Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common type of arthritis. It affects more Canadians than all other forms of arthritis combined. OA is a progressive disease of the whole joint that leads to breakdown of joint cartilage and the underlying bone. (Cartilage is the tough elastic material that covers and protects the ends of bones.)
OA used to be described as a degenerative or “wear-and-tear” arthritis, but recent studies describe it as a result of the body’s failed attempt to repair damaged joint tissues.
For most people this damage can occur when otherwise healthy joints are exposed to heavy workloads over a long period of time. However, for some people whose joints are formed differently or who have a previous joint injury, even normal workloads can accelerate joint damage. Being overweight or obese is a risk factor.
The joints most commonly affected by OA are the knees, hips, big toes, hands and spine. OA affects everyone differently, but common symptoms include joint pain, aching, morning stiffness lasting less than 30 minutes, reduced range of movement in the affected joint(s) and possibly swelling. The symptoms come and go but the intensity of the pain increases over time as OA is a progressive disease.
There is currently no cure for OA. However, there are ways to manage the symptoms and improve function. They include a combination of self- management strategies (e.g. therapeutic exercise, physical activity, weight management), medications, referral to a healthcare professional specializing in orthopedic care and – for severe OA – possibly joint replacement surgery.
Contributor(s)
This information was last updated September 2017, with expert advice from:
Dr. Jacqueline Hochman, MD, MSc, FRCPC
Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Women’s College Hospital
Assistant Professor, University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine