The Adventures of Pinocchio

This article is about the Carlo Collodi novel. For other works with this title, see The Adventures of Pinocchio (disambiguation). For the Disney animated film, see Pinocchio (1940 film). For other uses, see Pinocchio (disambiguation).

The Adventures of Pinocchio

illustration from 1911 edition by Attilio Mussino
Author	Carlo Collodi
Illustrator	Enrico Mazzanti
Country	Italy
Language	Italian
Genre	Fiction, Literature, Fantasy, Children's book, Adventure
Publication date	1883

The Adventures of Pinocchio (/pɪˈnoʊki.oʊ/, US dict: pĭ·nō′·kē·ō; Italian: Le avventure di Pinocchio [le avvenˈtuːre di piˈnɔkkjo]) is a novel for children by Italian author Carlo Collodi, written in Florence. The first half was originally a serial in 1881 and 1882, and then later completed as a book for children in February 1883. It is about the mischievous adventures of an animated marionette named Pinocchio and his father, a poor woodcarver named Geppetto. It is considered a canonical piece of children's literature and has inspired hundreds of new editions, stage plays, merchandising and movies, such as Walt Disney's iconic animated version and commonplace ideas such as a liar's long nose. According to extensive research done by the Fondazione Nazionale Carlo Collodi in late 1990s and based on UNESCO sources, it has been adapted in over 240 languages worldwide. That makes it among the most translated and widely read books ever written.

History

The Adventures of Pinocchio is a story about an animated puppet, boys who turn into donkeys and other fairy tale devices. The setting of the story is the Tuscan area of Italy. It was a unique literary melding of genres for its time. The story's Italian language is peppered with Florentine dialect features, such as the protagonist's Florentine name.

In the 1850s, Collodi began to have a variety of both fiction and non-fiction books published. Once, he translated some French fairy-tales so well that he was asked whether he would like to write some of his own. In 1881, he sent a short episode in the life of a wooden puppet to a friend who edited a newspaper in Rome, wondering whether the editor would be interested in publishing this "bit of foolishness" in his children's section. The editor did, and the children loved it. The Adventures of Pinocchio were serialized in the paper in 1881–2, and then published in 1883 with huge success.

In the original, serialized version, Pinocchio dies a gruesome death: hanged for his innumerable faults, at the end of Chapter 15. At the request of his editor, Collodi added chapters 16–36, in which the Fairy with Turquoise Hair (or "Blue Fairy", as the Disney version names her) rescues Pinocchio and eventually transforms him into a real boy, when he acquires a deeper understanding of himself, making the story more suitable for children. In the second half of the book, the maternal figure of the Blue-haired Fairy is the dominant character, versus the paternal figure of Geppetto in the first part.

Children's literature was a new idea in Collodi's time, an innovation in the 19th century. Thus in content and style it was new and modern, opening the way to many writers of the following century.

International popularity

Collodi, who died in 1890, was respected during his lifetime as a talented writer and social commentator, and his fame continued to grow when Pinocchio was first translated into English by Mary Alice Murray in 1892, whose translation was added to the widely read Everyman's Library in 1911. Other well regarded English translations include the 1926 translation by Carol Della Chiesa, and the 1986 bilingual edition by Nicolas J. Perella. Creator Carlo Lorenzini was supposedly inspired from his obsession with the human nose.

The popularity of the story was bolstered by the powerful philosopher-critic Benedetto Croce, who greatly admired the tale.

Plot

As Geppetto carves the puppet, the nose begins to grow.

A carpenter finds a talking piece of wood and gives it to his poor neighbor, Geppetto, who wants to build a marionette. Geppetto carves the block into a marionette puppet and names him his son, Pinocchio. However, Pinocchio runs away as soon as he learns to walk. The marionette is caught by a Carabiniere, but he assumes that Pinocchio has been mistreated and imprisons Geppetto. Pinocchio goes back to Geppetto's house where he accidentally kills a talking cricket who had warned Pinocchio of the perils of disobedience and hedonism. That evening, Pinocchio falls asleep with his feet on the stove, and wakes to find that they have burned off. Geppetto is released from prison and makes Pinocchio a new pair of feet. In gratitude, Pinocchio promises to attend school, and Geppetto sells his only coat to buy him a school book.

The puppet master Mangiafuoco.

