Pavlo Skoropadskyi

In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming conventions, the patronymic is Petrovych and the family name is Skoropadskyi.

Pavlo Skoropadskyi Павло Петрович Скоропадський
Hetman of Ukraine
In office 29 April 1918 – 14 December 1918
Preceded by	Mykhailo Hrushevsky (as President of Central Rada)
Succeeded by	Volodymyr Vynnychenko (Chairman of the Directory)
Personal details
Born	(1873-05-15)15 May 1873 Wiesbaden, Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, Germany
Died	26 April 1945(1945-04-26) (aged 71) Metten
Political party	Ukrainian People's Hromada
Spouse(s)	Oleksandra Skoropadska
Children	Danylo Skoropadskyi Maria Yelyzaveta Olena Skoropadska
Awards	Order of St. George (1914) Order of St. Vladimir Order of St. Anna Order of St. Stanislaus
Military service
Allegiance	Russian Empire (1891–1917) Ukrainian People's Republic (1917–1918)
Years of service	1891–1918
Rank	Lieutenant General
Battles/wars	Russo-Japanese War First World War Invasion of Prussia Ukrainian War of Independence

Pavlo Petrovych Skoropadskyi (Ukrainian: Павло Петрович Скоропадський, romanized: Pavlo Petrovych Skoropads’kyy; Russian: Павел Петрович Скоропадский, romanized: Pavel Petrovich Skoropadskij; German: Paul Petrowitsch Skoropadskyj; 15 May [O.S. 3 May] 1873 – 26 April 1945) was a Ukrainian aristocrat, military and state leader, decorated Imperial Russian Army and Ukrainian Army general of Cossack heritage. Skoropadsky became a conservative leader in Ukraine following the Russian Revolution of 1917, a founder of a hetman dynasty and Hetman of Ukraine.

Origin

Pavlo Skoropadskyi was born into the Skoropadsky family of Ukrainian military leaders and statesmen, that distinguished themselves since the 17th century when Fedir Skoropadsky participated in the Battle of Zhovti Vody. His grandson Ivan Skoropadsky (1646-1722) was Hetman of the Ukrainian Cossacks since 1708. The present Skoropadskys descend from his brother.

His patrilineal great-grandfather was Mikhail Yakivich Skoropadskyi, son of Yakiv Mikhailovich Skoropadskyi and wife, and his patrilineal great-grandmother was Pulcheria ...vna Markevicha.

Skoropadskyi's father Petro Ivanovych Skoropadsky (1834–1885) was a Cavalry Guard Colonel and a veteran of the Caucasian War (Subjugation of Circassia, 1863). Afterwards he served as a speaker (marshal) for the Starodub County Council (zemstvo) (1869–1885) until his death.

Skoropadskyi's aunt Countess Yelyzaveta Myloradovych (née Skoropadska) (1832–1890) was a Ukrainian public activist. She was one of the main sponsors for foundation first Ukrainian scientific institution Shevchenko Scientific Society in Lviv. Her husband was Count Lev Myloradovych whose mother was from the Kochubey family.

His paternal grandfather Ivan Mikhailovich Skoropadskyi (30 January 1804 – 8 February 1887) also served as a speaker for the Pryluky County (1844–1847) and Poltava Governorate (1847–1852) councils. He also was known for building the Trostyanets Arboretum (today in Chernihiv Oblast). He married in 1829 hia paternal grandmother Elisaveta P...vna Tarnovska. Skoropadskyi's father Petro Ivanovych Skoropadskyi (6 March 1834 - 30 June 1885) was also a descendant of the Tarnovsky family, while Skoropadskyi's mother Maria Andreievna Miklaszevska, daughter of Andrei ...vich Miklaszevski and wife Daria ...vna Olsufieva, was a descendant of Miklashewsky and Olsufiev families.

Skoropadskyi grew up at his father's estate in Trostianets, Pryluky County, Poltava Governorate. He attended a gymnasium in Starodub and later graduated from the Page Corps cadet school in Saint Petersburg.

