COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam
| COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam | |
|---|---|
   .png) Clockwise, from top: Two Da Nang CDC medical workers performs a COVID-19 test; a policeman putting mask on person in Sóc Trăng City; wholesale market retailers and buyers registering for COVID-19 rapid testing in Lĩnh Nam; PAVN chemical troops start disinfecting Bạch Mai Hospital – the largest cluster in Hanoi. | |
 Map of cities & provinces with confirmed COVID-19 cases (as of 5 May 2021): Confirmed 1–9
Confirmed 10–99
Confirmed 100–249
Confirmed 250–499
Confirmed ≥ 500 | |
| Disease | COVID-19 |
| Virus strain | SARS-CoV-2 |
| Location | Vietnam |
| First outbreak | Wuhan, Hubei, China |
| Index case | Ho Chi Minh City |
| Arrival date | 23 January 2020 (1 year, 3 months, 1 week and 5 days) |
| Confirmed cases |  2,996[1] |
| Active cases | 397[1][a] |
| Recovered |  2,560[1] |
Deaths |  35[1] |
| Fatality rate |  1.2% |
| Government website | |
| ncov | |
The COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam is part of the ongoing worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). As of 29 April 2021[update], the Ministry of Health has officially reported 2,910 confirmed cases, 2,516 recoveries, and 35 deaths. Nearly 2.9 million tests have been performed.[3] Hải Dương Province, as of April 2021 is the most-affected locale with 762 confirmed cases and no deaths.[1]
On 31 December 2019, China announced the discovery of a cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan. The virus was first confirmed to have spread to Vietnam on 23 January 2020, when two Chinese people in Ho Chi Minh City tested positive for the virus.[4][5] Early cases were primarily imported until local transmission began to develop in February and March. Clusters of cases were later detected in Vĩnh Phúc,[6] Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Đà Nẵng and Hải Dương Province, with the first death on 31 July 2020.[7]
Vietnam has suspended the entry of all foreigners from 22 March 2020 until further notice to limit the spread of COVID-19. The measure will not apply to diplomats, officials, foreign investors, experts, and skilled workers. In January 2021, the government announced a stricter quarantine policy to "protect the country" during 2021 Lunar New Year. Everyone entering Vietnam must be isolated for at least 14-day at the government's quarantine facilities, only special diplomats identified as such by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs would be exempt.[8][9][10]
Vietnam has been cited as having one of the best-organized epidemic control programs in the world,[11][12][13] along the lines of other highlighted states such as South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan.[14][15] This success has been attributed to several key factors, including a well-developed public health system, a decisive central government, and a proactive containment strategy based on comprehensive testing, tracing, and quarantining.[16] Despite inferior economic and technological capacity, the country's response to the outbreak has received widespread international acclaim for its immediacy, effectiveness and transparency,[17] in contrast to censorship in China[18] and the poor preparation and lackluster response in the United States and in European countries.[14][19][20][21]
Although the pandemic has heavily disrupted the country's economy,[22] Vietnam's GDP growth rate still remained one of the highest in Asia-Pacific Region,[23] at 2.91% in 2020 and projected growth of 6.6% in 2021.[24][25]
Vaccinations commenced on 8 March 2021[26] with a total of 506,435 people receiving at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine by 29 April 2021.[27] So far, the Ministry of Health has approved COVID-19 vaccine from AstraZeneca and Sputnik V for use in emergencies. It expected that a total of 150 million doses would be available by the end of 2021.[28]
Background[edit]
New infectious diseases impose a serious threat to the health of the general public. Their origins are often mysterious despite intensive research efforts.[29] Although human coronaviruses (CoVs) had been known as major pathogens to cause the common cold,[30][31] a new species of coronavirus, namely SARS-CoV caused an epidemic involving 29 countries during 2002–03 which infected 8098 persons and killed 774 of them.[31] The evidence shows that the virus might have originated from an animal coronavirus, but somehow entered the human population.[31][32][33] Its outbreak also implies that animal coronaviruses could be a potential danger to humans.[31]
Although it is still unknown exactly where the outbreak first started, many early cases of COVID-19 have been attributed to people who have visited the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market, located in Wuhan, Hubei, China.[34] The earliest known person with symptoms was later discovered to have fallen ill on 1 December 2019, and that person did not have visible connections with the later wet market cluster.[35] However, an earlier case of infection could have occurred on 17 November.[36][37][38] China publicly reported the cluster on 31 December 2019.[39] The World Health Organization (WHO) issued its first report on the outbreak on 5 January 2020.[40] On 12 January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed that a novel coronavirus was the cause of a respiratory illness in a cluster of people in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, which was reported earlier.[41][42] On January 20, the WHO and China both confirmed that human-to-human transmission had occurred.[43] On 30 January, the WHO declared the outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC), after mounting evidence that the novel coronavirus had spread to 18 countries and completion of investigation in Wuhan.[44]
Vietnam has a history of successfully managing pandemics: it was the second country after China to face SARS and, after 63 cases and five deaths, it was the first country declared SARS-free by the World Health Organization (WHO). In the wake of the SARS epidemic, Vietnam increased investments in its public health infrastructure, developing a national public health emergency operations center and a national public health surveillance system, maintaining robust systems to collect and aggregate public data. Since 2016, hospitals are required to report notifiable diseases within 24 hours to a central database, ensuring that the Ministry of Health can track epidemiological developments across the country. In collaboration with the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Vietnam implemented an innovative “event-based” surveillance program in 2018, empowering members of the public, including teachers, pharmacists, religious leaders, and even traditional medicine healers, to report public health events, in order to identify clusters of people who have similar symptoms that might suggest an outbreak is emerging.[16]
