COVID-19 pandemic in Canada
This article exceeds Wikipedia's template size limit. Some references and/or templates may not render properly on this page. (November 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) |
COVID-19 pandemic in Canada | |
---|---|
Total cases per million inhabitants by province/territory | |
Total deaths per million inhabitants by province/territory | |
Disease | COVID-19 |
Location | Canada |
First outbreak | Wuhan, Hubei, China |
Index case | Toronto, Ontario |
Arrival date | January 22, 2020[2] (10 months, 1 week and 3 days) |
Confirmed cases | 383,468[3] |
Active cases | 66,369[3] |
Recovered | 304,888[3] |
Deaths | 12,211[3] |
Fatality rate | 3.18% |
Government website | |
canada |
The COVID-19 pandemic in Canada is part of the ongoing worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus was confirmed to have reached Canada on January 27, 2020, after an individual who had returned to Toronto from Wuhan, Hubei, China, tested positive. As of October 29, 2020[update], there have been approximately 228,500 confirmed cases, over 191,200 recoveries and over 10,000 deaths in the country.[3] The Government of Canada has released modelling anticipating 11,000–22,000 deaths over the course of the pandemic, assuming "stronger epidemic control".[4]
Most of those cases are in Canada's two most populous provinces, Ontario and Quebec. Confirmed cases have been reported in all of Canada's provinces and territories,[5] with Nunavut reporting its first confirmed case on November 6.[6] Until March, all cases were linked to recent travel to a country with a substantial number of cases. The first case of community transmission in Canada was confirmed in British Columbia on March 5.[7] In mid March, as cases of community transmission were confirmed, all of Canada's provinces and territories declared states of emergency. Provinces and territories have, to varying degrees, implemented school and daycare closures, prohibitions on gatherings, closures of non-essential businesses, restrictions on entry, and mandatory self-isolation for travellers.[8] Canada severely restricted its border access, barring travellers from all countries with some exceptions. The federal Minister of Health invoked the Quarantine Act for the first time in its legislative history, legally requiring all travellers (excluding essential workers) returning to the country to self-isolate for 14 days.
By mid to late summer, the country saw a steady decline in active cases.
Beginning late summer and through autumn, the country saw a resurgence of cases in most provinces and territories. Prime Minister Trudeau declared that Canada was experiencing a second wave of the virus.[9] New restrictions and reactions from provincial governments were put in place once again as cases increased, including variations of regional lockdowns. In late November there was a disbandment of the Atlantic Bubble, a travel-restricted area of the country set up amongst New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia & Newfoundland and Labrador. The federal government passed legislation to approve further modified economic aid for businesses and individuals.[10] News of incoming vaccinations for the virus, pending government approval, has provided a tentative timeline for wide-spread inoculation.[11]
Background and epidemiology
On January 12, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed that a novel coronavirus was the cause of a respiratory illness in a cluster of people in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, which was reported to the WHO on December 31, 2019.[12][13]
The case fatality ratio for COVID-19 has been much lower than SARS of 2003,[14][15] but the transmission has been significantly greater, with a significant total death toll.[16][14]
COVID-19 pandemic in Canada by province and territory, 2 December 2020 0035 UTC ( ) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Province | Population | Tests | Per k | Cases | Per m | Recov. | Deaths | Per m | Active | Ref. |
British Columbia | 5,110,917 | 1,161,867 | 227.4 | 33,894 | 6,633 | 23,774 | 457 | 89.4 | 8,796 | [17] |
Alberta | 4,413,146 | 2,270,972 | 514.6 | 58,484 | 13,252 | 42,305 | 551 | 124.9 | 16,628 | [18] |
Saskatchewan | 1,181,666 | 347,918 | 294.6 | 8,745 | 7,405 | 4,875 | 51 | 43.2 | 3,819 | [19] |
Manitoba | 1,377,517 | 357,707 | 259.8 | 17,107 | 12,423 | 7,713 | 328 | 238.2 | 9,066 | [20] |
Ontario | 14,711,827 | 6,309,556 | 428.9 | 118,199 | 8,035 | 100,012 | 3,663 | 249 | 14,524 | [21][22] |
Quebec | 8,537,674 | 3,917,699 | 458.9 | 143,548 | 16,815 | 124,200 | 7,084 | 829.8 | 12,264 | [23][24] |
New Brunswick | 779,993 | 126,678 | 162.4 | 508 | 651 | 385 | 7 | 9 | 116 | [25] |
Prince Edward Island | 158,158 | 58,409 | 369.3 | 72 | 455 | 68 | 0 | 0 | 4 | [26] |
Nova Scotia | 977,457 | 147,810 | 151.2 | 1,315 | 1,345 | 1,108 | 65 | 66.5 | 142 | [27] |
Newfoundland and Labrador | 521,365 | 62,841 | 120.5 | 339 | 650 | 302 | 4 | 7.7 | 33 | [28] |
Yukon | 41,078 | 5,336 | 130 | 47 | 1,144 | 29 | 1 | 24.3 | 17 | [29] |
Northwest Territories | 44,904 | 7,714 | 171.8 | 15 | 460 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | [30] |
Nunavut | 39,097 | 4,896 | 125.2 | 182 | 4,655 | 89 | 0 | 0 | 93 | [31] |
Repatriated travellers | N/A | N/A | N/A | 13 | N/A | 13 | 0 | N/A | 0 | [32][33][34] |
Canada | 37,894,806 | 14,779,403 | 390 | 383,468 | 10,119 | 304,888 | 12,211 | 322.4 | 65,502 |
Timeline of cases by province and territory | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Preparations
On January 1, 2020, the WHO set up the IMST (Incident Management Support Team) across all three levels of the organization: headquarters, regional headquarters and country level, putting the organization on an emergency footing for dealing with the outbreak.[109]
On January 7, when it appeared that there was a health crisis emerging in Wuhan, Public Health Canada advised travellers to China to avoid contact with animals, noting that they were very carefully monitoring the situation but there wasn't evidence of what caused the illness, or how it's spread.[110]
On January 14, a person in Thailand was the first patient outside of China who was confirmed to have COVID-19.[109]
On January 15, the federal government activated its Emergency Operations Centre.[111]
On January 17, the Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA) indicated plans were in progress "to implement signage" in the Montreal, Toronto, and Vancouver airports to raise awareness of the virus, and that there would be an additional health screening question added to the electronic kiosks for passengers arriving from central China. The agency noted the overall risk to Canadians was low and there were no direct flights from Wuhan to Canada. The CBSA said it would not be, at that time, implementing extra screening measures, but would "monitor the situation closely".[112][113]
On January 23, the federal Minister of Health, Patty Hajdu, said that five or six people were being monitored for signs of the virus.[114][115] That same day, Dr. Theresa Tam was a member of the WHO committee that broadcast that it was too early to declare a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. The following day, in Wuhan, China, construction began on a new hospital to treat COVID-19 patients. The hospital took only 10 days to build and was widely reported around the world.[116]
Timeline of outbreak in Canada
Government response
This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: Information needs to be updated to better reflect developments since April–May/reopenings/new surges.October 2020) ( |
Federal
Public health
The federal government activated its Emergency Operations Centre on January 15.[111] The federal government's pandemic response is based on two primary documents: the Canadian Pandemic Influenza Preparedness planning guidelines, which outlines risks and measures to address a viral disease,[117] and the Federal/Provincial/Territorial Public Health Response Plan for Biological Events, which includes identifying, tracking, and ensuring rapid access to medical care.[118] As of February 27, the response plan was at level 3 (escalated).[119]
On March 18, the federal Minister of Health, Patty Hajdu, announced that the federal government had signed an interim order to speed up access to COVID-19 test kits that would allow provincial labs to increase testing. The test kits are made by Switzerland-based Roche Molecular Systems and Thermo Fisher Scientific.[120] According to Health Canada, "an Interim Order is one of the fastest mechanisms available to the Government of Canada to help make health products available to address larger scale public health emergencies. This Interim Order provides the Minister with the flexibility to consider the urgent circumstances relating to the need for the medical device, authorizations granted by foreign regulatory authorities, or possible new uses for medical devices that are approved in Canada."[121]
Theresa Tam, Chief Public Health Officer of Canada and head of the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), said on March 19 that Canada would not know for two or three weeks if country-wide social distancing efforts have curbed the spread of COVID-19.[122]
On March 19, 2020, the federal government announced that it had added to Trudeau's March 11 announcement of $275 million in funding for an additional 49 projects to bring the total to 96 research projects that will focus on developing and implementing measures to detect, manage, and reduce the transmission of COVID-19.[123][124]
On March 20, as part of the announcement on Canada's industrial strategy (see below), Trudeau stated that the National Research Council will work with small- and medium-sized companies on health research to fight the virus.[125]
On March 23, Tam began appearing in public service announcements on radio and television, urging personal hygiene, social distancing, and against unnecessary travel.[126]
On March 24, 2020, a small number of MPs from each party met in the House of Commons to vote on an $82-billion emergency spending legislation, known as Bill C-13. The passage of the bill was stalled due to the federal government's proposed clauses that gave the finance minister the right to spend money and raise taxes without the approval of Parliament until December 31, 2021. After criticism from the Official Opposition over the minority government's "power grab" which was considered undemocratic, a revised bill was agreed upon the next day that would permit the government six months of special spending powers until September 30, 2020, with oversight from a Parliamentary committee.[127][128][129][130][131] The House of Commons' Health and Finance committees began holding weekly virtual meetings during the pandemic.[132][133]
On April 2, American President Donald Trump slammed 3M after invoking the US Defense Production Act of 1950 to get the company to produce N95 respirators and on April 3, Canadian officials protested a move by Trump to block 3M's export of N95 masks for use by doctors and nurses as COVID-19 cases were projected to soar in Ontario and Quebec. Deputy Prime Minister Chrystia Freeland said Canada would "do whatever it takes to defend the national interest."[134] On April 6, the Trump administration agreed to a deal with the 3M to import more than 166 million respirators from China over the next three months and allow 3M to continue exporting its US made respirators to Canada.[135]
On April 6, Tam began to suggest that the use of non-medical face masks in public could be an "additional measure" to "protect others around you in situations where physical distancing is difficult to maintain", but that this is not proven to protect the wearer, and is considered complementary to all existing health guidance issued thus far.[136] Trudeau brought up the topic the next day, where he said, "If people want to wear a mask, that is okay. It protects others more than it protects you, because it prevents you from breathing or... or... speaking, uh... 'moistly' on them." He immediately regrets his word choice and says, "Ugh, what a terrible image."[137][138][139] The unusual word choice has led the creation of a remix song, "Speaking Moistly", based on the speech.[140][141][142]
In anticipation of a COVID-19 vaccine, the Canadian government has purchased more than 75 million hypodermic needles and syringes.[143] The government made deals with the leading research companies developing a vaccine.[144]
In response to backlogs in COVID-19 testing, especially provinces like Ontario, Health Canada approved new rapid testing for the virus.[145]
Long-term care homes
Long-term care homes have been impacted heavily by the pandemic; on April 13, Tam reported that at least half of COVID-19 deaths in Canada had been linked to long-term care homes (with the exact number varying by province), and that "these deaths will continue to increase, even as the epidemic growth rate slows down.[146][147] Tam cited factors such as outside visitors, communal living spaces, and staff being transferred among multiple facilities, as particular vulnerabilities.[148][149] The pandemic has exacerbated pre-existing staffing issues at some facilities, including underpaid staff, and being understaffed in general.[150][146][151] On April 28, Tam stated that as many of 79 percent of Canada's COVID-19 fatalities occurred in long-term care homes.[152]