Military career

First assignments and Russo-Japan War

In 1893 Skoropadsky graduated from the Page Corps and was assigned as a cornet (meaning the 2LT in cavalry) to the Chevalier Guard regiment where he was put in charge of a squadron. After two years he was assigned a duty of the Regimental adjutant in the same regiment. In December 1897 he was promoted to Poruchik (1LT). In 1897 Skoropadsky also married Aleksandra Petrovna Durnovo, a daughter of Pyotr Pavlovich Durnovo, the General Governor of Moscow (see Durnovo).

Skoropadsky's first major assignment was a sotnia (company) commander in the 2nd Chita Cossack Regiment of the Trans-Baikal Cossack Host in Chita during the Russo-Japanese War. Later he became an adjutant to the commander of the Russian forces on the Far East General Nikolay Linevich. During the war Skoropadsky was awarded the George's Weapon and several orders. In December 1905 Tsar Nikolai II made him a Fliegel-Adjutant in a rank of Colonel. On September 4, 1910 Colonel Skoropadsky was commissioned as the commander of the 20th Finnish Dragoon Regiment still continuing to be a Fliegel-Adjutant of the H. I. M. Retinue. On April 15, 1911 he was reassigned to the Leib-Guard Cavalry Regiment. Leib-Guards were the elite Russian military forces assigned for a personal protection of the emperor. On December 6, 1912 Skoropadsky was promoted to the Major General of the H. I. M. Retinue.

World War I

At the start of World War I, Skoropadsky was put in charge of the reorganized 1st Brigade of the 1st Cavalry Guard Division (General Nikolai Kaznakov) as part of the 1st Army commanded by General Paul von Rennenkampf. Skoropadsky already worked for von Rennenkampf during the Russo-Japanese War when the last was commanding Trans-Baikal Cossack Host. On August 6, 1914, his regiment distinguished itself in battles near Kraupishken as part of the Russian invasion of East Prussia. Later he was appointed as a commander of the United Cavalry Guard Division which distinguished near Kaushen. General Skoropadsky also commanded the 5th Cavalry Division. On April 2, 1916, he was promoted to Lieutenant General and was commissioned the 1st Cavalry Guard Division. From January 22 to July 2, 1917, he is in charge of the 34th Army Corps. In July 1917 the decommissioned 34th Army Corps was transformed into the 1st Ukrainian Corps. In October 1917 at the first Congress of the Free Cossacks he was awarded a title of the honorary Otaman. From October to November 1917 his 60,000-man Army Corps successfully defended the railway corridor stretching through Podolie to Polissya, Vapniarka – Zhmerynka – Koziatyn – Shepetivka and defended against the attacks from the Romanian front particularly the 2nd Guard Corps that was headed by Yevgenia Bosch.

Political life

Cathedral of the St. Sophia, Kyiv.

See also: Ukrainian State

On 29 April 1918, a coup d'etat toppled the Ukrainian People's Republic and Skoropadsky became Hetman of Ukraine. The same day he was chrismated by bishop Nykodym in Saint Sophia Cathedral as the Hetman of Ukraine.

The coup d'état had been sanctioned by the Imperial German Army, which in the spring of 1918 had occupied Kyiv and other parts of Ukraine. The Ukrainian Republic was intent upon repelling an invasion by the Bolshevik Red Army. In return, the Republican government pledged food stocks, which were to be expropriated from the peasants. The German General Staff was dissatisfied with the inefficiency and incompetence of the Republican government, which repeatedly failed to deliver the supplies on time.

Skoropadsky was accused by other Ukrainian nationalists of being a German collaborator supported by wealthy landowners. He was also considered too pro-Russian and dictatorial. Among other things, Skoropadsky formed a cabinet of mainly Russian speakers, Tsarists, and Slavophiles. Simultaneously, he committed Ukraine to federation with a restored Russian Empire.