On his way to school the next morning, Pinocchio encounters the Great Marionette Theatre, and he sells his school book in order to buy a ticket for the show. The marionettes on stage recognize him in the audience and call out to him, angering the puppet master Mangiafuoco. The puppet master initially decides to use Pinocchio as firewood but ultimately releases him and gives him five gold pieces to give to Geppetto.

The Fox and the Cat, as drawn by Enrico Mazzanti

As Pinocchio travels home to give the coins to his father, he meets a fox and a cat. The Cat pretends to be blind, and the Fox pretends to be lame. A white blackbird tries to warn Pinocchio of their lies, but the blackbird is eaten by the Cat, at which point the Fox states that the blackbird talked too much and had to be silenced. The two animals convince Pinocchio that if he plants his coins in the Field of Miracles outside the city of Catchfools, then they will grow into a tree with one or two thousand gold coins. On the way to the field, they stop at an inn, where the Fox and the Cat gorge themselves on food at Pinocchio's expense and ask to be awoken by midnight. Two hours before the set time, the pair abandon Pinocchio, leaving him to pay for the meal with one of his coins. They instruct the innkeeper to tell Pinocchio that they left after receiving a message stating that the Cat's eldest kitten had fallen ill and that they would meet Pinocchio at the Field of Miracles in the morning. They take off ahead of Pinocchio and disguise themselves as bandits while Pinocchio continues on toward Catchfools, despite warnings from the Ghost of the Talking Cricket that he had killed earlier. The disguised Fox and Cat ambush Pinocchio, but the puppet escapes to a white house after biting off the Cat's paw. Upon knocking on the door, Pinocchio is greeted by a young fairy with turquoise hair who says she is dead and waiting for a hearse. Unfortunately, while Pinocchio is speaking with the Fairy, the bandits catch him and hang him in a tree. After a while, the Fox and Cat get tired of waiting for the puppet to suffocate, and they leave.

The Fox and the Cat, dressed as bandits, catch Pinocchio to hang him.

The Fairy has Pinocchio rescued by summoning a falcon to get him down and having her poodle servant Medoro pick him up in her stagecoach. The Fairy calls in three famous doctors to tell her whether Pinocchio is dead. Two of them, an owl and a crow, are unsure of Pinocchio's status. The third doctor is the Ghost of the Talking Cricket, who says that the puppet is fine, but has been disobedient and hurt his father. The Fairy administers medicine to Pinocchio who consents to take it after four undertaker rabbits arrive to carry away his body, as he will be dead soon if he does not take the medicine. Recovered, Pinocchio lies to the Fairy when she asks what has happened to the gold coins, and his nose grows until it is so long that he cannot turn around in the room. The Fairy explains that Pinocchio's lies are making his nose grow and calls in a flock of 1,000 woodpeckers to chisel it down to normal size. The Fairy sends for Geppetto to come and live with them in the forest cottage.

The Fairy saves Pinocchio

When Pinocchio heads out to meet his father, he once again encounters the Fox and the Cat, who are no longer wearing their disguises. When Pinocchio notices the Cat's missing paw with the right arm in a sling, the Fox claims that they had to sacrifice it to feed a hungry old wolf. They remind the puppet of the Field of Miracles, and finally, he agrees to go with them and plant his gold. After half a day's journey, they reach the city of Catchfools, where every animal in town has done something exceedingly foolish and now suffers as a result. While traversing through Catchfools with the Fox and the Cat, Pinocchio sees that the streets are filled with hairless dogs yawning from hunger, sheared sheep trembling with cold, combless chickens begging for a grain of wheat, large butterflies unable to use their wings because they sold all their lovely colors, tailless peacocks ashamed to show themselves, and bedraggled pheasants scuttling away hurriedly and grieving for their bright feathers of gold and silver lost to them forever. Out of those paupers and beggars, Pinocchio also sees that there are beautiful coaches containing a fox, a hawk, and a vulture. Upon reaching the Field of Miracles, Pinocchio buries his coins and then leaves for the twenty minutes that it will take for his gold to grow into gold coin trees. After Pinocchio leaves, the Fox and the Cat dig up the coins and run away.

Pinocchio and the judge.

Once Pinocchio returns, he finds no trees and no gold coins and learns of the Fox and the Cat's treachery from a parrot who mocks Pinocchio for falling for their tricks. Pinocchio rushes to the Catchfools courthouse where he reports the theft of the coins to a gorilla judge. Although he is moved by Pinocchio's plea, the judge sentences Pinocchio to four months in prison for the crime of foolishness, and Pinocchio is locked up by the Mastiff Carabiniere. Fortunately, all criminals are released early by the jailers when the unseen young Emperor of Catchfools declares a celebration following his army's victory over the town's enemies. Upon being released, Pinocchio leaves Catchfools.