Health Canada has issued recommendations for long-term care homes, encouraging them to restrict outside visitors and volunteers, restrict employees from being transferred between multiple facilities, provide personal protective equipment, enforce physical distancing during meals, screen staff and essential visitors, On April 15, Trudeau announced that the federal government planned to provide additional pay to long-term care workers.[153][154]
Canadian Armed Forces
Travel and entry restrictions
On March 14, Canada recommended against any international travel, and advised those returning from outside of Canada, except for essential workers (such as flight crew), to self-isolate for 14 days.[155] The Quarantine Act was invoked by Hajdu on March 26, making self-isolation a legal mandate for travellers (excluding essential workers) returning to the country, and also prohibiting those who are symptomatic from using public transit as transport to their place of self-isolation, and prohibiting self-isolation in settings where they may come in contact with those who are vulnerable (people with pre-existing conditions and the elderly).[156]
Since March 16, only Canadian citizens and their immediate families, permanent residents, and U.S. citizens are allowed to enter the country. The only exceptions are flight crews, diplomats, and trade and commerce. Travellers showing COVID-19 symptoms are not allowed to board flights into Canada, regardless of their citizenship.[157][158] International flights to Canada from outside the Caribbean, Mexico, and the U.S. were instructed to land at either Calgary International Airport, Montréal–Trudeau International Airport, Toronto Pearson International Airport, or Vancouver International Airport.[157][158]
Since March 20, Canada and the United States have temporarily restricted all non-essential travel across their border, while maintaining supply chains between both countries;[159][160] On April 16, Trudeau stated that the Canada/U.S. border restrictions would remain in place "for a significant amount of time";[161] the next day, it was reported that Canada and the United States had agreed to extend their entry restrictions, which were to expire on April 21, for an additional 30 days beyond that date.[162] In fact, the border restrictions were later extended until at least September 21, 2020.[163]
Since March 30, individuals showing COVID-19 symptoms must be refused boarding on domestic flights (10 seats or more) and passenger trains. This excludes buses and intercity passenger rail services.[164] Since April 20, all travellers are required to wear non-medical face masks while departing and arriving on air travel, including during security screenings. Those who do not comply will be prevented from proceeding.[165]
As the border with the United States continued to be closed to non-essential travel, the Canadian government announced plans in October to allow family members to reunite under compassionate terms.[166] Within the country, the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and Labrador established the Atlantic Bubble, restricting travel from other provinces, but allowing free movement amongst citizens of the member provinces.[167]
Governmental cancellations
A First Ministers' meeting scheduled for March 12 and 13 was cancelled after Trudeau and his wife Sophie Grégoire entered self-isolation.[168] The Canadian House of Commons was suspended between March 14 and April 20, immediately after passing the new North American free trade deal. The federal budget, previously scheduled for March 20, was also suspended.[169]
Bank of Canada rate changes
The Bank of Canada has twice lowered its overnight rate target by 50 basis points, first to 1.25 percent on March 4, and then to 0.75 percent on March 13, citing the "negative shocks to Canada's economy arising from the COVID-19 pandemic and the recent sharp drop in oil prices.[170][171]
On March 27, the Bank lowered the rate a third time to 0.25 percent, citing "serious consequences for Canadians and for the economy" due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[172] The Bank also launched a program to "alleviate strains in the short-term funding markets" and another program to acquire Government of Canada securities at a minimum of $5 billion per week.[173]
Federal aid
On March 18, the federal government announced an $82-billion response package with a variety of measures.[174] On March 25, the COVID-19 Emergency Response Act received royal assent from Governor General Julie Payette.[175] The measures in this first package included:[citation needed]
- Canada Child Tax Benefit (CCTB): Payments for the 2019–20-year were increased by $300 per child.
- Goods and Services Tax (GST) credit: The maximum annual GST credit payment amount for the 2019–20 year was doubled.
- Canada Emergency Response Benefit (CERB): This new benefit provided a taxable benefit of $2,000 a month for up to four months for those who had lost their job, were sick, quarantined, or taking care of someone sick with COVID-19, as well as working parents staying home to take care of their kids.
- Canada Student Loans: A six-month moratorium was placed on repayment.
- Temporary business wage subsidy: Eligible small employers received a three-month 10 percent wage subsidy.
- Tax flexibility: The income tax filing deadline was also extended from April 30, 2020 to June 1, 2020. Tax payments were deferred to September 2020.
The CERB launched on April 6, and within one week, nearly 3.5 million Canadians applied for this benefit;[176] this grew to 7.12 million by April 24.[177] On April 15, Trudeau announced that the CERB would be extended to workers making up to $1,000 per month, and that the government planned to work with the provinces to implement salary top-ups for essential workers who make less than $2,500 per month.[178]
The Canada Emergency Wage Subsidy (CEWS) was announced on April 1, an expanded version of the temporary business wage subsidy. The Parliament reconvened on April 11 to pass the COVID-19 Emergency Response Act, No. 2 on division. It implemented the CEWS—which allows eligible companies to receive a 75 percent subsidy on each of their employees' wages (up to their first $58,700) for 12 weeks retroactive to March 15.[179]
Trudeau introduced new financial aid programs on April 10, including the Canada Emergency Business Account (CEBA) which offers loans, interest-free until the end of 2022, of up to $40,000 for small- and medium-sized businesses[180][181] The CEBA was expanded on April 16 to make more businesses eligible.[how?]
Catherine McKenna announced on April 16 that the Ministry of Infrastructure and Communities sought shovel-ready infrastructure projects to receive in the 2020 construction season some "largely unspent" funds that had already been budgeted.[182]
The Canada Emergency Student Benefit (CESB) was announced by Trudeau on April 22. It would provide $1,250 per month from May to August to eligible postsecondary students. Students with disabilities or taking care of someone else would receive $1,750 per month.[183]
On April 30, Parliamentary Budget Officer Yves Giroux issued a report projecting the federal deficit for fiscal year 2020 could be in excess of $252 billion, based on nearly $146 billion in spending on federal aid measures.[184]
On October 12, 2020, the federal government rolled out a new income support program after the ending of CERB, the Canada Recovery Benefit (CRB) which pays $500 per week for up to 26 weeks; over 240,000 Canadians applied to the program on its first day of launching.[185] Another program, the Canada Recovery Caregiving Benefit (CRCB) supports Canadians that have been working but have to take a break to care for dependents (a child below 12 years of age or a disabled family member). The benefit only applies if schools and care centres are closed, or the dependent fell sick, or contracted COVID-19.[186]
Oversight
On July 3, 2020, the Ethics Commissioner announced an investigation into Trudeau and the government's decision to have WE Charity administer the summer student grant program.[187][188] We Charity was criticized for its close ties to the Trudeau family. On the same day, Minister of Diversity and Inclusion and Youth, Bardish Chagger, announced that WE Charity would no longer be administering the Canada Student Service Grant program.[189]
Public service disruptions
On March 16, the Treasury Board urged Federal public servants to work from home if possible. No date was provided for when this provision should end.[190]
Industrial strategy
On March 20, the government announced a plan to ramp up production of medical equipment, switching assembly lines to produce ventilators, masks and other personal protective gear. Companies will be able to access funds through the government's Strategic Innovation Fund. The PM stated that Canadian medical supply firms Thornhill Medical, Medicom and Spartan Bioscience were looking to expand production. In order to address shortages and supply-chain disruption, Canada passed emergency legislation that waived-patent protection, giving the government, and companies or organizations that it selects, the right to produce patented products without permission from the patent holder.[191] According to Innovation, Science and Industry minister Navdeep Bains, "the country's entire industrial policy will be refocused to prioritize the fight against COVID-19".[192][193]
States of emergency
On March 12, Quebec declared a public health emergency, requiring international travellers to self-isolate for 14 days and banning gatherings of 250 people. The ban has been extended to all gatherings outside workplaces and retail.[194]
On March 16, Prince Edward Island declared a public health emergency. Alberta and Ontario declared emergencies on March 17, followed by British Columbia, Newfoundland and Labrador, the Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Saskatchewan and Yukon on March 18. New Brunswick, Manitoba, and Nova Scotia declared emergencies on March 19, March 20, and March 22 respectively.[195]
These emergencies allowed provinces to ban gatherings and require international travellers to self-isolate. On March 25, mandatory self-isolation was imposed federally, making it a legal requirement for all provinces who had not done so already.[196]
New Brunswick, the Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Prince Edward Island, and have all restricted entry through interprovincial borders, prohibiting the entry of non-residents without valid reason. Quebec has additionally restricted travel into 9 of its 18 regions and parts of 3 other regions. The borders of Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and Labrador are being screened, while also requiring travellers to self-isolate for 14 days upon entering the province.[197]
Schools and universities
On March 12, the Ontario government announced that all public schools will be closed from March 14 until at least April 5.[198] This was followed by all provinces and territories closing schools, and the closures being repeatedly extended or made indefinite. Governments have assured graduating students that they will be able to graduate, and classes have moved online.[citation needed]
Laurentian University in Greater Sudbury, was the first to voluntarily suspended classes and moved to online instruction on March 12.[199] This was quickly followed by many other universities in Ontario, Quebec, Alberta, and Manitoba voluntarily closing on the 12th and 13th. Initially, some universities in British Columbia continued while cancelling classes with more than 250 students due to the gatherings ban. All provinces have since closed down post-secondary institutions.
Due to the exceptional circumstances of the closures, various universities have given their students the option of receiving a pass/fail grade instead of a numeric or letter grade. The University of Alberta made this grading scheme mandatory, which received some backlash from the student body.[200]
Business closures
Bars, restaurants, cinemas, and other businesses have been ordered closed by provinces, territories, and municipalities across the country. Initially, some jurisdictions allowed restaurants or bars to stay open with reduced capacity and social distancing. Takeout and delivery orders are largely still permitted.[197] Jurisdictions have differed on daycare closures. In particular, British Columbia and Saskatchewan have faced criticism for allowing daycares to remain open while closing schools, bars, and restaurants.[201]
Ontario, Quebec, and Saskatchewan have mandated the closure of all businesses not deemed essential by the provinces. Essential businesses include grocery stories, takeout and delivery restaurants, pharmacies, transportation, manufacturing, food production, energy, and healthcare.[202][203][204]
Liquor and cannabis stores have largely remained open across the country, with governments reversing their closure orders due to concerns surrounding alcohol withdrawal syndrome.[205][206]
Aid programs
Alberta, British Columbia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Manitoba all offered one-time payments that aimed to bridge the gap before the implementation of the federal Canada Emergency Response Benefit. Quebec's Temporary Aid for Workers Program offers up to four weeks of payments for those who do not qualify for federal assistance. Prince Edward Island also provides payments to those who have kept their jobs but work reduced hours.[207]
Many provinces and territories have increased payments for those already receiving income supports.
