The COVID-19 pandemic has prompted numerous research institutes and companies to develop vaccine candidates targeting this novel disease.

This tracker was developed by the Vaccine Centre at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine to follow candidates as they progress through the development pipeline.

Vaccine landscape

Summary of vaccine candidates and trial timelines

Clinical trials database

Key attributes of registered COVID-19 vaccine trials

Living review

Published data on safety, immunogenicity and efficacy







234

vaccine candidates

39

in clinical testing









Colour code for vaccine type
RNA
DNA
Non-replicating viral vector
Replicating viral vector
Inactivated
Live-attenuated
Protein subunit
Virus-like particle
Other/Unknown
Last updated on 01 September 2020.

We currently update the vaccine landscape weekly, pooling the latest information from the WHO, the Milken Institute and clinicaltrials.gov. We are also grateful for additional information provided directly by vaccine developers.

For a copy of the database, or to inform us of a candidate that is not included, please contact vaccines@lshtm.ac.uk.

Last updated on 01 September 2020.

Each week, we search clinicaltrials.gov for studies of COVID-19 vaccine candidates and extract key attributes from the registered protocols. Additional trials are identified using the WHO COVID-19 vaccine landscape. Trials are listed by decreasing size.

Download data


Abbreviations:

aAPC: artificial antigen presenting cell; AZLB: Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical; BIBP: Beijing Institute of Biological Products; CAMS: Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; FBRI SRC VB: Federal Budgetary Research Institution State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology; KBP: Kentucky BioProcessing; LV-SMENP-DC: vaccine comprising dendritic cells (DCs) modified with lentivirus (LV) vectors expressing 'SMENP' minigene; PLA-AMS: People's Liberation Army Academy of Military Science; SGMI: Shenzhen Geno-Immune Medical Institute; WIBP: Wuhan Institute of Biological Products.




Developer(s):

Vaccine:

Platform:

Phase:

Number:

Location:

Primary report:

Publication date:


Approach

This living review summarises the available clinical trial data on different COVID-19 vaccine candidates. Since 24 August 2020, we have performed a weekly search of medRxiv and PubMed (see Search log below) using the R packages medrxivr and easyPubMed. Titles and abstracts are screened to identify articles reporting outcome data from human clinical trials of COVID-19 vaccine candidates.

Search term

"(coronavirus OR COVID OR SARS*) AND vaccin* AND (trial OR phase)"

Data extraction

We extract data on the following study attributes:
  • Design: location, number and age of individuals enrolled, vaccine dose, etc
  • Safety profile: serious adverse events as well as non-serious adverse events with ≥25% prevalence
  • Immunogenicity: pre- and post-vaccination levels of antigen-specific IgG (ELISA), neutralising antibody levels against live SARS-CoV-2 and/or pseudoviruses, and/or T-cell responses. We present antibody and T-cell outcomes 28 days post-vaccination or the nearest available timepoint, where available.
  • Efficacy: protective efficacy against COVID-19 (not reported for any trials published to date).
  • Planned next steps for clinical testing and/or manufacture.


Search log



Eligible studies


Abbreviations:

WIBP: Wuhan Institute of Biological Products.

Notes:

Phase I and phase II data for WIBP inactivated vaccine extracted separately (Xia; JAMA 2020).




Description of vaccine


Trial attributes


Safety profile

We present data on any serious adverse events (potentially life-threatening: requires assessment in A&E or hospitalisation) and common adverse events (≥25% prevalence) relating to the test vaccine.

Serious adverse events:

Common adverse events (local):

Common adverse events (systemic):


Antibody response

We present antibody levels measured 28 days post-vaccination or the nearest available timepoint. Where multiple types of antibody were measured, we prioritise (i) ELISA for the vaccine-specific antigen; (ii) neutralisation of live SARS-CoV-2; and (iii) neutralisation of a pseudovirus modified to express SARS-CoV-2 antigens.

Assay:
Timing:
Units:


T cell response



Subgroup analysis


Next steps



Pre-clinical development
  • Antigen discovery and development of vaccine formulation
  • Testing of dose, safety, immunogenicity and efficacy in animal models
Phase I
  • Testing of vaccine in a small number of healthy volunteers (10-100)
  • Primary questions: Is the vaccine safe? Does the vaccine induce a strong immune response? What is the optimal dose?
Phase II
  • Testing of vaccine in a moderate number of healthy volunteers (100-1,000)
  • Primary questions: Is the vaccine safe? Does the vaccine induce a strong immune response?
Phase III
  • Testing of vaccine in a large number of healthy volunteers (1,000-10,000+)
  • Primary questions: Is the vaccine effective at preventing disease? Is the vaccine safe in a larger, more varied population?
Implementation
  • Licensure
  • Large-scale manufacture
  • Post-licensure monitoring of safety and effectiveness (Phase IV)