In 2015, the Bank of Canada surveyed merchants and found that cash was nearly universally accepted (Fung, Huynh and Kosse 2017). Since 2015, retail payments in Canada have become increasingly digitalized, as many Canadians have adopted digital payment innovations like contactless cards and Interac e-Transfer.
The Bank of Canada continues to use the Bitcoin Omnibus Survey (BTCOS) to monitor trends in Canadians’ awareness, ownership and use of Bitcoin. The most recent iteration was conducted in late 2018, following an 85 percent decline in the price of Bitcoin throughout the year.
Recent consumer and merchant surveys show a decrease in the use of cash at the point of sale. Increasingly, consumers and merchants have access to a growing array of payment innovations as substitutes for cash.
“Bitcoin Awareness and Usage in Canada” (with Christopher S. Henry and Gradon Nicholls), Journal of Digital Banking, vol. 2(4), Spring 2018, pages 311-337.
“Internally-Corrected Conditional Density Estimation: With An Application to Implied-Volatility,” (with David T. Jacho–Chavez) in Journal of Quantitative Economics, Vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 20-40. 2009.
“Average derivative estimation with missing responses,” (with Bravo, Francesco and David T. Jacho- Chavez) in Chapter 5, p. 131–156 of Advances in Econometrics: Missing Data, Volume 27A, 2011, edited by David Drukker. Emerald Group Publishing.
“A Nonparametric Quantile Analysis of Growth and Governance,” (David T. Jacho- Chavez) in Chapter 6, p. 193–221 of Advances in Econometrics: Nonparametric Econometric Methods, Volume 25, 2009, edited by Jeffrey S. Racine and Qi Li. Emerald Group Publishing.