The large snake.

Pinocchio then heads back to the Fairy's house in the forest. He encounters a large serpent stretched across the road. The serpent laughs at Pinocchio and dies upon bursting an artery. While sneaking into a farmer's yard to steal some grapes, Pinocchio is caught in a weasel trap where he encounters a glowworm. The farmer finds Pinocchio and ties him up in the doghouse of his late watch dog Melampo to guard his chicken coop. When Pinocchio foils the chicken-stealing plot of a group of weasels, the farmer frees the puppet as a reward. Pinocchio finally comes to where the cottage was, finds nothing but a gravestone, and believes that the Fairy has died of sorrow.

Pinocchio and the pigeon fly to the seashore.

A friendly pigeon sees Pinocchio mourning the Fairy's death and offers to give him a ride to the seashore, where Geppetto is building a boat in which to search for Pinocchio. They fly to the seashore and see Geppetto out in a boat, but Pinocchio is washed ashore when he tries to swim to his father. Geppetto is then swallowed by The Terrible Dogfish. Pinocchio then accepts a ride from a dolphin to the nearest island called the Island of Busy. Upon arriving on the Island of Busy, Pinocchio can only get food in return for labor. After some encounters with a coal man and a bricklayer, Pinocchio finally offers to carry a lady's jug home in return for food and water. When they get to the lady's house, Pinocchio recognizes the lady as the Fairy, now miraculously old enough to be his mother. She says she will act as Pinocchio's mother, and Pinocchio will begin going to school. She hints that if Pinocchio does well in school and tries his hardest to be good for one whole year, then he will become a real boy. Pinocchio studies hard and rises to the top of his class, but this makes the other schoolboys jealous. The other boys trick Pinocchio into playing hookey by saying they saw a large sea monster at the beach, the same one that swallowed Geppetto. However, the boys were lying and a fight breaks out. One boy named Eugene is hit by Pinocchio's school book, though Pinocchio did not throw it. Pinocchio is accused of injuring Eugene by two Carabinieres, but the puppet escapes. During his escape, Pinocchio saves a drowning Mastiff named Alidoro, a police dog who was chasing him.

Alidoro saves Pinocchio from The Green Fisherman.

In exchange, Alidoro later saves Pinocchio from The Green Fisherman, who was going to eat the marionette, as Pinocchio returns home. After meeting the Snail that works for the Fairy, Pinocchio is given another chance by the Fairy.

Pinocchio does excellently in school and passes with high honors. The Fairy promises that Pinocchio will be a real boy the next day and says he should invite all his friends to a party. He goes to invite everyone, but he is sidetracked when he meets a boy nicknamed Candlewick who is about to go to a place called Toyland where everyone plays all day and never works. Pinocchio goes along with him when they are taken there by The Coachman, and they have a wonderful time for the next five months.

Pinocchio and Candlewick became donkeys.

One morning in the fifth month, Pinocchio and Candlewick awake with donkeys' ears. A squirrel tells Pinocchio that boys who do nothing but play and never work always turn into donkeys while they are in Toyland. Soon both Pinocchio and Candlewick are fully transformed, and Pinocchio is sold to a circus by The Coachman. He is trained by the ringmaster to do tricks until he falls and sprains his leg. The ringmaster then sells Pinocchio to a man who wants to skin him and make a drum. The man throws the donkey into the sea to drown him. But when the man goes to retrieve the corpse, all he finds is a living marionette. Pinocchio explains that the fish ate all the donkey skin off him, and he is now a puppet again.

Pinocchio finds Geppetto inside the Dogfish.

Pinocchio dives back into the water and swims out to sea. When the Terrible Dogfish appears, Pinocchio swims from it at the advice of the Fairy in the form of a little blue-furred goat from atop a high rock. Pinocchio does his best to outswim the Dogfish but is swallowed by it. Inside the Dogfish, Pinocchio sees a light from far off and follows it. At the other end is Geppetto who has been living on a ship inside the Dogfish. Pinocchio and Geppetto manage to escape the monster and search for a place to stay.