Courts
Courts across the country instituted measures to reduce public contact, while maintaining access to the courts.[208] The Supreme Court of Canada has closed the building to public tours, while maintaining the ability to file documents for cases electronically. It has also adjourned appeals which were to be heard in March, to dates in June.[209] Other courts have prioritised the cases which will be heard, generally giving priority to ongoing criminal trials and trials in family and child protection matters, while adjourning most pending cases to later dates.
First Nations
On March 19, the Pimicikamak Cree Nation in northern Manitoba restricted entry to essential travellers, and Chief David Monias said the Sayisi Dene and others are doing the same.
As of March 19, the Council of the Haida Nation said it was discouraging all non-resident travel to the islands "for the time being."[210]
On March 27, Wasauksing First Nation declared a state of emergency with Gimaa (chief) Wally Tabobondung announcing the creation of a response team and the state of emergency via YouTube video. In an update posted on May 16, the chief and council announced they had installed cameras with facial and license plate recognition technology at local checkpoints to identify outsiders entering the territory. Cottagers leasing property on the territory had been barred from entering until June 6. As of June 6, anyone entering the Wasauksing must have a tag issued by the band government and provide information for a centralized registry. Re-opening has been occurring in phases. As of an update posted June 21, the state of emergency had been extended an additional 90 days.[211]
On October 1, in anticipation of the "Second Wave," Tk’emlups te Secwepemc Secwépemc First Nation instituted a mandatory face mask policy in indoor spaces where physical distancing was not possible, including hallways, staircases, and shared vehicles.[212]
As of October 8, the infection rate in Indigenous communities had been one-third of the infection rate in non-Indigenous communities, according to an update from Indigenous Services Minister Marc Miller in which he praised Indigenous leadership and, along with Indigenous Services Canada's Chief Medical Officer Dr. Tim Wong, encouraged Indigenous people to remain vigilant and safe.[213]
Economic impact
The COVID-19 pandemic had a deep impact on the Canadian economy, leading it into a recession. The governments' social distancing rules had the effect of limiting economic activity in the country. Companies started considering mass-layoffs of workers, which was largely prevented by the Canada Emergency Wage Subsidy. But despite these efforts, Canada's unemployment rate was 13.5% in May 2020, the highest it has been since 1976.[214]
Many large-scale events that planned to take place in 2020 in Canada were canceled or delayed. This includes all major sporting and artistic events.[215] Canada's tourism and air travel sectors were hit especially hard due to travel restrictions.[216] Some farmers feared a labour shortfall and bankruptcy.[217]
The COVID-19 affected consumer behaviours. In the early stages of the pandemic, Canadian grocery stores were the site of large-scale panic buying which lead to many empty shelves. By the end of March, most stores were closed to walk-in customers with the exception of grocery stores and pharmacies, which implemented strong social distancing rules in their premises. These rules were also implemented in other Canadian businesses as they began to re-open in the following months.Pandemic by province or territory
Alberta
The Canadian province of Alberta has the third-most number of cases of COVID-19 in Canada. Alberta is the fourth most populated province in Canada with a population of 4,306,039 representing 11.57%. By December 1, there were 59,484 confirmed cases, 16,628 active cases and 551 deaths in Alberta.[218] The national total is 381,505 confirmed cases, 66,218 active cases and 12,185 deaths.[219] The largest number of cases by zone have been in the Calgary zone, which has 24,360 cases.
Jason Kenney, the Premier of Alberta, working closely with the Emergency Management Cabinet Committee, followed the recommendations of Alberta's Chief Medical Officer of Health, Dr. Deena Hinshaw, in response to the "rapidly evolving global threat". A state of public health emergency was declared on March 17. Alberta's public health laboratory greatly increased tests for COVID-19, reaching 1,000 a day by March 8, and 3,000 a day by March 26.[220] Hinshaw said that by March 20, "World-wide, Alberta has been conducting among the highest number of tests per capita."[221] As of December 1, 2,270,972 tests have been conducted in Alberta.[218] On June 12, the entire province of Alberta moved to Stage 2 of the government's economic relaunch plan.[222]
The peak of the first wave was reached on April 30, when the number of active cases of COVID-19 in the province reached 3,022.[223] By October 19, during the second wave, the number of active cases reached 3,138, which was the highest ever reported in Alberta.[223] By December 1, there were 16,628 active cases and 479 hospitalizations.[218]British Columbia
On January 28, 2020, British Columbia became the second province to confirm a case of COVID-19 in Canada.[224] The first case of infection involved a patient who had recently returned from Wuhan, Hubei, China.[225] The first case of community transmission in Canada was confirmed in British Columbia on March 5, 2020.[226] As of December 1, 2020[update], the BC Centre for Disease Control had announced 33,894 confirmed cases, 23,774 recoveries, and 457 deaths.[227] As of December 1, 2020[update], 1,161,867 tests for the virus (about 23 percent of BC's total population)[228] had been conducted in British Columbia.[229] As of December 1, 2020[update], there are 867 cases that have been omitted as they lived outside the province or have moved back to their home jurisdiction.[230]
British Columbians have taken numerous emergency measures in an effort to reduce the spread of the virus, including placing emphasis on physical distancing and self-isolation. On March 23, British Columbian Premier John Horgan announced the details of the province-wide emergency-relief plan, which includes income support, tax relief and direct funding in order to mitigate economic effects of the pandemic.[231]Manitoba
Manitoba ranks at fifth in the provinces and territories in terms of cases during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada. As of November 1, 2020[update], Manitoba has reported 6,034 cases, with the first three reported on March 12.[232] There have been 2,704 recoveries, 75 deaths and 259,752 tests completed.[232] All of Winnipeg's cases were identified after March 12.[233]
Manitoba's rate of testing was increased to more than 500 tests a day on March 14.[234] By May, the province had the capacity to perform up to 1000 tests per day, but had averaged only 530 tests per day for the first two weeks of the month, so on May 14, 2020, Manitoba lowered the testing criteria to include anyone showing any symptoms of cold or flu.[235] By August, the province expected a testing capacity of 2500 per day.[236]
In Manitoba's first case, the person had returned to Winnipeg from the Philippines, and self-isolated at home.[237][232]New Brunswick
The province of New Brunswick has the eighth-most cases (out of ten provinces and three territories) of COVID-19 in Canada. As of November 20, 2020[update], New Brunswick has reported 401 cases, with the first one reported on March 11. There have been 344 recoveries and 6 deaths.[238] Over 114,020 tests have been completed as of November 20.[238]
In New Brunswick's first case, the person had returned to southeastern New Brunswick from France, and self-isolated at home.[239] The second case was a close contact.[239]
On July 3, New Brunswick joined three other provinces to create an Atlantic Bubble, allowing free travel amongst the member provinces and restricting access to travellers from outside provinces.Newfoundland and Labrador
As of November 20, 2020[update], there have been 308 cases confirmed in Newfoundland and Labrador, with 294 recoveries and 4 deaths. As of that date, 57,944 people have been tested in total.[240]
On March 14, a presumptive case was announced in the province.[241]
On March 24, a woman was arrested in Corner Brook for violating public health emergency orders by refusing to stay at home after she returned from a trip outside the province.[242]Northwest Territories
As of November 27, 2020[update], there have been 15 confirmed cases in the Canadian territory of the Northwest Territories with all 15 cases recovered. 7,530 tests have been conducted, with 7,515 negative results.[243]
On March 21, the Northwest Territories reported its first case of COVID-19; the individual had travelled to British Columbia and Alberta before returning home to Yellowknife.[244]Nova Scotia
Until November 6, 2020, Nunavut remained the only province or territory in Canada, and the only place in North America, that had not yet recorded a confirmed case of COVID-19,[246][247] with two early presumptive cases later ruled to be false positives,[248][249] and clusters of cases at mines in September and October involving employees flown in from outside of the territory.[250][251][252][253]
On November 6, 2020, Nunavut recorded its first confirmed case of COVID-19 in-territory. By mid-November, evidence of community transmission began to emerge, prompting the territory to reimplement restrictions in the affected communities. Nunavut's Chief Medical Officer Michael Patterson announced on November 16 that a territory-wide restriction period would take effect on November 18, reinstating the closure of schools and all non-essential businesses for at least two weeks.Ontario
The first confirmed case of COVID-19 in Canada was announced on January 25, 2020, involving a traveler who had recently returned to Toronto from travel in China, including Wuhan. As of November 10, 2020[update], Ontario has the second-largest number of confirmed COVID-19 cases among Canada's provinces and territories, behind only Quebec.[254]
With increasing transmission province-wide, a state of emergency was declared by Premier Doug Ford on March 17, 2020, including the gradual implementation of restrictions on gatherings and commerce. On April 3, the province released modelling projecting that over the full course of the pandemic with no mitigation measures 100,000 deaths would have occurred, and with the then-current measures 3,000 to 15,000 deaths would occur.[255] Projections for test-confirmed cases by April 30 were 12,500 (best case scenario), 80,000 (expected case scenario), and 300,000 (worst-case scenario).[255]
From late spring to early summer, the majority of the deaths were residents of long-term care homes.[255] In late April, one out of five of all long-term care homes in Ontario had an outbreak[255] and 70% to 80% of all COVID-19 deaths had been in retirement and long-term care homes.[256] Following medical assistance and observation by the Canadian Armed Forces, the military released a report detailing "a number of medical, professional and technical issues" amongst 'for-profit' long-term-care homes including neglect and lack of equipment and allegations of elder abuse.[257]Prince Edward Island
As of September 12, 2020[update], Prince Edward Island has reported 55 confirmed cases of the virus, 47 of which have resolved.[258] As of that date, 28,653 tests have come back negative and 84 are currently under investigation.[258] On March 14, 2020, the first confirmed case in Prince Edward Island was announced, a woman in her 50s who had returned from a trip on a cruise ship on March 7.[259] By March 26, there were five cases, all of which had been travel related, i.e., been contracted while persons were abroad.[260] To date, there was no re-transmission reported in the island province.[261]
On July 3, the province joined three other provinces to create an Atlantic Bubble, allowing free travel amongst the member provinces and restricting access to travellers from outside provinces.Quebec
The pandemic first spread to Quebec in February 2020, with seventeen cases by March 12, and restrictions on public gatherings were announced the same day. On March 15, the government enforced the closure of various entertainment and recreational venues, and on March 23, all non-essential businesses were ordered to close. By the end of March, over four and a half thousand cases had been confirmed in all regions of the province. Quebec has reported the highest number of cases and deaths of COVID-19 in Canada. As of November 20, 2020[update], there have been over 129,600 confirmed cases, 111,326 recoveries and 6,700 deaths.[262]
The province confirmed its first case on February 28—a 41-year-old woman from Montreal who had returned from Iran on the 24th on a flight from Doha, Qatar.[263][264][265] She was transferred to Jewish General Hospital on March 3, and released on March 4;[266][267] since then, she has remained in isolation at her home in Verdun.[268] On March 5, the Ministry of Health and Social Services announced a second presumptive case, involving a man who had travelled to India in February, and was being treated in Mont-Laurier for symptoms similar to coronavirus. On March 4, the person was transferred to Jewish General Hospital, where he was diagnosed with pneumonia.[269] Hours afterwards, a third presumptive case was confirmed, involving a woman who had returned from France on March 3.[270][271]
A fourth case was confirmed March 8, involving a woman from Montérégie, Longueuil who had recently returned from a cruise that had visited Mexico.[272] On March 10, authorities stated that the person had used public transit between February 24 and March 6, and had travelled through the Berri–UQAM, Champ-de-Mars, and Longueuil metro stations.[273][274] Premier François Legault initially classified the threat posed by the virus as being "weak".[275]Saskatchewan
The province of Saskatchewan, throughout the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada ranks sixth amongst provinces and territories in terms of overall cases.
