, Chapter 67, An Act To Streamline and Clarify Laws Pertaining to the Civil and Criminal Possession of Marijuana". Mainelegislature.org. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
- ^ "Maine recreational marijuana vote: Narrow victory for Question 1 gives New England two legalized states". The Cannabist. November 9, 2016. Retrieved November 9, 2016.
- ^ "Md. governor signs marijuana bills into law". WUSA9.com. April 14, 2014. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
- ^ - "Maryland HB 881" (PDF). Mgaleg.maryland.gov.
- ^ Abel, David (November 5, 2008). "Voters approve marijuana law change – The Boston Globe". Boston.com. Retrieved September 8, 2014.
- ^ "DEMOCRAT Office Name" (PDF). Retrieved February 4, 2014.
- ^ [2]
- ^ Rapoza, Kenneth (January 22, 2014). "On Marijuana, Massachusetts Voters Say 'Legalize It'". Forbes. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
- ^ "Mass. voters say 'yes' to legalizing marijuana". The Boston Globe]. November 8, 2016. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
- ^ Robert J. MacCoun; Peter Reuter (August 27, 2001). Drug War Heresies: Learning from Other Vices, Times, and Places. Cambridge University Press. pp. 46–. ISBN 978-0-521-79997-3.
- ^ "Marijuana Legalization Minnesota 2015: 5 Things To Know About Opening Of State's First Medical Pot Dispensary". June 29, 2015.
- ^ "Montana Laws & Penalties". Norml.org. Retrieved March 2, 2015.
- ^ "Nebraska". Marijuana Policy Project. July 6, 2012. Retrieved November 9, 2012.
- ^ "Nevada Medical Marijuana Dispensaries and Authorized Users Still Face Potential Criminal Penalties « Las Vegas Criminal Defense Blog". Legalmann.wordpress.com. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
- ^ "Nevada Medical Marijuana Act, Question 9 (2000)". Ballotpedia. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
- ^ "Nevada Question 2 — Legalize Marijuana — Results: Approved – Election Results 2016". The New York Times. November 8, 2016. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
- ^ "Nevada - MPP". Marijuana Policy Project. January 22, 2018. Retrieved January 22, 2018.
- ^ "Governor Hassan's Statement on Signing HB 573". Governor.nh.gov. July 23, 2013. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
- ^ "N.H. becomes 19th state to legalize medical marijuana as Hassan signs bipartisan bill". Concord Monitor. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
- ^ "Signed by the Governor: New Hampshire Broadens Medical Marijuana Law, Further Nullifies Federal Prohibition". Tenth Amendment Center Blog.
- ^ "ASSEMBLY COMMITTEE SUBSTITUTE FOR ASSEMBLY, No. 804 : STATE OF NEW JERSEY : 213th LEGISLATURE" (PDF). Njleg.state.nj.us. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
- ^ "Medical marijuana use legalized in N.J." Bizjournals.com. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
- ^ "Signed into Law: New Jersey Bill Expands Medical Marijuana Program Despite Federal Prohibition". Blog.tenthamendmentcenter.com. September 19, 2016. Retrieved November 9, 2016.
- ^ "Join the Marijuana Policy Project". Marijuana Policy Project. Retrieved 2018-04-16.
- ^ "New Mexico Becomes Twelfth State To Authorize Medical Cannabis Use". Norml.org. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
- ^ "Richardson to legalize medical marijuana". NBC News. Associated Press. March 16, 2007. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
- ^ "New York Laws & Penalties". Norml.org. Retrieved March 2, 2015.
- ^ "New York Becomes 23rd State To Allow Medical Marijuana « CBS New York". Newyork.cbslocal.com. July 7, 2014. Retrieved March 2, 2015.
- ^ "NY becomes 23rd state to allow medical marijuana | New York Post". Nypost.com. Associated Press. July 7, 2014. Retrieved March 2, 2015.
