Class discrimination
Class discrimination, also known as classism, is prejudice or discrimination on the basis of social class. It includes individual attitudes, behaviors, systems of policies, and practices that are set up to benefit the upper class at the expense of the lower class. [1]
For example, middle-class and upper-class individuals in the U.S. referring to working class, white Americans as "poor white trash" can be regarded as a form of class prejudice, the insult having the capacity to be historically analogous to racist language against African-Americans.[2][clarification needed]
Contents
History[edit]
Class structures existed in a simplified form in pre-agricultural societies, but became much more complex and established following the establishment of permanent agriculture-based civilizations with a food surplus.[3] Classism started to be practiced around the 18th century.[4]
Institutional versus personal classism[edit]
The term classism can refer to personal prejudice against "lower" or "upper" classes as well as to institutional classism, just as the term racism can refer either strictly to personal bigotry or to institutional racism. The former has been defined as "the ways in which conscious or unconscious classism is manifest in the various institutions of our society."[5]
The term "interpersonal" is sometimes used in place of "personal" as in, "institutional classism (versus) interpersonal classism.",[6] and terms such as "attitude" or "attitudinal" may replaced "interpersonal" as contrasting with institutional classism, as in the Association of Magazine Media's definition of classism as "any attitude or institutional practice which subordinates people due to income, occupation, education and/or their economic condition."[7]
Classism is also sometimes broken down into more than two categories, as in "personal, institutional and cultural" classism.[8]
Terms associated with personal or attitudinal classism include "white trash", "redneck", "little men" or "little people", "trailer trash", "the unwashed masses", "the great unwashed", "moochers", "oiks", "proles" and "bludgers". In earlier historical periods, classist terms and phrases such as "Hoi polloi" or "plebs",[9] which are derogatory towards the working-classes, were more commonly used than they are today.
Accusations of classism[edit]
People who generally tend to find charges of classism against "lower" classes to be unfounded or unreasonably harsh often characterize the perceived prejudice as expressive of classist class envy. Those who argue classism is especially pervasive or fundamental to the society that they live in often identify classism as the expression of systematic economic exploitation by the "higher" classes, and may connect it with an explicit notion of class warfare.[citation needed] However, any particular accusation of classism does not, as such, presuppose any such claim, just as people may agree on examples of overt racism, while disagreeing intensely over how widespread or deep-seated racist attitudes are in their society.[citation needed]
Legislating against class discrimination[edit]
The European Convention on Human Rights contains protections against social class discrimination. Only a few signatory states have signed and ratified these protections. Those that have signed and ratified this have implemented domestic laws against discrimination because of social class (in the same way that race discrimination, sex discrimination or age discrimination have been legislated against).[citation needed]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Kadi, Joanna (1996). Thinking Class. U.S.: South End Press. ISBN 0-89608-548-1.
- ^ Ricky Ochilo (October 16, 2008). "Deep woes and prejudices behind term 'white trash'". The Warren Wilson Echo.
- ^ Peter N. Stearns (Narrator). A Brief History of the World Course No. 8080 [Audio CD]. The Teaching Company. ASIN B000W595CC.
- ^ Young, Serinity; Katie Cannon (1999). Serinity Young, ed. Encyclopedia of Women and World Religion (Print). USA: Macmillan. p. 181. ISBN 0028648609. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
- ^ Classism Definitions
- ^ Langhout, Regina Day; Rosselli, Francine; Feinstein, Jonathan (Winter 2007), "Assessing Classism in Academic Settings", The Review of Higher Education 30 (2), pp. 145–184, doi:10.1353/rhe.2006.0073
- ^ Glossary
- ^ Adams, Maurianne; Bell, Lee Anne; Griffin, Pat, eds. (2007). Teaching for Diversity and Social Justice (2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 317. ISBN 978-0-415-95199-9.
- ^ "'Plebgate': Met Police vows 'ruthless' search for truth". BBC News. 23 December 2012.
Further reading[edit]
- Capuano, Angelo. 'Giving Meaning to 'Social Origin' in International Labour Organization ('ILO') Conventions, the Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth) and the Australian Human Rights Commission Act 1986 (Cth): 'Class' Discrimination and Its Relevance to the Australian Context', (2016) 39(1) UNSW Law Journal 84 (available on SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2771056)
- A People's History of the United States by Howard Zinn
- Hill, Marcia, and Esther Rothblum. Classism and Feminist Therapy: Counting Costs. New York: Haworth Press, 1996
- Hooks, Bell. Where we stand: class matters. New York & London: Routledge, 2000
- Gans, Herbert. The War Against the Poor, 1996
- Homan, Jacqueline S. Classism For Dimwits. Pennsylvania: Elf Books, 2007/2009
- Packard, Vance. Status Seekers, 1959
- Beegle, Donna M. See Poverty - Be the Difference, 2009
- Leondar-Wright, Betsy. Class Matters: Cross-Class Alliance Building for Middle-Class Activists: New Society Publishers, 2005
External links[edit]
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