Chief Medical Officer Saqib Shahab announced the first presumptive case of in the province on March 12, a person in their 60s that had recently returned from Egypt.[276] A provincial state of emergency was declared on March 18, and the province began to institute mandatory closures of non-essential facilities and lines of business over the days that followed.[277][278] Saskatchewan reported its first deaths from COVID-19 on March 30.[279] By April 6, the number of new recoveries began to regularly equal or exceed the number of new cases, which also began to steadily drop.[280][281][282][283][284] On April 23, 2020, Premier Scott Moe stated that Saskatchewan's caseload was 70% below the national average per-province, and hospitalizations and deaths were 90% below average.[285]
The province's first major surge began in late-April, centred upon the remote northwestern community of La Loche. It was traced to an outbreak at the Kearl Oil Sands Project in northern Alberta, with wider community spread attributed to overcrowded living conditions in local First Nations communities.[286] In June and July, a new surge emerged in the western and central regions of the province, centred around communal Hutterite colonies. The province hit a new peak of 332 active cases during the spike, which subsided by late-August.[287] In early-October, the number of new cases in Saskatchewan began to rapidly increase in urban communities, with a gospel outreach in Prince Albert being attributed as a superspreader event,[288] and increasing community spread in Saskatoon — particularly at nightclubs — which prompted restrictions to be introduced on their operating hours.[289] By mid-November, the province reached over 2,000 active cases.[290]Yukon
As of November 21, 2020 in the Canadian territory of Yukon has reported 29 confirmed cases of COVID-19, of which 22 have recovered and one has died. 4,509 tests have been completed, with 4,361 confirmed negative and 121 still under investigation.[291]
On March 22, 2020, Premier Sandy Silver and the Chief Medical Officer, Brendan Hanley, announced that Yukon had its first cases of coronavirus, a couple who had attended a convention in the United States and then returned home to Whitehorse. They developed symptoms upon their return and immediately sought medical assistance. They have self-isolated and have meticulously followed all public health directions.[292]
During the pandemic, the territory opened its first public university in the north, Yukon University.[293]COVID-19 testing
This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: Information needs to be updated to better reflect developments since April–May/reopenings/new surges.October 2020) ( |
COVID-19 testing can be used to track the prevalence and spread, to diagnose individuals for treatment, to identify infections for isolation and contact tracing, to screen at-risk populations, to clear exposed healthcare workers to return to work, and to identify individuals with potential immunity. The World Health Organization says that jurisdictions should aim to test every suspected case of COVID-19.[294] Since health care is under provincial jurisdiction, almost all testing is conducted by the provinces and territories rather than the federal government. On April 23, Trudeau identified broader testing as key to reopening the country, mentioning the target of 60,000 tests per day set by Dr. Theresa Tam, but warned that up to 120,000 per day may be required.[295] As of late April, approximately 20,000 tests per day were being performed in Canada.[296] Total numbers of tests conducted for the provinces and Canada show that over 800,000 Canadians have been tested as of early May 2020. The displayed chart shows the testing rates per capita in the provinces and territories from March to May 2020.
Role of the Government of Canada
Federal approval and regulation of diagnostic tests
Only COVID-19 tests approved by Health Canada can be imported or sold in Canada.[298] Since this is usually a lengthy process, on March 18, Minister of Health Hajdu issued an interim order to allow expedited access to COVID-19-related medical devices for use by healthcare providers, including diagnostic test kits.[299] The same day, the first commercial tests were approved, RT-PCR tests from Roche and Thermo Fisher.[300] Another 13 diagnostic products have since been approved, all based on Nucleic Acid tests.[300] As of April 30, 21 diagnostic device applications were listed as submitted by Health Canada.[298]
National Microbiology Lab
Canada's National Microbiology Lab in Winnipeg performs diagnostic testing for and research into COVID-19.[301] Samples from suspected cases early in the pandemic were sent by provinces and territories to this national lab for testing, either as the sole test or as a check of an in-province test result.[302] The first confirmed case in Canada was diagnosed by the lab on January 27, 2020.[303] Since then, provinces and territories have established their own testing capacity but have occasionally sent samples to the national lab for a second test as a check.[304]
Federal facilitation of testing
Provinces have faced COVID-19 testing backlogs due to a shortage of supplies, including the chemical reagents required to complete the tests.[305] In late April, the federal government arranged for a cargo flight from China that delivered the equivalent of about six to nine months of production for one particular raw material for the 20-odd raw materials needed by supplier LuminUltra to supply reagent kits for RT-PCR machines.[306]
Types of COVID-19 Tests
Virus-RNA tests
Health Canada identifies nucleic acid-based testing as "the gold standard used in Canada and abroad, for the diagnosis of active COVID-19 infection in patients with symptoms."[307] The predominant type of testing used is RT-PCR. In it, a carefully produced and validated swab is used to collect a sample from a person's throat, back of the nose, or front of the nose. The swab is put inside a sealed container containing a medium that preserves the virus, which is sent to test-processing centres in the corresponding province or territory. At the centres, highly skilled technicians use large commercial machines from a variety of manufactures to process batches of tens to hundreds of samples at a time. The test chemically strips the RNA from the sample then mixes it with a test kit containing chemical reagents designed to detect RNA signatures of SARS-CoV-2. The sample is cycled between a set of temperatures to amplify the chemical RNA signature. This leads to processing times that range from 4 to 24 hours.[308] The actual RT-PCR test is 99 percent accurate. However, false negative results are estimated to occur 8 to 10 percent of the time due to poor swabbing technique and might be as high as 30 percent depending on how long after symptom onset the test was performed.[309][310]
Provinces have faced COVID-19 testing backlogs due to a shortage of the chemical reagents and swabs required to complete the tests.[305]
Virus-RNA test reagent kits
LuminUltra Technologies Ltd. of Fredericton is producing reagent test-kits to use with automated RT-PCR machines. On April 15, Trudeau announced that the company would be "ramping up production ... to meet the weekly demand in all provinces."[305] The company announced the same day that it would provide "500,000 urgently needed COVID-19 tests per week to the Canadian federal government for use across Canada."[306]
Canadian-made Virus-RNA test systems
A few companies have developed alternate methods to test for the RNA of the virus. These might be faster than laboratory RT-PCR or portable making them useful at border crossings, isolated communities, prisons, and care homes.[citation needed]
Spartan Bioscience of Ottawa signed contracts with the federal government and the provinces of Alberta, Quebec, and Ontario to supply virus-RNA testing systems that process a single swab sample in 30 to 60 minutes.[311] Together the contracts were for over one million swab test kits, and at least 250 handheld devices.[312][311] On April 13, Health Canada approved this test, but on May 3 the test was recalled due to unreliable results.[313]
Precision Biomonitoring of Guelph signed a Letter of Intent on March 31 with the federal government to co-develop a novel point-of-care test kit for COVID‑19, which is now pending an authorization from Health Canada.[314] Their 1.2 kg battery-operated mobile device performs nine tests per hour and takes 60 minutes to produce a result.[315]
Bio-ID Diagnostics of Edmonton developed a direct 24-hour virus test that can be scaled to 20,000 samples per day. Since it is based on sequencing DNA it avoids false positives, and it detects a low concentration of the virus substantially reducing false negatives in asymptomatic individuals.[309]
On October 5, Health Canada approved a portable PCR test — the Hyris bCUBE —which was based on technology developed at the University of Guelph and can process tests in 90 minutes.[316][317]
Serological testing for antibodies
These blood tests look for antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 virus and range in complexity from laboratory tests to at-home kits similar to pregnancy tests.[318] Antibodies do not form immediately upon infection, so these tests are not well-suited for detecting a current infection. However, they can potentially identify those who have been infected in the past.[318] Health Canada has been evaluating a number of antibody tests.[307] Health Canada deemed that "Serological tests are not appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19, largely due variability in the time required after infection to develop antibodies."[307] On May 12, 2020, Health Canada announced the first antibody test approved for use, a laboratory test from DiaSorin, an Italian multinational biotechnology company.[319] Health Canada wrote that the test will "contribute to a better understanding of whether people who have been infected are immune to the virus."[319]
Research and population immunity
Health Canada posts "studies will be required to determine how long the antibodies remain detectable, whether for weeks, months or years" and "the relationship between antibodies and immunity to future viral infection."[307] Nonetheless, many countries are conducting or planning large-scale testing to determine what proportion of the population has been infected and is potentially now immune. As of April 20, the WHO estimated that at most 2 to 3 percent of people in affected countries have been infected.[320] On April 23, 2020, Trudeau created a COVID-19 Immunity Task Force of researchers, including Dr. Tam, Dr. David Naylor, and Dr. Mona Nemer, to coordinate monitoring of immunity and vulnerability to COVID-19 in the Canadian population.[321] The taskforce will oversee national antibody surveys over the next two years in which will test one million Canadians.[295] Researchers at Sinai Health's Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute in Toronto are developing a robotic system that can process mass numbers of antibody tests.[322]
Canadian-made antibody tests
MedMira of Halifax developed one of the first rapid detection kits for HIV and has now developed a COVID-19 antibody test that takes three minutes from taking the blood drop specimen.[323]
Plantform Corp. of Guelph applied for funding from the National Research Council to develop an antibody test for COVID-19.[324]
Rapid antigen testing
Tests for antigens, proteins that are part of the surface of the virus, were first approved by Health Canada on October 6, when it approved and ordered 20.5 million units of one manufactured by Abbott Laboratories as a point-of-care test.[325] They can produce results faster than PCR tests (in around 20 minutes),[325] but are generally considered to be less accurate than PCR tests. Abbott states that they are designed for preliminary results and not intended "as the sole basis for treatment or other management decisions." Deputy Chief Public Health Officer Howard Njoo stated that these tests could be deployed in settings such as workplaces and communal living environments.[325]
Canadian-made rapid antigen tests
Sona Nanotech of Halifax was developing point-of-care COVID-19 antigen test kits that provide results in 5–15 minutes and is anticipated to cost less than $50. If successful, the project will yield 20,000 test kits available per week, with the potential to scale-up to 1 million test kits per week.[314][326]
Statistics
National maps
National
Updated November 26
Total cases Active cases Recoveries Deaths
Updated November 5
New cases 7-day average of new cases
Updated November 5
New deaths 7-day average of new deaths
By age
Classification | Cases | Hospitalizations | ICU | Deaths | Lethality (‰) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |||
All | 250,235 | 100 | 17,233 | 100 | 3,579 | 100 | 10,291 | 100 | 41.1 | |
Age | ≥80 | 25,006 | 10.0 | 5,760 | 33.4 | 480 | 13.4 | 7,296 | 70.9 | 291.8 |
70–79 | 13,774 | 5.5 | 3,524 | 20.4 | 862 | 24.1 | 1,895 | 18.4 | 137.6 | |
60–69 | 21,423 | 8.6 | 2,848 | 16.5 | 904 | 25.3 | 756 | 7.3 | 35.3 | |
50–59 | 34,182 | 13.7 | 2,243 | 13.0 | 683 | 19.1 | 252 | 2.4 | 7.4 | |
40–49 | 36,611 | 14.6 | 1,259 | 7.3 | 324 | 9.1 | 63 | 0.6 | 1.7 | |
30–39 | 38,503 | 15.4 | 835 | 4.8 | 170 | 4.7 | 17 | 0.2 | 0.4 | |
20–29 | 46,651 | 18.6 | 515 | 3.0 | 109 | 3.0 | 10 | 0.1 | 0.2 | |
0–19 | 34,085 | 13.6 | 249 | 1.4 | 47 | 1.3 | 2 | 0.02 | 0.1 | |
Source: Public Health Agency of Canada, as of November 8, 2020, 7 PM ET.[328] |
Provincial and territorial
Updated November 26
Western Canada
British Columbia Alberta Saskatchewan Manitoba
Ontario Quebec
New Brunswick Prince Edward Island Nova Scotia Newfoundland and Labrador
Yukon Northwest Territories Nunavut
See also
- 2020 in Canada
- COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory
- COVID-19 pandemic in North America
- National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic
- Healthcare in Canada
- Nursing home care in Canada
- Canada's Pandemic Influenza Plan
References
- ^ As an alternative, you may view this article in the source editor and navigate to the section where the reference is displayed.