Pinocchio and Geppetto pass two beggars: the Fox and the Cat. The Cat has really become blind, and the Fox has really become lame and is also thin, is almost hairless, and has chopped off his tail to sell for food. The Fox and the Cat plead for food or money, but Pinocchio rebuffs them and tells them that their misfortunes have served them right for their wickedness. Gepetto and Pinocchio arrive at a small house, which is home to the Ghost of the Talking Cricket. The Talking Cricket says they can stay and reveals that he got his house from a little goat with turquoise hair. Pinocchio gets a job doing work for a farmer named Giangio and recognizes the farmer's dying donkey as his friend Candlewick.

Pinocchio becomes a real human boy.

After long months of working for the farmer and supporting the ailing Geppetto, Pinocchio goes to town with the forty pennies he has saved to buy himself a new suit. He discovers that the Fairy is ill and needs money. Pinocchio instantly gives the Snail he met back on the Island of Busy all the money he has, promising that he will help his mother as much as he is helping his father. That night, he dreams that he is visited by the Fairy, who kisses him. When he wakes up, he is a real boy at last. His former puppet body lies lifeless on a chair. Furthermore, Pinocchio finds that the Fairy has left him a new suit, boots, and a bag in which he thinks are the forty pennies that he originally gave to her. Instead, the boy is shocked to find forty freshly-minted gold coins. Geppetto also returns to health and resumes woodcarving.

Characters

• Pinocchio – Pinocchio is a naughty, pine-wood marionette who gains wisdom through a series of misadventures which lead him to becoming a real human as reward for his good deeds.

• Mister Geppetto – Geppetto is an elderly, impoverished woodcarver and the creator (and thus father) of Pinocchio. He wears a yellow wig that looks like cornmeal mush (or polendina), and subsequently the children of the neighborhood (as well as some of the adults) call him "Polendina", which greatly annoys him. "Geppetto" is a nickname for Giuseppe.

• Mastro Antonio ([anˈtɔːnjo] in Italian, /ɑːnˈtoʊnjoʊ/ ân·tō′·nyō in English): Antonio is an elderly carpenter. He finds the log that eventually becomes Pinocchio, planning to make it into a table leg until it cries out "Please be careful!" The children call Antonio "Mastro Ciliegia (cherry)" because of his red nose.

• The Talking Cricket (il Grillo Parlante) – The Talking Cricket is a cricket whom Pinocchio kills after it tries to give him some advice. The Cricket comes back as a ghost to continue advising the puppet.

• Mangiafuoco ([mandʒaˈfwɔːko] in Italian, /ˌmɑːndʒəˈfwoʊkoʊ/ mân′·jə·fwō′·kō in English; literally "Fire-Eater") – Mangiafuoco is the wealthy director of the Great Marionette Theater. He has red eyes and a black beard which reaches to the floor, and his mouth is "as wide as an oven [with] teeth like yellow fangs". Despite his appearances however, Mangiafuoco (which the story says is his given name) is not evil.

• Harlequin (Arlecchino), Punch (Pulcinella), and Signora Rosaura – Harlequin, Punch, and Signora Rosaura are marionettes at the theater who embrace Pinocchio as their brother.

• The Fox and the Cat (la Volpe e il Gatto) – Greedy animals pretending to be lame and blind respectively, the pair lead Pinocchio astray, rob him and eventually try to hang him.

• The Innkeeper (l'Oste) – An innkeeper who is in tricked by the Fox and the Cat where he unknowingly leads Pinocchio into an ambush.

• The Fairy with Turquoise Hair (la Fata dai capelli turchini) – The Blue-haired Fairy is the spirit of the forest who rescues Pinocchio and adopts him first as her brother, then as her son.

• The Falcon (il Falco) - A falcon who helps the Fairy with Turquoise Hair rescue Pinocchio from his hanging.

• Medoro - A poodle who is the stagecoach driver for the Fairy with Turquoise Hair. He is described as being dressed in court livery, a tricorn trimmed with gold lace was set at a rakish angle over a wig of white curls that dropped down to his waist, a jaunty coat of chocolate-colored velvet with diamond buttons and two huge pockets which were always filled with bones (dropped there at dinner by his loving mistress), breeches of crimson velvet, silk stockings, and low silver-buckled slippers completed his costume. His tail was encased in a blue silk covering which was to protect it from the rain.

• The Owl (la Civetta) and the Crow (il Corvo) – Two famous doctors who diagnose Pinocchio alongside the Talking Cricket.

