Science and technology in Canada
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Science and technology in Canada consists of three distinct but closely related phenomena:
- the diffusion of technology in Canada
- scientific research in Canada
- innovation, invention and industrial research in Canada
In 2018, Canada spent approximately C$34.5 billion on domestic research and development, of which around $2 billion was spent directly by the federal government in-house and an additional $5.7 billion was provided by provincial and federal sources in the form of grants.[1] This investment corresponds to about 1.57% of Canada's gross domestic product, a decline from 1.72% in 2014.[2]
Canada was ranked 17th in the Global Innovation Index in 2019 and 2020.[3][4][5][6]
The diffusion of technology in Canada[edit]
Scientific research in Canada[edit]
Innovation, invention, and industrial research in Canada[edit]
Technological and industrial history of Canada[edit]
See also[edit]
- Canadian government scientific research organizations
- Canadian university scientific research organizations
- Canadian industrial research and development organizations
- Canadian scientists
- Canadian inventions
- Canadian space program
- Canada Institute for Scientific and Technical Information
- U15 - research-intensive universities
- Natural scientific research in Canada
- National Research Council (Canada)
- Nuclear power in Canada
- Open access in Canada
- Petroleum production in Canada
- Electricity sector in Canada
- Economic history of Canada
References[edit]
- ^ Canada, Government of Canada, Statistics (December 22, 2018). "The Daily – Spending on research and development, 2018 intentions". statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved September 19, 2019.
- ^ Schneegans, S.; Straza, T.; Lewis, J., eds. (11 June 2021). UNESCO Science Report: the Race Against Time for Smarter Development. Paris: UNESCO. ISBN 978-92-3-100450-6.
- ^ "Release of the Global Innovation Index 2020: Who Will Finance Innovation?". www.wipo.int. Retrieved 2021-09-02.
- ^ "Global Innovation Index 2019". www.wipo.int. Retrieved 2021-09-02.
- ^ "RTD - Item". ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2021-09-02.
- ^ "Global Innovation Index". INSEAD Knowledge. 2013-10-28. Retrieved 2021-09-02.
Further reading[edit]
- Council of Canadian Academies (2012). The State of Science and Technology in Canada, 2012. Council of Canadian Academies. ISBN 978-1-926558-47-9.
- G. Bruce Doern; Peter W. B. Phillips; David Castle (2016). Canadian Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy: The Innovation Economy and Society Nexus. McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-4724-7.
- Edward Jones-Imhotep; Tina Adcock (2018). Made Modern: Science and Technology in Canadian History. UBC Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-3726-2.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Science and technology in Canada. |
- Science and Technology for Canadians - Government of Canada
- Canada Science and Technology Museum - Government of Canada
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research: Science
- Canadian Encyclopedia: Science