- ^ Marchand-Senécal, Xavier; Kozak, Rob; Mubareka, Samira; Salt, Natasha; Gubbay, Jonathan B; Eshaghi, Alireza; Allen, Vanessa; Li, Yan; Bastien, Natalie; Gilmour, Matthew; Ozaldin, Omar; Leis, Jerome A (March 9, 2020). "Diagnosis and Management of First Case of COVID-19 in Canada: Lessons applied from SARS". Clinical Infectious Diseases. ciaa227. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa227. PMC 7108147. PMID 32147731. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
- ^ a b c d e "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Outbreak update". Government of Canada. Archived from the original on June 23, 2020. Retrieved October 30, 2020.
- ^ "COVID-19 in Canada: Using data and modelling to inform public health action" (PDF). Government of Canada. Public Health Agency of Canada. April 9, 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 10, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
- ^ "Tracking every case of COVID-19 in Canada". Coronavirus. March 13, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
- ^ "Nunavut confirms its first case of COVID-19". Global News. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
- ^ Slaughter, Graham (March 5, 2020). "Canada confirms first 'community case' of COVID-19: Here's what that means". CTVNews. Archived from the original on March 8, 2020. Retrieved March 14, 2020.
- ^ Chouinard, Tommy (March 15, 2020). "Legault ordonne la fermeture de lieux de rassemblement". La Presse (in French). Archived from the original on March 16, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
- ^ "Justin Trudeau's address to the nation: 'The second wave is underway' [Full transcript] - Macleans.ca". www.macleans.ca.
- ^ "CERB ends for millions of Canadians, new EI program takes its place - NEWS 1130". www.citynews1130.com.
- ^ https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/meet-the-military-general-in-charge-of-canada-s-mass-covid-19-vaccination-effort-1.5207985
- ^ "Novel Coronavirus Information Center". Elsevier Connect. Archived from the original on January 30, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
- ^ Reynolds, Matt (March 4, 2020). "What is coronavirus and how close is it to becoming a pandemic?". Wired UK. ISSN 1357-0978. Archived from the original on March 5, 2020. Retrieved March 5, 2020.
- ^ a b "Crunching the numbers for coronavirus". Imperial News. Archived from the original on March 19, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
- ^ "High consequence infectious diseases (HCID); Guidance and information about high consequence infectious diseases and their management in England". Government of the United Kingdom. Archived from the original on March 3, 2020. Retrieved March 17, 2020.
- ^ "World Federation Of Societies of Anaesthesiologists – Coronavirus". wfsahq.org. Archived from the original on March 12, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
- ^ "BC COVID-19 Data". BC Centre for Disease Control. Retrieved May 18, 2020.
- ^ "COVID-19 info for Albertans". Government of Alberta. Retrieved May 18, 2020.
- ^ "Cases and Risk of COVID-19 in Saskatchewan". Government of Saskatchewan. Retrieved May 18, 2020.
- ^ "COVID-19". Government of Manitoba. Retrieved May 18, 2020.
- ^ "COVID-19 (Coronavirus) in Ontario". Government of Ontario. Retrieved May 18, 2020.
- ^ "How Ontario is responding to COVID-19". Government of Ontario. Retrieved November 5, 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Quebec". Government of Quebec. Retrieved May 18, 2020.
- ^ "Données COVID-19 au Québec". Institut national de santé publique. Retrieved September 14, 2020.
- ^ "New Brunswick COVID-19 Dashboard". ArcGIS. Retrieved July 8, 2020.
- ^ "COVID-19". Government of Prince Edward Island. Retrieved May 18, 2020.
- ^ "Novel coronavirus (COVID-19) cases in Nova Scotia". Government of Nova Scotia. Retrieved May 18, 2020.
- ^ "COVID-19 Newfoundland and Labrador - HUB". Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. Retrieved May 18, 2020.
- ^ "Information about COVID-19". Government of Yukon. Retrieved May 18, 2020.
- ^ "COVID-19 in NWT". Government of Northwest Territories. Retrieved May 18, 2020.
- ^ "COVID-19 (Novel Coronavirus)". Government of Nunavut. Retrieved May 18, 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Outbreak update". Government of Canada. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
- ^ "COVID-19 Updates: Canada". Retrieved April 16, 2020.
- ^ "Tracking every case of COVID-19 in Canada". CTV News. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
- ^ "Tracking every case of COVID-19 in Canada". CTV News. March 13, 2020. Retrieved July 26, 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "Coronavirus COVID-19 Global Cases by Johns Hopkins CSSE". gisanddata.maps.arcgis.com. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
- ^ "8 more cases of COVID-19 virus identified in B.C., including 1 of unknown origin". CBC News. March 5, 2020. Archived from the original on March 5, 2020. Retrieved March 5, 2020.
- ^ "Alberta reports first presumptive case of COVID-19". Edmonton. March 5, 2020. Archived from the original on March 5, 2020. Retrieved March 5, 2020.
- ^ "Ontario confirms 3 new cases of coronavirus, bringing total to 23 in province". Toronto. March 5, 2020. Archived from the original on March 5, 2020. Retrieved March 5, 2020.
- ^ "2nd case of COVID-19 in Quebec confirmed by microbiology lab". Montreal. March 5, 2020. Archived from the original on March 5, 2020. Retrieved March 5, 2020.
- ^ "Second possible COVID-19 case confirmed in Alberta | Calgary Herald". Retrieved March 7, 2020.
- ^ "Quebec announces new presumptive coronavirus case in woman who travelled to France". Global News. Retrieved March 7, 2020.
- ^ Boynton, Sean. "B.C. declares COVID-19 outbreak at North Vancouver care home, 6 new cases announced". Global News. Retrieved March 7, 2020.
- ^ "2 new presumptive cases of COVID-19 in Alberta: 1 in Calgary, 1 in Edmonton". Global News. Retrieved March 8, 2020.
- ^ "Ontario reports additional case of COVID-19, woman who travelled to Colorado". Global News. Retrieved March 8, 2020.
- ^ "COVID-19: Fourth suspected coronavirus case reported in Quebec". Montreal Gazette. Retrieved March 8, 2020.
- ^ "Ontario reports two more cases of COVID-19, bringing the total to 31". CTV News. Retrieved March 8, 2020.
- ^ "'Risk to Peel citizens is still low': Peel Region reports third confirmed case of coronavirus". Toronto.com. Retrieved March 8, 2020.
- ^ "1st COVID-19-related death in Canada recorded in B.C." CBC News. March 9, 2020. Retrieved March 9, 2020.
- ^ "COVID-19 coronavirus info for Albertans". www.alberta.ca. Retrieved March 10, 2020.
- ^ "The 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19)". www.ontario.ca. Retrieved March 10, 2020.
- ^ "7 new coronavirus cases found in B.C., including 2 health-care workers". CBC News. Retrieved March 10, 2020.
- ^ Holliday, Ian (March 11, 2020). "B.C. urges 'social distancing' as 7 new COVID-19 cases identified". British Columbia. Retrieved March 12, 2020.
- ^ "COVID-19 coronavirus info for Albertans | Alberta.ca". web.archive.org. March 11, 2020. Retrieved March 12, 2020.
- ^ "The 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19)". www.ontario.ca. Retrieved March 12, 2020.
- ^ "The 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19): Status of cases in Ontario". www.ontario.ca. Retrieved March 13, 2020.
- ^ "6 new coronavirus cases in Alberta, bringing total to 29". www.edmonton.ctvnews.ca. Retrieved March 13, 2020.
- ^ "2 new COVID-19 cases in Ottawa confirmed". CBC News. March 14, 2020. Retrieved March 14, 2020.
- ^ "Four new COVID-19 cases confirmed in Quebec, bringing total to 21". CBC News. March 14, 2020. Retrieved March 14, 2020.