• The Parrot (il pappagallo) - A parrot who tells Pinocchio of the Fox and the Cat's trickery that they played on him outside of Catchfools and mocks him for being tricked by them.

• The Judge (il Giudice) – A gorilla venerable with age who works as a judge of Catchfools. He was depicted with having a long beard and gold-rimmed spectacles with the glasses out.

• The Serpent (il Serpente) - A large serpent with bright green skin, fiery eyes which glowed and burned, and a pointed tail that smoked and burned.

• The Farmer (il Contadino) – An unnamed farmer whose chickens are plagued by weasel attacks. He previously owned a deceased watch dog named Melampo.

• The Glowworm (la Lucciola) - A glowworm that Pinocchio encounters in the farmer's grape field.

• The Terrible Dogfish (Il terribile Pesce-cane) – A mile-long, five-story-high fish. Pescecane, while literally meaning "dog fish", generally means "shark" in Italian.

• The Pigeon (il Colombo) - A pigeon who gives Pinocchio a ride to the seashore.

• The Dolphin (il Delfino) – A dolphin who gives Pinocchio a ride to Busy Bee Island.

• The Snail (la Lumaca) - A snail who works for the Fairy with Turquoise Hair. Pinocchio later gives all his money to the Snail.

• Alidoro (del can mastino) ([aliˈdɔːro] in Italian, /ˌɑːliˈdɒroʊ/ â′·lē·dŏr′·ō in English). The old mastiff of a carabineer.

• The Green Fisherman (Il Pescatore verde) – A green-skinned ogre who catches Pinocchio in his fishing net and attempts to eat him.

• Romeo ([roˈmɛːo] in Italian, /ˈroʊmi.oʊ/ rō′·mē·ō in English)/"Lampwick" or "Candlewick" (Lucignolo) – A tall, thin boy (like a wick) who is Pinocchio's best friend and a trouble-maker.

• The Little Man (l'Omino) – The owner of the Land of Toys.

• The Squirrel (la Marmottina) – A squirrel who lives in the Land of Toys. He is the one who tells Pinocchio about the Land of Toys' magic.

• The Ringmaster (il Direttore) – The unnamed ringmaster of a circus.

• The Master (il compratore) – A man who wants to make Pinocchio's hide into a drum.

• The Tuna Fish (il Tonno) – A tuna fish as "large as a two-year-old horse" who has been swallowed by the Terrible Shark.

• Giangio ([ˈdʒandʒo] in Italian; /ˈdʒɑːndʒoʊ/ jân′·jō in English) – The farmer who buys Romeo as a donkey and who Pinocchio briefly works for. He is also called Farmer John in some versions.

Proverbial figures

"As he lies, his nose grows", by Carlo Chiostri.

Many concepts and situations expressed in the book have become proverbial, such as:

• The long nose, commonly attributed to those who tell lies. The fairy says that "there are the lies that have short legs, and the lies that have the long nose".
• The land of Toys, to indicate cockaigne that hides another.
• The saying "burst into laughter" (also known as Ridere a crepa pelle in Italian, literally "laugh to crack skin") has also created after the release of the book, in reference to the episode of the death of the giant snake.

Similarly, many of the characters have become typical quintessential human models, still cited frequently in everyday language:

• Mangiafuoco pointing to a type gruff and irascible,
• the Fox and the Cat to indicate a pair of elements unreliable,
• Lampwick, the model boy rebellious and wayward,
• the same Pinocchio has become synonymous for "liar".

Adaptations

Pinocchio puppets in their stages of construction in a puppet shop window in Florence.

The story has been adapted into many forms on stage and screen, some keeping close to the original Collodi narrative while others treat the story more freely. There are at least fourteen English-language films based on the story (see also: The Adventures of Pinocchio), not to mention the Italian, French, Russian, German, Japanese and many other versions for the big screen and for television, and several musical adaptations.

• Pinocchio (1911), a live-action silent film directed by Giulio Antamoro, and the first movie based on the novel.

• Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy wrote a famous Russian adaptation of the book, entitled The Little Gold Key or the Adventures of Buratino (1936) illustrated by Alexander Koshkin, translated from Russian by Kathleen Cook-Horujy, Raduga Publishers, Moscow, 1990, 171 pages, SBN 5-05-002843-4 (burattino is Italian for "puppet"). Leonid Vladimirski later wrote and illustrated a sequel, Buratino in the Emerald City, bringing Buratino to the Magic Land that Alexander Melentyevich Volkov based on the Land of Oz, and which Vladimirski had illustrated.