- ^ 6:04 PM ET, Thu September 11, 2014 (September 11, 2014). "New York legalizes medical marijuana". CNN.com. Retrieved March 2, 2015.
- ^ "North Dakota Election Results 2016". Retrieved November 9, 2016.
- ^ Kruse, Michael (November 17, 2015). "Kasich legalizes medical marijuana in Ohio". Politico.com. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
- ^ Richard Davenport-Hines (November 10, 2003). The Pursuit of Oblivion: A Global History of Narcotics. W.W. Norton. pp. 240–. ISBN 978-0-393-32545-4.
- ^ "Gov. Mary Fallin signs bill allowing pilot program for cannabis oil". Koco.com. April 30, 2015. Retrieved July 6, 2015.
- ^ "Voters legalize recreational pot in Oregon". KGW Portland. November 4, 2014. Retrieved November 5, 2014.
- ^ "Oregon Legalized Marijuana Initiative, Measure 91 (2014)". Ballotpedia. Retrieved November 5, 2014.
- ^ "Oregon Governor Signs Marijuana Legalization; Sentencing Reform Law". The Daily Chronic.
- ^ "Nullification in Effect: Oregon Governor Signs Law to Further Implement Marijuana Legalization". Tenth Amendment Center Blog.
- ^ Marcus McCoy (July 28, 2015). "Oregon Governor Signs Bill Allowing Pot Sales Oct. 1". Nbcrightnow.com.
- ^ [3]|date(22-Aug-2018)
- ^ Ashley Stewart. "Oregon Governor Signs Marijuana Sales Tax". Nwnewsnetwork.org.
- ^ "Pennsylvania Laws & Penalties". Norml.org. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
- ^ McKinney, Mike (June 13, 2012). "R.I. Gov. Chafee signs into law decriminalization of small amounts of marijuana / Poll | Breaking News | providencejournal.com | The Providence Journal". News.providencejournal.com. Retrieved June 23, 2013.
- ^ "South Carolina Laws & Penalties - NORML.org - Working to Reform Marijuana Laws". Norml.org. Retrieved July 5, 2016.
- ^ "South Carolina Medical Marijuana Bill Signed by Gov. Nikki Haley". Thedailychronic.net. Retrieved October 31, 2016.
- ^ "South Dakota Laws & Penalties". Norml.org. Retrieved March 2, 2015.
- ^ "Gov. Bill Haslam signs cannabis oil bill". The Tennessean. May 4, 2015.
- ^ "Texas". Mpp.org. December 15, 2014. Retrieved March 2, 2015.
- ^ "Abbott Legalizes Cannabis Oil for Epilepsy Patients". Texastribune.org. June 1, 2015. Retrieved June 10, 2015.
- ^ "11 States with Pending Legislation to Legalize Medical Marijuana – Medical Marijuana – ProCon.org". Medicalmarijuana.procon.org. February 19, 2015. Retrieved March 2, 2015.
- ^ Lockhart, Ben (March 21, 2018). "Utah governor signs bill allowing medical marijuana use by terminally ill patients". Deseret News. Retrieved April 18, 2018.