- ^ Juric, Sam (March 14, 2020). "First confirmed case of COVID-19 on P.E.I. announced". CBC News. Retrieved March 14, 2020.
- ^ "9 new coronavirus detected in B.C., bringing total to 73". CBC News. March 14, 2020. Retrieved March 14, 2020.
- ^ "Alberta's chief medical officer of health to provide an update on COVID-19". CBC News. March 14, 2020. Retrieved March 14, 2020.
- ^ Fox, Chris (March 15, 2020). "Ontario confirms 39 new cases of COVID-19". CP24. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
- ^ Al-Hakim, Aya (March 16, 2020). "4 presumptive cases of COVID-19 in Nova Scotia, 1 confirmed". Global News. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus: Here's what's happening in Canada and around the world on Tuesday". CBC News.
- ^ McSheffrey, Elizabeth (March 17, 2020). "Coronavirus: 3 presumptive cases now in Newfoundland and Labrador". Global News. Retrieved March 17, 2020.
- ^ Davidson, Sean (March 18, 2020). "23 new cases of COVID-19 confirmed in Ontario, bringing provincial total to 212". ctvnews.ca. Archived from the original on March 18, 2020.
- ^ Jeffords, Shawn; Jones, Allison (March 19, 2020). "Local health unit reports Ontario's second COVID-19 death as cases spike". nationalpost.com. The Canadian Press. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
- ^ Heidenreich, Phil (March 19, 2020). "Alberta reports province's 1st COVID-19 death, officials working on plan to enforce new rules". globalnews.ca. Global News. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
- ^ Holliday, Ian (March 20, 2020). "B.C. announces 77 new COVID-19 cases, total of 30 in Vancouver Island region". CTV News. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
- ^ "B.C. announces 48 new cases of COVID-19, 3 more deaths". CTV News. March 23, 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
- ^ Romero, Diego (March 23, 2020). "Alberta confirms 42 new COVID-19 cases; total up to 301". CTV News. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
- ^ Boshra, Basem (March 24, 2020). "1013 confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Quebec as province prepares for midnight shutdown". CTV News. Retrieved March 24, 2020.
- ^ "Situation du coronavirus (COVID-19) au Québec | Gouvernement du Québec". web.archive.org. March 24, 2020. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
- ^ "Situation du coronavirus (COVID-19) au Québec | Gouvernement du Québec". web.archive.org. March 25, 2020. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
- ^ Holliday, Ian (March 25, 2020). "B.C. health officials announces 42 new COVID-19 cases, one more death". CTV News. Retrieved March 25, 2020.
- ^ a b c d e "Tracking every case of COVID-19 in Canada". Coronavirus. March 13, 2020. Retrieved April 5, 2020.
- ^ "Province of Manitoba | News Releases | COVID-19 Bulletin #49". Province of Manitoba. Retrieved April 13, 2020.
- ^ "Province of Manitoba | News Releases | COVID-19 Bulletin #52". Province of Manitoba. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
- ^ Roberts, Kelly-Anne (April 22, 2020). "No new COVID-19 cases: Clerical error pushes province to fifth day at zero". ntv.ca. Retrieved April 23, 2020.
- ^ "British Columbia COVID-19 Daily Situation Report, May 8, 2020" (PDF). BC Centre for Disease Control. May 8, 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2020.
- ^ Health (May 8, 2020). "Joint statement on Province of B.C.'s COVID-19 response, latest updates". news.gov.bc.ca. Retrieved May 11, 2020.
- ^ "British Columbia COVID-19 Daily Situation Report, May 14, 2020" (PDF). BC Centre for Disease Control. May 14, 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2020.
- ^ "Province of Manitoba | News Releases | COVID-19 Bulletin #81". Province of Manitoba. Retrieved May 17, 2020.
- ^ Telegram, The. "Newfoundland and Labrador reports no new COVID-19 cases for ninth-straight day | The Telegram". www.thetelegram.com. Retrieved May 17, 2020.
- ^ "British Columbia COVID-19 Daily Situation Report, May 22, 2020" (PDF). BC Centre for Disease Control. May 22, 2020. Retrieved May 23, 2020.
- ^ "Quebec says it will no longer release daily updates on COVID-19 deaths, new cases". nationalpost.com. June 25, 2020. Archived from the original on June 28, 2020.
- ^ Lombard, Natalie (June 30, 2020). "N.S. reports first new case of COVID-19 in three weeks". ctvnews.ca.
- ^ "P.E.I. reports three new cases of COVID-19; first cases in over two months". Atlantic. July 4, 2020. Retrieved July 4, 2020.
- ^ "COVID-19: Quebec reports 122 new cases as hospitalizations increase". Global News. The Canadian Press. July 30, 2020. Retrieved July 31, 2020.
- ^ "Provincial Daily Totals". ArcGIS. Retrieved August 8, 2020.
- ^ "British Columbia COVID-19 Dashboard". ArcGIS. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
- ^ "COVID-19 coronavirus info for Albertans". Government of Alberta. Retrieved May 24, 2020.
- ^ "Cases and Risk of COVID-19 in Saskatchewan". Government of Saskatchewan. Retrieved May 24, 2020.
- ^ "Province of Manitoba COVID-19 Updates". Province of Manitoba. Retrieved May 24, 2020.
- ^ "Cases and Risk of COVID-19 in Manitoba". Province of Manitoba. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
- ^ "COVID-19 (coronavirus) in Ontario". Government of Ontario. Retrieved May 24, 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Québec". Gouvernement du Québec. Retrieved May 24, 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)". Government of New Brunswick. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
- ^ "COVID-19". Government of Prince Edward Island. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
- ^ "Novel coronavirus (COVID-19) cases in Nova Scotia: data visualization". Government of Nova Scotia. Retrieved May 24, 2020.
- ^ "Newfoundland and Labrador COVID-19 Pandemic Update Data Hub". ArcGIS. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
- ^ "Information about coronavirus disease (COVID-19) for Yukoners". Government of Yukon. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)". Government of Northwest Territories. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
- ^ "COVID-19 (Novel Coronavirus)". Government of Nunavut. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Outbreak update". Government of Canada. May 8, 2020. Retrieved May 24, 2020.
- ^ Rowe, Daniel (July 17, 2020). "Quebec COVID-19 recovery rate skyrockets after new system implemented". CTV News. Archived from the original on July 17, 2020. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
- ^ a b "Archived: WHO Timeline - COVID-19". www.who.int. Archived from the original on April 29, 2020. Retrieved June 20, 2020.
- ^ Favaro, Avis. "Canadian health authority warns travellers over mysterious illness sickening dozens in China". CTV News. Archived from the original on August 22, 2020. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
- ^ a b "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Outbreak update". Public Health Agency of Canada. March 15, 2020. Archived from the original on January 25, 2020. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
- ^ "Canada to screen central China travelers for virus at 3 airports". Globalnews.ca. Corus Entertainment. January 17, 2020. Archived from the original on January 18, 2020. Retrieved January 22, 2020.
- ^ "China reports 4 more cases of new strain of coronavirus". CBC News. January 18, 2020. Archived from the original on January 18, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus 2019-nCoV – Professionnels de la santé – MSSS". Government of Quebec (in French). January 28, 2020. Archived from the original on January 27, 2020. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
- ^ "Several people in Canada being monitored for signs of coronavirus: Health minister". CTV News. January 23, 2020. Archived from the original on January 24, 2020. Retrieved January 23, 2020.
- ^ "The coronavirus hospital built in days". BBC News. February 2, 2020. Archived from the original on August 22, 2020. Retrieved June 21, 2020.
- ^ "Table of Contents: Canadian Pandemic Influenza Preparedness: Planning Guidance for the Health Sector". Canada.ca. December 8, 2006. Archived from the original on March 10, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
- ^ "Federal/Provincial/Territorial Public Health Response Plan for Biological Events". Canada.ca. April 4, 2018. Archived from the original on March 6, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
- ^ "Canada's COVID-19 plans could include closing schools, cancelling events, but we're 'not there yet' - National". Globalnews.ca. February 27, 2020. Archived from the original on February 28, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
- ^ Boynton, Sean (March 18, 2020). "Coronavirus: Health minister signs order for faster access to COVID-19 test kits". Global News. Archived from the original on March 20, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
- ^ "Health Canada expedites access to COVID-19 diagnostic laboratory test kits and other medical devices". Health Canada news release. March 18, 2020. Archived from the original on March 20, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
- ^ Raj, Althia (March 19, 2020). "Weeks Until We Know COVID-19 Social Distancing Is Working: Top Doctor". HuffPost. Archived from the original on March 22, 2020. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
- ^ "Trudeau announces $1B coronavirus response fund for provinces, territories". Global News. Archived from the original on March 12, 2020. Retrieved March 11, 2020.
- ^ "Government of Canada funds 49 additional COVID-19 research projects". Government of Canada news release. March 19, 2020. Archived from the original on March 19, 2020. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
- ^ Fife, Robert (March 20, 2020). "Ottawa announces COVID-19 funds for industry to produce medical equipment". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on March 21, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
- ^ "Feds launch ad campaign urging social distancing, hygiene during COVID-19 crisis". CTV News. Bell Media. March 22, 2020. Archived from the original on March 27, 2020.
- ^ "Corbella: Trudeau's attempted power grab an alarming breach of trust". Calgary Herald. March 28, 2020. Archived from the original on April 11, 2020. Retrieved April 1, 2020.
- ^ "COVID-19: Scheer says talk of 'new government powers' shouldn't get in way of passing of aid package". National Post. March 24, 2020. Archived from the original on September 24, 2020. Retrieved April 1, 2020.
- ^ "Chris Selley: Cheers to parliamentary supremacists, whose lonely struggles are not entirely in vain". National Post. March 24, 2020. Archived from the original on September 24, 2020. Retrieved April 1, 2020.
- ^ "Trudeau says sweeping coronavirus bill powers needed given 'exceptional situation' - National". Globalnews.ca. March 24, 2020. Archived from the original on March 31, 2020. Retrieved April 1, 2020.
- ^ "Tories will support aid to Canadians, not Liberal 'power grab': Scheer - BNN Bloomberg". Bnnbloomberg.ca. March 24, 2020. Archived from the original on April 14, 2020. Retrieved April 1, 2020.
- ^ Aiello, Rachel (March 31, 2020). "House health committee holding first virtual briefing on COVID-19 efforts". CTV News. Archived from the original on September 24, 2020. Retrieved March 31, 2020.
- ^ Moss, Neil (March 30, 2020). "COVID-19 can't end parliamentary scrutiny, say experts". The Hill Times. Archived from the original on March 31, 2020. Retrieved March 31, 2020.
- ^ Steve, Scherer (April 3, 2020). "Canada blasts U.S. block on 3M exports of masks as coronavirus cases set to soar". Reuters. Archived from the original on August 18, 2020. Retrieved August 23, 2020.