• The Adventures of Pinocchio (1936), a historically-notable, unfinished Italian animated feature film.

• The Disney animated film Pinocchio (released February 7, 1940). It follows Collodi's story and is considered a masterpiece of the art of animation. It was deemed culturally significant by the Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry.

• Le avventure di Pinocchio (1947), an Italian live action film with Alessandro Tomei as Pinocchio.

• Pinocchio, a 1957 TV musical broadcast live during the Golden Age of Television, directed and choreographed by Hanya Holm, and starring such actors as Mickey Rooney (in the title role), Walter Slezak (as Geppetto), Fran Allison (as the Blue Fairy), and Martyn Green (as the Fox). This version featured songs by Alec Wilder and was shown on NBC. It was part of a then-popular trend of musicalizing fantasy stories for television, following the immense success of the Mary Martin Peter Pan, which made its TV debut in 1955.

• The Prince Street Players' musical version, starring John Joy as Pinocchio and David Lile as Geppetto, was broadcast on CBS Television in 1965.

• Turlis Abenteuer an East German version released in 1967. In 1969 it was dubbed into English and shown in the US as Pinocchio.

• Pinocchio (1968), a musical version of the story that aired in the United States on NBC, with pop star Peter Noone playing the puppet. This one bore no resemblance to the 1957 television version.

• Un burattino di nome Pinocchio (1972) (in English A Puppet Named Pinocchio in Spanish Las Fantasias de Pinocho), directed by Giuliano Cenci, was an extraordinary technical and artistic animation achievement, featuring some of the greatest Italian actors of the age such as Lauro Gazzolo and Renato Rascel. Carlo Collodi's grandchildren, Mario and Antonio Lorenzini advised the production.
• Le avventure di Pinocchio (1972), an exceptional high-quality TV mini-series by Italian director Luigi Comencini, starring Andrea Balestri as Pinocchio, Nino Manfredi as Geppetto and Gina Lollobrigida as the Fairy.

• Mokku of the Oak Tree (1972 TV program) Tatsunoko Productions

• Pinocchio (1976), still another live-action musical version for television, with Sandy Duncan in a trouser role as the puppet, Danny Kaye as Geppetto, and Flip Wilson as the Fox. It was telecast on CBS, and is available on DVD.

• Piccolino no Bōken (1976 TV program) Nippon Animation

• Pinocchio no Boken (1979 TV program) DAX International

• A 1984 episode of Faerie Tale Theatre starring Paul Reubens as the puppet.

• The animated Pinocchio (1992) from American Film Investment Corporation II, produced by Diane P. Eskenazi.

• The Adventures of Pinocchio was adapted in Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child where it takes place on the Barbary Coast.

• The Adventures of Pinocchio (1996), a film by Steve Barron starring Martin Landau as Geppetto, Jonathan Taylor Thomas as Pinocchio, David Doyle as Pepe the Cricket, Udo Kier as Lorenzini, Rob Schneider as Volpe, Bebe Neuwirth as Felinet, Corey Carrier as Lampwick, and Geneviève Bujold as Leona.
  • The film also had a sequel called The New Adventures of Pinocchio. While Martin Landau and Udo Kier reprise their roles of Geppetto and Lorenzini, the cast consists of Gabriel Thomson as Pinocchio, Warwick Davis as Pepe the Cricket, Simon Schatzberger as Volpe, Sarah Alexander as Felinet, and Ben Ridgeway as Lampwick.

• Geppetto (2000), a television film broadcast on The Wonderful World of Disney starring Drew Carey in the title role, Seth Adkins as Pinocchio, Brent Spiner as Stromboli, and Julia Louis-Dreyfus as the Blue Fairy.

• Pinocchio (2002), a live-action Italian film directed by and starring Roberto Benigni. It was later dubbed in English with the voices of Breckin Meyer as Pinocchio, David Suchet as Geppetto, Glenn Close as the Blue Fairy, John Cleese as the Talking Cricket, Topher Grace as Leonardo, Kevin James as Mangiafuoco, Cheech Marin and Eddie Griffin as The Fox and the Cat, Eric Idle as Medoro, Regis Philbin as the Ringmaster, and Jim Belushi as Farmer George.

• An opera, The Adventures of Pinocchio, composed by Jonathan Dove to a libretto by Alasdair Middleton, was commissioned by Opera North and premièred at the Grand Theatre in Leeds, England, on 21 December 2007.