- ^ "Utah Laws & Penalties - NORML.org - Working to Reform Marijuana Laws". NORML.org. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
- ^ "Vermont Approves Amended Medical Marijuana Measure". Norml.org. May 20, 2004. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
- ^ "Vermont Expands State Medi-Pot Law – Legislatures In Connecticut, Rhode Island Also Endorse Medical Cannabis". Norml.org. June 7, 2007. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
- ^ "Gov. Shumlin signs bill decriminalizing possession of limited amounts of marijuana | The Official Website of the Governor of Vermont". Governor.vermont.gov. June 6, 2013. Archived from the original on June 10, 2013. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
- ^ H.511 status, Vermont legislature. Accessed January 2018
- ^ Brandon Carter (January 4, 2018), "Vermont House votes to legalize marijuana", The Hill
- ^ Tyler Dumont and Kyle Midura (January 4, 2018), Vermont House passes bill to legalize pot, Burlington, Vermont: WCAX-TV
- ^ Bob Kinzel (January 9, 2017), Backers Of A Tax-And-Regulate Marijuana Legalization Bill Vow To Push On For Their Plan, Vermont Public Radio
- ^ Wilson Ring (January 2, 2018), Vermont lawmakers to take up marijuana legalization again as early as this week: Last year's bill remains active and can be voted on as early as Thursday, The Associated Press – via The Cannabist
- ^ Bob Kinzel (January 10, 2017), Vermont Senate Passes Marijuana Legalization Bill, Which Now Heads To Gov. Scott, Vermont Public Radio
- ^ Alicia Wallace (January 22, 2018), "Vermont Gov. Phil Scott signs marijuana legalization bill "with mixed emotions"", The Cannabist, The Denver Post
- ^ Zezima, Katie (2018-01-24). "Vermont is the first state to legalize marijuana through legislature". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2018-01-31.
- ^ "§ 18.2-251. Persons charged with first offense may be placed on probation; conditions; substance abuse screening, assessment treatment and education programs or services; drug tests; costs and fees; violations; discharge". law.lis.virginia.gov. Retrieved 2018-06-26.
- ^ "§ 18.2-250.1. Possession of marijuana unlawful". law.lis.virginia.gov. Retrieved 2018-06-26.
- ^ "§ 18.2-251. Persons charged with first offense may be placed on probation; conditions; substance abuse screening, assessment treatment and education programs or services; drug tests; costs and fees; violations; discharge". law.lis.virginia.gov. Retrieved 2018-06-26.
- ^ "I-502 Implementation". The state of Washington: Washington State Liquor Control Board. 2013.
- ^ Washington Date of legalization (Dec 6, 2012) Retrieved April 29, 2018
- ^ a b "2016 States with Legislation or Ballot Measures to Legalize Medical Marijuana - Medical Marijuana - ProCon.org". Medicalmarijuana.procon.org. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
- ^ "Wisconsin Laws & Penalties - NORML.org - Working to Reform Marijuana Laws". norml.org. Retrieved July 5, 2016.
- ^ "Wyoming Laws & Penalties - NORML.org - Working to Reform Marijuana Laws". NORML.org. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
- ^ "Washington DC legalises marijuana possession and use". BBC News. February 26, 2015. Retrieved February 26, 2015.
- ^ "DC, Oregon, and Alaska Just Voted to Legalize Marijuana". Mother Jones.
- ^ National Drug Intelligence Center, US Department of Justice (June 2001). "American Samoa Drug Threat Assessment". Product No. 2001-S0388AS-001.
- ^ "Guam Legalizes Medical Marijuana". Huffington Post. November 4, 2014.
- ^ Angell, Tom (September 21, 2018). "Governor Signs Marijuana Legalization Bill, Making History In US Territory". Forbes. Retrieved September 21, 2018.
- ^ Project, Marijuana Policy. "Northern Mariana Islands HB No. 20-178 - MPP". MPP. Retrieved 2018-09-21.
- ^ Sifferlin, Alexandra (May 4, 2015). "Puerto Rico Governor Signs Executive Order to Legalize Medical Marijuana". Time.
- ^ a b "Tribe Bets on Legal Pot". US News. June 16, 2015. Archived from the original on August 1, 2015. Retrieved July 12, 2015.
- ^ Tad Sooter (December 10, 2015), "Suquamish Tribe opens marijuana shop", Kitsap Sun
- ^ Tobias Coughlin-Bogue (December 8, 2015), "Washington State's Second Native American-Owned Pot Shop Is a Big Win for Tribal Sovereignty", The Stranger
- ^ "Deal to let Suquamish Tribe open Kitsap County pot store". September 14, 2015.
- ^ "Let It Be Pot: Two Washington State Tribes on Board". Indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com. Retrieved November 15, 2016.