- ^ Cecco, Leyland (April 7, 2020). "Trump and 3M reach deal to allow N95 face masks to be exported to Canada". the Guardian. Archived from the original on August 29, 2020. Retrieved August 23, 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus: Wearing non-medical masks will help others but not you, Tam says". Global News. Archived from the original on April 17, 2020. Retrieved May 4, 2020.
- ^ "Trudeau responds to question about wearing non-medical masks". Toronto Star. YouTube. April 7, 2020. Archived from the original on May 2, 2020. Retrieved May 17, 2020.
- ^ "PM Trudeau provides update on federal response to COVID-19". CPAC. YouTube. April 7, 2020. Archived from the original on June 12, 2020. Retrieved May 17, 2020.
- ^ "Trudeau says "Speaking moistly" during update and immediately regrets it". Your Morning. CTV. April 8, 2020. Archived from the original on May 16, 2020. Retrieved May 17, 2020.
- ^ "Edmonton musician riffs on Justin Trudeau's cringe-worthy 'speaking moistly' gaffe". CBC News. April 12, 2020. Archived from the original on May 19, 2020. Retrieved May 17, 2020.
- ^ "Edmonton artist auto-tunes PM's 'speaking moistly' comments". CityNews Toronto. Archived from the original on April 18, 2020. Retrieved May 3, 2020.
- ^ Belmonte, Lisa (April 9, 2020). "Justin Trudeau's 'Speaking Moistly' Moment Was Turned Into A Song & It's Hilarious". Narcity Media. Archived from the original on May 19, 2020. Retrieved May 3, 2020.
- ^ "Planning ahead: U.S., Canada order 177M more COVID-19 vaccine syringes from BD". FierceBiotech.
- ^ https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/covid19-briefing-trudeau-tam-1.5738503
- ^ "Health Canada approves first antigen rapid test for coronavirus". Global News.
- ^ a b "Coronavirus: Ontario Nurses' Association calls work conditions in care homes 'unfathomable'". Global News. Archived from the original on April 21, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
- ^ "Nearly half of Canada's COVID-19 deaths linked to long-term care facilities: Tam". Global News. Archived from the original on April 13, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
- ^ Aiello, Rachel (April 16, 2020). "COVID-19 impact on seniors' homes 'far more severe' than feared: PM". CTV News. Archived from the original on April 20, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
- ^ Aiello, Rachel (April 13, 2020). "Nearly half of known COVID-19 deaths in Canada linked to long-term care homes: Tam". CTV News. Archived from the original on April 19, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
- ^ "'Recipe for disaster': Why advocates say long-term care homes need more than new national guidelines". CTV News. April 14, 2020. Archived from the original on April 19, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
- ^ Bilefsky, Dan (April 17, 2020). "How Can It Happen Here? The Shocking Deaths in Canada's Long-Term {{subst:lc:Care}} Homes". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 19, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
- ^ Weeks, Carly (April 28, 2020). "Long-term care home staff, residents struggling with restrictive COVID-19 policies". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on April 30, 2020. Retrieved May 2, 2020.
- ^ "Long-term care homes with the most coronavirus deaths in Canada". Global News. Archived from the original on April 21, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
- ^ "Trudeau looks to support long-term care workers, boost wages for essential workers". Global News. Archived from the original on April 19, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
- ^ "Pandemic COVID-19 all countries: avoid non-essential travel outside Canada". Government of Canada website. March 14, 2020. Archived from the original on March 14, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
- ^ Dunham, Jackie (March 25, 2020). "Travellers returning home must enter mandatory self-isolation: health minister". CTV News. Archived from the original on March 25, 2020. Retrieved March 25, 2020.
- ^ a b Harris, Kathleen (March 16, 2020). "Canada to bar entry to travellers who are not citizens, permanent residents or Americans". CBC News. Archived from the original on July 19, 2020. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
- ^ a b Aiello, Rachel (March 16, 2020). "Canada restricting who can enter the country due to COVID-19: PM Trudeau". CTV News. Archived from the original on March 16, 2020. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
- ^ Dickson, Jane (March 18, 2020). "Canada-U.S. border to close except for essential supply chains". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on March 19, 2020. Retrieved March 18, 2020.
- ^ "Canada-U.S. border closing to non-essential travel at midnight, irregular migrants to be turned away". toronto.citynews.ca. March 20, 2020. Archived from the original on March 21, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
- ^ Ljunggren, David (April 16, 2020). "Canada to keep border restrictions with U.S. for a 'significant' time, Trudeau says". Financial. Archived from the original on April 23, 2020. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
- ^ "Canada-U.S. agree to extend border restrictions by 30 days: sources". CTV News. April 17, 2020. Archived from the original on April 18, 2020. Retrieved April 17, 2020.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on August 30, 2020. Retrieved August 27, 2020.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^ Patel, Raisa (March 28, 2020). "No more domestic travel by plane or train for those showing coronavirus symptoms, Trudeau says". CBC News. Archived from the original on March 28, 2020. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus: Air travellers required to wear non-medical masks under new rules". Global News. Archived from the original on April 17, 2020. Retrieved April 17, 2020.
- ^ Aiello, Rachel (October 2, 2020). "Canada changing travel restrictions to allow more families to reunite". CTVNews.
- ^ "The 'Atlantic bubble' has held off COVID-19, but is it worth the cost to civil liberties?". National Post.
- ^ Harris, Kathleen (March 12, 2020). "Trudeau, wife Sophie in self-isolation awaiting COVID-19 test as premiers conference is called off". CBC News. Archived from the original on March 13, 2020. Retrieved March 12, 2020.
- ^ "Parliament suspended 5 weeks amid COVID-19 concerns after passing trade deal, spending bills". CBC News. March 13, 2020. Archived from the original on March 14, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
- ^ "Bank of Canada lowers interest rate". financialpost.com. March 13, 2020. Archived from the original on March 13, 2020. Retrieved March 13, 2020.
- ^ "Bank of Canada lowers overnight rate target to ¾ percent". bankofcanada.ca (Press release). Bank of Canada. March 13, 2020. Archived from the original on March 13, 2020. Retrieved March 13, 2020.
- ^ "Bank of Canada lowers overnight rate target to ¼ percent". bankofcanada.ca (Press release). Bank of Canada. March 27, 2020. Archived from the original on March 27, 2020. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
- ^ "Bank of Canada: Key interest rate cut to lowest level". ctvnews.ca. March 27, 2020. Archived from the original on March 27, 2020. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus: Here's what's happening in Canada and the world Thursday". CBC News. March 19, 2020. Archived from the original on March 19, 2020. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
- ^ "Trudeau's $82B coronavirus support package gets royal assent, officially passes". globalnews.ca. March 25, 2020. Archived from the original on March 25, 2020. Retrieved March 25, 2020.
- ^ "Nearly 5.4 million receiving emergency federal aid". ctvnews.ca. April 13, 2020. Archived from the original on April 14, 2020. Retrieved April 14, 2020.
- ^ Press, Jordan (April 24, 2020). "Expectant mothers left out of key COVID-19 emergency-aid program will receive financial help, Qualtrough says". The Globe and Mail. Canadian Press. Archived from the original on April 25, 2020. Retrieved April 25, 2020.
- ^ Aiello, Rachel (April 15, 2020). "Essential workers to get salary top-up, eligibility for emergency benefit expanded: PM". CTV News. Archived from the original on April 19, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus: Parliament adopts COVID-19 wage subsidy bill". Global News. Archived from the original on April 23, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
- ^ "How to apply for the government's $25-billion CEBA business loan program". Financial Post. April 14, 2020. Archived from the original on April 19, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
- ^ "PM Trudeau touts loan program, will return to Commons Saturday". CTV News. April 10, 2020. Archived from the original on April 19, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
- ^ "Morning Brief: Feds seek 'shovel-ready' projects for post-COVID-19 stimulus". iPolitics. April 16, 2020. Archived from the original on May 14, 2020. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
- ^ "PM Trudeau announces $9B in new COVID-19 funding for students". ctvnews.ca. April 22, 2020. Archived from the original on April 22, 2020. Retrieved April 22, 2020.
- ^ "Federal deficit could top $252 billion, says budget officer". CBC. April 30, 2020. Archived from the original on July 30, 2020. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus: Trudeau says over 240,000 Canadians applied for new CRB". globalnews.ca. October 13, 2020.
- ^ "Canada Revenue Agency: How to Extend Your Recovery Benefits Beyond 26 Weeks". yahoo.com. September 28, 2020.
- ^ Zimonjic, Peter (July 3, 2020). "Ethics watchdog launches probe of Trudeau over choice of WE Charity to run $900M student grant program". CBC News. Archived from the original on July 3, 2020. Retrieved July 3, 2020.
- ^ Breen, Kerri (July 3, 2020). "Ethics commissioner launches investigation into Trudeau, $900M WE Charity contract". Global News. Archived from the original on July 3, 2020. Retrieved July 3, 2020.
- ^ Tasker, John Paul (July 3, 2020). "Federal government, WE Charity agree to part ways on summer student grant program". CBC News. Archived from the original on July 3, 2020. Retrieved July 3, 2020.
- ^ "Federal public servants should work from home if possible: TBSs". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. March 16, 2020. Archived from the original on September 24, 2020. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
- ^ "Exclusive: Canada gets Biomerieux formula for free to produce virus testing chemicals". Reuters. April 23, 2020. Archived from the original on April 27, 2020. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
- ^ "Ottawa unveils plan to harness industry to ramp up production of COVID-19 medical gear | CBC News". Archived from the original on March 21, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
- ^ Platt, Brian (March 20, 2020). "COVID-19: Trudeau announces plan to 'mobilize industry' to produce medical supplies". National Post. Archived from the original on September 24, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
- ^ Authier, Philip (March 13, 2020). "Quebec shuts down as Premier François Legault declares an emergency". The Gazette. Montreal. Archived from the original on April 9, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
- ^ "CCLA LIVE COVID-LIBERTY UPDATES". Canadian Civil Liberties Association. March 20, 2020. Archived from the original on April 24, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
- ^ "New Order Makes Self-Isolation Mandatory for Individuals Entering Canada". Government of Canada. March 25, 2020. Archived from the original on April 9, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
- ^ a b "What are the coronavirus rules in my province? A quick guide to what's allowed and open, or closed and banned". The Globe and Mail. April 1, 2020. Archived from the original on April 9, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
- ^ Rushowy, Kristin (March 12, 2020). "Ontario schools to shut down for two weeks after March Break to fight the spread of COVID-19". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on March 13, 2020. Retrieved March 12, 2020.
- ^ Gilson, Patrick John (March 13, 2020). "Several Ontario Universities Are Now Cancelling Classes Due To COVID-19". Narcity. Archived from the original on September 24, 2020. Retrieved March 13, 2020.