• Pinocchio, (2008) a British-Italian TV film starring Bob Hoskins as Geppetto, Robbie Kay as Pinocchio, Luciana Littizzetto as the Talking Cricket, Violante Placido as the Blue Fairy, Toni Bertorelli as the Fox, Francesco Pannofino as the Cat, Maurizio Donadoni as Mangiafuoco, and Alessandro Gassman as the original author Carlo Collodi.

• Pinocchio (2012), a Belgian-French-Italian animated film directed by Enzo D'Alò.

• Pinocchio, an upcoming film announced by Guillermo del Toro, a stop-motion darker version of the novel, co-directed by Adam Parrish King, with Jim Henson Company as production company, and music by Nick Cave.

Derivative works

• Mongiardini-Rembadi, Gemma (1894), Il Segreto di Pinocchio, Italy . Published in the United States in 1913 as Pinocchio under the Sea.

• Cherubini, E. (1903), Pinocchio in Africa, Italy .

• Lorenzini, Paolo (1917), The Heart of Pinocchio, Florence, Italy .

• Patri, Angelo (1928), Pinocchio in America, United States .

• Della Chiesa, Carol (1932), Puppet Parade, New York .

• Tolstoy, Aleksey Nikolayevich (1936), The Golden Key, or the Adventures of Buratino, Russia , a loose adaptation.

• Marino, Josef (1940), Hi! Ho! Pinocchio!, United States .

• Astro Boy (鉄腕アトム, Tetsuwan Atomu) (1952) a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Osamu Tezuka, recasts loosely the Pinocchio theme.

• The New Adventures of Pinocchio, a 1960 TV series of 5 minute stop-motion animated vignettes by Arthur Rankin, Jr. and Jules Bass.

• Pinocchio in Outer Space, 1965, feature : Pinocchio has adventures in outer space, with an alien turtle as a friend.

• The Erotic Adventures of Pinocchio, 1971  was advertised with the memorable line, "It's not his nose that grows!"

• Weldon, John (1977), Spinnolio (parody), National Film Board of Canada .

• Pinocchio's Christmas, 1980 , a stop-motion animated TV special.

• Pinocchio and the Emperor of the Night, 1987, animation, a follow up .

• Edward Scissorhands, 1990, movie, contains elements both of Frankenstein and Pinocchio .

• Coover, Robert (1991), Pinocchio in Venice, novel, continues the story of Pinocchio, the Blue Fairy, and other characters .

• Pinocchio's Revenge, 1996 .

• Spielberg, Steven (2001), A.I. Artificial Intelligence, film, based on a Stanley Kubrick project that was cut short by Kubrick's death, recasts the Pinocchio theme; in it an android with emotions longs to become a real boy .

• Shrek, 2001 , Pinocchio is a principal character in all four movies.

• Shrek the Musical, Broadway, December 14, 2008 .

• Pinocchio 3000, Canada, 2003 CGI film .

• Teacher's Pet, 2004  contains elements and references of the 1940 adaptation and A.I. Artificial Intelligence.

• Dine, James ‘Jim’ (2006), Pinocchio, Steidl, illustrations .

• ———— (2007), Pinocchio, PaceWildenstein .

• Happily N'Ever After 2: Snow White Another Bite @ the Apple, 2009  Pinocchio appears as a secondary character.

• Navok, Lior (2009), opera, sculptural exhibition. Two acts: actors, woodwind quintet and piano .

• Costantini, Vito (2011), The other Pinocchio, musical, the first musical sequel to 'Adventures of Pinocchio' . The musical is based on The other Pinocchio, Brescia: La Scuola Editrice, 1999, book . The composer is Antonio Furioso. Vito Costantini wrote "The other Pinocchio" after the discovery of a few sheets of an old manuscript attributed to Collodi and dated 21/10/1890. The news of the discovery appeared in the major Italian newspapers. It is assumed the Tuscan artist wrote a sequel to 'The Adventures of Pinocchio' he never published. Starting from handwritten sheets, Costantini has reconstructed the second part of the story. In 2000 'The other Pinocchio' won first prize in national children's literature Città of Bitritto.

• Carter, Scott William (2012), Wooden Bones, novel, described as the untold story of Pinocchio, with a dark twist. Pino, as he’s come to be known after he became a real boy, has discovered that he has the power to bring puppets to life himself .

• Morpurgo, Michael (2013), Pinocchio by Pinocchio  Children's book,illustrated by Emma Chichester Clark.