Despite these criticisms, by contrast with the earlier Rada, his government was given credit for having created an effective administrative organization, established diplomatic ties with many countries, concluded a peace treaty with Soviet Russia, and built many schools and universities, including the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.

In November 1918 Skoropadsky was removed from power in an uprising led by the social democrat Symon Petliura and the withdrawal of German forces from Kyiv. The uprising nominally restored the Ukrainian People's Republic, but power was vested in a Directoria, a provisional government of five directors chaired by Volodymyr Vynnychenko. Skoropadsky abdicated on December 14, 1918 and fled to Berlin.

Pavlo Skoropadsky (right center)

While living in Weimar Germany, Skoropadsky maintained close personal friendships with senior government and army officials originating as far back as his military-college days. In later years, however, he consistently refused offers to collaborate with the Nazis. During World War II, Skoropadsky fled from advancing Soviet forces with the retreating German army. He died at Metten Abbey in Germany after being wounded by an Allied bombing near Regensburg, and was buried in Oberstdorf.

His movement continued into the early 1980s, influencing a Ukrainian monarchist program based on the Cossack State model. It ended gradually with the aging of eastern-Ukrainian émigré communities. Skoropadsky's daughter, Olena Skoropadska-Ott (died 2014), resided in Switzerland, visited Ukraine several times, and had been honored for her historical writings.

Honors

• Order of St. Anne 4th degree, 1904
• Order of St. Anne 3rd degree with swords and bow, 1904
• Order of St. Stanislaus 2nd class with swords, 1905
• Order of St Vladimir, 4th degree with swords and bow, 1905
• Gold Sword for Bravery, 1905
• Order of St. Anne 2nd degree with swords, 1906
• Order of St Vladimir, 3rd degree, 1900
• Order of St. George, 4th class,
• Order of the Red Eagle, 1918 (Prussia)

Family

Pavlo Skoropadskyi
Coat of arms
Noble family	Skoropadsky family

Pavlo Skoropadskyi
Coat of arms
Noble family	Durnovo family

Oleksandra Durnovo [Skoropadska]

On 11 January 1897/8 in Saint Petersburg, Russia, Skoropadsky married the Russian noblewoman Aleksandra Petrovna Durnovo (22 October 1878 - ?), a daughter of the Russian soldier and statesman Pyotr Pavlovich Durnovo (6 January 1835 - ?) (of a notable family of Russian statesmen and landowners) and wife Princess Maria Vasiliyevna Kochubey (Saint Petersburg, 17 September 1848 - Saint Petersburg, 15 February 1894) (of Ukrainian Cossack Kochubey noble family), paternal granddaughter of Pavel Dimitreievich Durnovo (Saint Petersburg, 6 March 1804 - Saint Petersburg, 12 March 1864) and wife (Saint Petersburg, May 1831) Princess Alexandra Petrovna Wolkonskaya (Saint Petersburg, 7 June 1804 - Saint Petersburg, 2 June 1859) and maternal granddaughter of Prince Vassili Victorovich Prince Kochubey (1 January 1812 - 10 January 1850) and wife Elena Pavlovna Bibikova (September 1812 - Saint Petersburg, 15 February 1888); and great-granddaughter of Dmitri Nikolaievich Durnovo (Saint Petersburg, 14 February 1769 - 11 February 1834, son of Nikolai Dmitrievich Durnovo and wife ...) and wife (Saint Petersburg) Marija Nikitichna Demidova (Saint Petersburg, 2 June 1776 - 25 May 1847, daughter of Nikita Akinfievich Demidov and wife Alexandra Evtikhieva Safonova), of Prince Petr Mikhailovich Wolkonsky (Saint Petersburg, 26 March 1776 - 27 August 1852, son of Prince Mikhail Petrovich Wolkonsky and wife Elisaveta Petrovna Makulova) and wife and relative Princess Sophija Grigorievna Wolkonskaya (? - Saint Petersburg, 26 March 1868, daughter of Prince Grigori Semenovich Wolkonsky and wife Princess Alexandra Nikolaievna Repnina), of Noble then Count then Prince Victor Pavlovich Kochubey, 1st Count Kochubey since 4 April 1799 and 1st Prince Kochubey since 6 December 1831 (11 November 1768 - Moscow, 3 June 1834, son of Pavel Vassilievich Kochubey and wife ...) and wife Maria Vassilievna Vassilshikova (10 September 1779 - Paris, France, 12 January 1844, daughter of Vassili Semenovich Vassilshikov and wife Countess Anna Kirillovna Razumovskaya) and of Pavel Gavrilovich Bibikov and wife Elisaveta Andreievna Zakharievskaya. The couple had six children:

• Maria (1898 – 12 February 1959), who married Adam de Montrésor.
• Yelyzaveta (1899 – 16 February 1976), who married Mr. Kuzhym, a painter, sculptor, leader of Hetman Movement (1959–?).
• Petro (1900–1956), who suffered from epilepsy.
• Danylo Pavlovich Skoropadskyi (Saint Petersburg, 13 February 1904/6 – allegedly poisoned by the KGB, London, Middlesex, 23 February 1957), Leader of the Ukrainian Monarchists since 26 April 1945, who allegedly had one natural son by Alexandra "Lessia" ...vna Tuhay-Bey (Kharkov - ?), daughter of ... ...vich Tuhay-Bey and wife ... ...vna Sylenko:
  • Borys Danylovich Tuhay-Bey, since 30 November 2001 Skoropadskyi (Canada, 1956), who moved to Ukraine in 2006/2007, but returned to Canada in 2010, married firstly in Seneca County, Ohio, 10 October 1987 Debra K. Meredith, without issue, and married secondly Iryna ...vna Ustenko, by whom he had two sons:
    • Danil Borysovich Tuhay-Bey, since 30 November 2001 Skoropadskyi (Canada, 1998)
    • Maksym Borysovich Tuhay-Bey, since 30 November 2001 Skoropadskyi (Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 17 October 2000)
• Pavlo (1915–1918), who died from disease.
• Olena (5 July 1919 – 4 August 2014), who married Gerd Ginder (died on April 10, 1945) on August 31, 1943, and married Ludwig Ott on March 20, 1948; her two children are:
  • Alexandra (born 30 January 1954), she married Martin König and had one son Dimitri (born 1989).
  • Irene (born 30 January 1954), unmarried and without issue.

Ancestry

Ancestors of Pavlo Skoropadskyi
8. Mykhailo Skoropadsky 4. Ivan Skoropadsky 18. Mykola Markevych 9. Pulkheria Markevych 2. Petro Skoropadsky 5. Yelyzaveta Tarnovska 1. Pavlo Skoropadsky 6. Andriy Miklashevsky 3. Maria Miklashevska 7. Daria Olsuyeva

See also

• Ukrainian State
• Hromada
• Free Cossacks
• List of Ukrainian rulers

References

• V. I. Lenin "Everybody On Food And Transport Work!" Endnote: "In November–December 1918 the Ukrainian workers and peasants rose up against the German invaders and their stooge, Hetman Skeropadsky. On December 14 Skoropadsky fled from Kiev."
• http://www.day.kiev.ua/175869/

External links

Media related to Pavlo Skoropadsky at Wikimedia Commons

• Biography (in Ukrainian)
• Secret Police of Hetman Skoropadsky, The Papers of the Provisional Government of Ukraine, 1918 (Russian: Тайная полиция гетмана Скоропадского. Документы осведомительного отдела при киевском градоначальнике, Translit. Russian: Tainaia politsiia getmana Skoropadskogo. Dokumenty osvedomitelnogo otdela pri kievskom gradonachalnike) from East View Information Services
• The Secret Police of Hetman Skoropadsky Research collection in microform.
• Biography from Encyclopedia of Ukraine, vol. 4 (1993)