- ^ Fung, Nathan (April 1, 2020). "Universities differ on whether a pass-fail grading scheme should be optional". University Affairs. Archived from the original on April 10, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
- ^ Fletcher, Tanya (March 19, 2020). "COVID-19 shut down B.C. schools – so why are daycares still open?". CBC News. Archived from the original on April 16, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
- ^ "Ontario orders all non-essential businesses to shut down". CTV News Toronto. March 23, 2020. Archived from the original on March 25, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
- ^ "14 new COVID-19 cases in Sask. as province limits gatherings to 10 people". Regina. March 25, 2020. Archived from the original on March 26, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
- ^ "COVID-19: Ontario and Quebec order non-essential businesses closed after spike in coronavirus totals | National Post". March 24, 2020. Archived from the original on September 24, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
- ^ April, Allan (March 24, 2020). "P.E.I. to reopen liquor store, offer Sobeys gift cards to laid-off workers". CTV News. Archived from the original on April 14, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
- ^ George-Cosh, David (April 7, 2020). "Ontario's pot shops to reopen with delivery, click-and-collect options". BNN Bloomberg. Archived from the original on April 10, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
- ^ Flanagan, Ryan (March 26, 2020). "Emergency benefits: What each province is offering during the COVID-19 pandemic". Archived from the original on April 10, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
- ^ "COVID-19 and the courts: March 20 update". canadianlawyermag.com. Archived from the original on March 21, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
- ^ "Supreme Court of Canada postpones carbon tax hearing". Business in Vancouver. Archived from the original on March 20, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
- ^ Johnson, Kelsey (March 19, 2020). "First Nations close borders over coronavirus, using 'isolation as a strength'". The Globe and Mail. Reuters. Archived from the original on March 19, 2020. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
- ^ Strength of Two Buffalo (August 8, 2020). "State of emergency extended in Wasauksing First Nation". MuskokaRegion.com. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
- ^ Peters, James (October 1, 2020). "Tk'emlups te Secwepemc to make masks mandatory in preparation for second COVID-19 wave". CFJC Today. Retrieved October 26, 2020.
- ^ Pashagumskum, Jamie (October 8, 2020). "Indigenous services advises First Nations communities to stay the course ahead of a second wave of COVID-19". APTN National News. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
- ^ "Canada Actually Added Jobs In May: StatCan". HuffPost Canada. June 5, 2020. Retrieved July 13, 2020.
- ^ "Quebec calls for cancellation of all sports, festivals and cultural events until Aug. 31". montreal.ctvnews.ca. April 10, 2020. Retrieved July 13, 2020.
- ^ Rieger, Sarah (March 16, 2020). "WestJet to suspend all international flights". CBC News. Archived from the original on March 17, 2020. Retrieved March 17, 2020.
- ^ "The pandemic is creating a season of anxiety in hard-hit farm sectors". CBC. May 6, 2020.
- ^ a b c "COVID-19 info for Albertans § Cases in Alberta". www.alberta.ca. Government of Alberta. April 4, 2020. Archived from the original on March 8, 2020. Retrieved April 4, 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Outbreak update". canada.ca. Government of Canada. Retrieved October 24, 2020.
- ^ Update on COVID-19 – March 26 at 3:30 pm. Government of Alberta. March 26, 2020. Archived from the original on March 28, 2020. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
- ^ Hinshaw, Deena (March 20, 2020), Chief medical officer of health COVID-19 update – March 20, 2020, archived from the original on March 21, 2020, retrieved March 19, 2020
- ^ "Alberta will move to Stage 2 of relaunch on Friday, premier says". CBC News. Retrieved June 9, 2020.
- ^ a b "Alberta hits new pandemic peak for active COVID-19 cases". CBC. October 19, 2020. Retrieved November 10, 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus COVID-19 Global Cases by Johns Hopkins CSSE". gisanddata.maps.arcgis.com. Archived from the original on September 5, 2019. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
- ^ "The COVID-19 pandemic: A timeline of key events across British Columbia". CBC News. April 3, 2020. Retrieved April 18, 2020.
- ^ Slaughter, Graham (March 5, 2020). "Canada confirms first 'community case' of COVID-19: Here's what that means". CTVNews. Archived from the original on March 8, 2020. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
- ^ "BC COVID19". Retrieved June 15, 2020.
- ^ "Population Estimates, Quarterly". Statistics Canada. Retrieved November 10, 2020.
- ^ "Case counts & press statements". BC Centre for Disease Control. April 13, 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2020.
- ^ "Tracking every case of COVID-19 in Canada". CTV News. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
- ^ "COVID-19 Action Plan: B.C.'s first steps to support people, businesses". news.gov.bc.ca. Office of the Premier. March 23, 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
- ^ a b c "Province of Manitoba | COVID-19 Updates". Province of Manitoba. Archived from the original on August 11, 2020. Retrieved October 1, 2020.
- ^ "Tracking every case of COVID-19 in Canada". CTV News. March 13, 2020. Archived from the original on March 15, 2020. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
- ^ "Province of Manitoba | COVID-19 Bulletin #12". News.gov.mb.ca. Archived from the original on March 17, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
- ^ Bergen, Rachel (May 13, 2020). "No referral needed to get COVID-19 test in Manitoba starting Thursday". CBC News. Archived from the original on May 15, 2020. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
- ^ Kives, Bartley (July 24, 2020). "Manitoba boosts COVID-19 testing capacity but still falls shy of mark set by premier". CBC News. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
- ^ "Province of Manitoba | Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Bulletin #8". News.gov.mb.ca. Archived from the original on September 24, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
- ^ a b "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)". Government of New Brunswick. Archived from the original on May 30, 2020. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
- ^ a b "New Brunswick now has one confirmed case of COVID-19 and one presumptive case | North Shore News". Nsnews.com. February 25, 2015. Archived from the original on March 18, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
- ^ "COVID-19 Information". COVID-19. Archived from the original on March 27, 2020. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
- ^ Smyth, Jeff. "First Presumptive Case of COVID-19 Identified in NL". VOCM. Archived from the original on September 24, 2020. Retrieved March 14, 2020.
- ^ "Newfoundland woman arrested for refusing to self isolate after talking to police". globalnews.ca. March 25, 2020. Archived from the original on April 21, 2020. Retrieved March 25, 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)". hss.gov.nt.ca. Archived from the original on March 31, 2020. Retrieved March 31, 2020.
- ^ "First case of COVID-19 reported in Northwest Territories". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. March 21, 2020. Archived from the original on March 22, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
- ^ Young, Brandon (March 15, 2020). "Three presumptive COVID-19 cases announced in N.S." CTV News. Archived from the original on September 24, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
- ^ "The benefits of isolation: Nunavut doesn't have a single confirmed case of COVID-19". National Post. April 10, 2020. Archived from the original on September 24, 2020. Retrieved April 11, 2020.
- ^ "Nunavut's first case of COVID-19 confirmed in Sanikiluaq". CTV News. November 6, 2020. Archived from the original on November 17, 2020. Retrieved November 7, 2020.
- ^ Murphy, Jessica (October 19, 2020). "Coronavirus: The place in North America with no cases". BBC. Archived from the original on October 19, 2020. Retrieved November 18, 2020.
- ^ Canada, Public Health Agency of (April 19, 2020). "Epidemiological summary of COVID-19 cases in Canada". aem. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
- ^ a b c d "COVID-19 Modelling, April 3, 2020" (PDF). files.ontario.ca. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 20, 2020.
- ^ "Ontario doesn't have a one-stop shop for information about COVID-19 deaths in long-term-care homes and hospitals. The Toronto Star built its own". thestar.com. April 23, 2020. Archived from the original on April 24, 2020. Retrieved April 23, 2020.
- ^ DeClerq, Katherine (May 26, 2020). "'Gut-wrenching' military report sheds light on grim conditions in Ontario nursing homes". Toronto. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved September 8, 2020.
- ^ a b "COVID-19". princeedwardisland.ca. Archived from the original on April 11, 2020. Retrieved March 31, 2020.
- ^ Juric, Sam (March 14, 2020). "First confirmed case of COVID-19 on P.E.I. announced". CBC News. Archived from the original on September 24, 2020. Retrieved March 14, 2020.
- ^ April, Alan (March 25, 2020). "P.E.I. identifies two new cases of COVID-19; five total". CTV News Atlantic. CTV News. Archived from the original on March 26, 2020. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
- ^ "Health officials say there are no active COVID-19 cases on Prince Edward Island". The Canadian Press. July 28, 2020. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved August 21, 2020 – via CTV News Atlantic.
- ^ "Données COVID-19 au Québec". INSPQ (in French). Archived from the original on April 3, 2020. Retrieved April 3, 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus : un premier cas est officiellement confirmé au Québec" (in French). CBC/Radio-Canada. Archived from the original on March 8, 2020. Retrieved March 9, 2020.
- ^ "Un premier cas de COVID-19 au Québec". La Presse (in French). February 27, 2020. Archived from the original on February 28, 2020. Retrieved February 28, 2020.
- ^ Schwartz, Susan (March 5, 2020). "Montreal woman with COVID-19 is back at home after medical evaluation". The Gazette. Montreal. Archived from the original on March 5, 2020. Retrieved March 9, 2020.
- ^ #invoke:citation/CS1
- ^ #invoke:citation/CS1
- ^ #invoke:citation/CS1
- ^ #invoke:citation/CS1
- ^ #invoke:citation/CS1
- ^ #invoke:citation/CS1
- ^ #invoke:citation/CS1
- ^ #invoke:citation/CS1
- ^ #invoke:citation/CS1
- ^ #invoke:citation/CS1
- ^ #invoke:citation/CS1
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite news
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite news
- ^ Template:Cite news
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ a b Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite journal
- ^ a b Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ a b Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite news
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ a b c Template:Cite web
- ^ a b Template:Cite web
- ^ a b c d Template:Cite news
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ a b Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite news
- ^ a b Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite news
- ^ a b Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ a b Template:Cite web
- ^ a b Template:Cite news
- ^ Template:Cite news
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ a b c Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
External links
Template:Commons Template:Wikiquote
- Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Outbreak update Health Canada
- Community-based measures to mitigate the spread of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Canada
- Coronavirus COVID-19 Global Cases and historical data by Johns Hopkins University
- Map of COVID-19 cases in Canada at a regional level and related closures
- Map of Coronavirus COVID-19 Confirmed Cases in Canada by Empower Health (empower.ca / iamsick.ca)
- Coronavirus Canada updates and news. Canada in Coronavirus Global international portal. Available in English, French, and more.
- CoronaMapper – Map with several updated statistics
- Covid Canada – Bar graph of per province stats and live news feed
- Outline of Government Programs Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic in Canada
- COVIDmapper - Mapping COVID-19 data from the past, present, and future (daily updated projections)
Template:COVID-19 pandemic Template:COVID-19 pandemic in Canada