• Marvel Fairy Tales, a comic book series by C. B. Cebulski, features a retelling of The Adventures of Pinocchio with the robotic superhero called The Vision in the role of Pinocchio.

• Once Upon a Time, (2011) ABC television series. Pinocchio and many other characters from the story have major roles in the episodes "That Still Small Voice" and "The Stranger".

• Pinocchio, (2014) South Korean television series starring Park Shin-hye and Lee Jong-suk, airs on SBS starting on November 12, 2014, every Wednesdays and Thursdays at 21:55 for 16 episodes. The protagonist Choi In-ha has a chronic symptom called "Pinocchio complex," which makes her break into violent hiccups when she tells lies.

• In The Simpsons episode "Itchy and Scratchy Land", there is a parody of Pinocchio called Pinnitchio where Pinnitchio (Itchy) stabs Geppetto (Scratchy) in the eye after he fibs to not to tell lies.

Monuments and works of art

A giant statue of Pinocchio in the park Parco di Pinocchio, Pescia.

• The name of a district of the city of Ancona is "Pinocchio", long before the birth of the famous puppet. Vittorio Morelli built the Monument to Pinocchio.

• Fontana a Pinocchio, Milan, 1956, bronze statues of Pinocchio, the Cat, and the Fox .

• In Pescia, Italy, the park "Parco di Pinocchio" was built in 1956.

• Near the Lake Varese was built a metal statue depicting Pinocchio.

• 12927 Pinocchio, a main-belt asteroid discovered on September 30, 1999 by M. Tombelli and L. Tesi at San Marcello Pistoiese, was named after Pinocchio.

• In the paintings series "La morte di Pinocchio", Walther Jervolino, an Italian painter and engraver, shows Pinocchio being executed with arrows or decapitated, thus presenting an alternative story ending.

• In the central square of Viù, Turin, there is a statue of Pinocchio wooden 6.53 meters tall and weighing about 40.

• In Collodi, the birthplace of the writer of Pinocchio, in February 2009 was installed a statue of the puppet 15 feet tall.

• At the Expo 2010 in Shanghai, in the Italian Pavilion, was exposed to more than two meters tall an aluminum sculpture called Pinocchio Art of Giuseppe Bartolozzi and Clara Thesis.

• He was used as the mascot for the 2013 UCI Road World Championships.

• Pinocchio appeared in GEICO's 2014 bad motivational speaker commercial.

• 28 August 2015 - The National Foundation Carlo Collodi together with Editions Redberry Art London has presented - in MILAN at "I Chiostri dell'Umanitaria" - the artist's book "The Adventures of Pinocchio" with the works of Maestro Antonio Nocera.

The exhibition was part of a Tuscany region food & fable project connected to the Milan Expo 2015.

See also

• Pinocchio paradox
• Great Books
• List of best-selling books

References

Bibliography

• , Geoffrey Brock, transl.; Umberto Eco, introd., "Pinocchio", New York Review Books, 2008 .
• The Adventures of Pinocchio (in Italian and English), Nicolas J. Perella, transl., 1986, ISBN 0-520-07782-2 , ISBN 0-520-24686-1.
• The Story of a Puppet or The Adventures of Pinocchio, Mary Alice Murray, transl., Wikisource, 1892 .
• The Adventures of Pinocchio, Carol Della Chiesa, transl., Wikisource .
• Pinocchio: the Tale of a Puppet (16865), Alice Carsey, illustr., Project Gutenberg, 1916 .
• The Adventures of Pinocchio, Carol Della Chiesa, transl.; Attilio Mussino, illustr., Illuminated books, 1926 .
• Collodi, The Adventures of Pinocchio (in Italian), Italy: Liber Liber .
• Collodi, The Adventures of Pinocchio (in English and Italian), Italy: Libero 

External links

• Le Avventure di Pinocchio (in Italian), Polyglot project 
• Pinocchio (in Italian), Carlo Collodi National Foundation 
• Comencini, Luigi, Pinocchio (in Italian), Andrea Balestri 
• Verger, Mario, Un burattino di nome Pinocchio [The Adventures of Pinocchio] (in Italian), Carlo Rambaldi, introd., Rapporto confidenziale 
• The Adventures of Pinocchio, Ciff Ciaff .
• Pinocchio (film character) at the Internet Movie Database
• L'Altro Pinocchio (musical) (in Italian)