With a population of nearly 100 million people, receiving the millions of Chinese visitors each year, having long land border and strong economic ties with China,[45][46] which is Hanoi's largest trading partner,[47][48] the country was initially perceived to be hit hard by the pandemic. When Vietnam recorded its two first confirmed cases on 23 January 2020, it was among the first countries affected by COVID-19.[49] Two weeks later, only 150 cases had been reported outside of mainland China, but ten of these were in Vietnam, placing it in the top ten most affected countries. However, one year later the situation was very different: instead of having a large scale outbreak, Vietnam was one of the countries with the lowest cases and mortality per million inhabitants.[50]
Timeline[edit]
Overview[edit]
The first two confirmed cases in Vietnam were admitted to Cho Ray Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City on 22 January 2020. They were a Chinese man, born in 1954, and his son, the former had flown to Hanoi from Wuhan to visit his son who was believed to have contracted the virus from his father when they met in Nha Trang on 17 January.[5][51][52] The first cluster also appeared in Son Loi Commune, Bình Xuyên District, Vĩnh Phúc after a few workers returned from a business trip in Wuhan and infected other people in close contact with them.[6] The Vietnamese government immediately locked down Bình Xuyên District until 4 March 2020 to prevent the disease from spreading all over the country.[53] Having known cases early is one of the main reasons why Vietnam was successful in fighting the virus. For the first 16 cases of the disease, the medical staff had to treat different types of patients, including infants, the elderly and people with underlying conditions. This is like "an exercises" for the Vietnamese medical system in order to prepare and study the new virus.[54]
When the pandemic spreads across the globe, the coronavirus cases in the country also surged, and on the evening of 6 March, Hanoi Department of Health confirmed the first case in the capital, a 26-year-old woman who had travelled to Europe. This is the 17th case in Vietnam.[55] On the afternoon of 20 March, the Ministry of Health announced 2 new COVID-19 patients, the 86th and 87th, who were two female nurses at Bạch Mai Hospital with no history of contact with any COVID-19 patients.[56] In March and April 2020, the number of cases increased rapidly due to the large number of people coming from European countries and the appearance of clusters such as Bạch Mai Hospital, Ha Loi Commune in Hanoi and Buddha Bar in Ho Chi Minh City.[57][58][59]
After 21 March 2020, Vietnam suspended entry for all foreigners from midnight of 22 March, and introduced concentrated isolation for 14 days in all cases of entry for Vietnamese citizens.[60] From 1 April, Vietnam implemented nationwide isolation for 15 days.[61] On the same day, Prime Minister Nguyễn Xuân Phúc announced the nationwide outbreak of COVID-19.[62] The drastic epidemic control measures had positive results and the country did not confirm any cases of local transmission from mid-April to the end of July.[63] Vietnam began loosening restrictions in May, including resuming domestic travel across the country.[16]
The country entered second wave of infection when the Ministry of Health announced the 416th case in Da Nang, which was the first case with an unknown source of infection in 99 days.[64][65] On 28 July, the Da Nang authorities immediately locked down the city for 15 days.[66] Hundreds of cases across the country with epidemiological factors related to Da Nang were furthermore detected,[67] and the first death was also recorded on 31 July.[7][68][69] After two months, by using the same strategies that have been used in the first outbreak, Vietnam has successfully contained the disease for the second time and has resumed almost all economic activities, including international commercial flights.[70][71] Sporadic community infections continue during November and December, causing public scare and heightened measures.[72][73]
The third wave of infection began on 28 January 2021, when Vietnam recorded an additional 84 community transmission cases within a single day in Hải Dương and Quảng Ninh provinces. Most of these are related to a single Hải Dương migrant worker, who was diagnosed with the UK coronavirus variant by Japanese authorities after arriving in Osaka on 17 January.[74] Initially, the government only quarantine the areas directly related to the infected people to limit the economic impact. But after half a month the number of cases still showed no signs of stopping, so on 15 February, entire province of Hải Dương was locked down for 15 days while Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City stopped all entertainment activities.[75][76] This is the most serious outbreak happened since the beginning of the pandemic due to slow tracing process, mismanagement in quarantine facilities and people starting to ignore lockdown rules after long period of restrictions.[77][78] On 7 March 2021, the outbreak in northern provinces appears to have been largely brought under control when number of new cases fell to single digits. Along with that, Vietnam started its mass COVID-19 vaccination campaign on the next day.[79]
Medical responses[edit]
Drug therapy and vaccine development[edit]
On 7 February 2020, the National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology in Hanoi announced that it had successfully cultured and isolated the new SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus in the lab, the fourth country to do so. The achievement would allow quicker test results for nCoV, meaning thousands of samples could be tested a day, said the institute.[80] It would also serve as a basis for the development of a vaccine against the virus. Assoc. Prof., Dr. Le Quynh Mai, Deputy Director of National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, said the virus causing COVID-19 has evolved into many branches. Three branches have been recorded in the world. Vietnam recorded and isolated two different virus branches, one from patients returning from Wuhan in February and the other from patients returning from Europe in March.[81][82]
In May 2020, Vietnam declared that their COVID-19 vaccine was developed after scientists successfully generated the novel coronavirus antigen in the lab. The vaccine has been developed by collaborating scientists at VABIOTECH in Hanoi and the Bristol University, it will be tested further in animals and evaluated for safety and effectiveness before a manufacturing process is embarked on. According to the National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, it will take at least 12–18 months to develop vaccine that can work safely on human.[83][84] During the testing phase, researchers experimented by injecting the mice in many ways and administering multiple antigen doses, with some mice injected with one or two doses of 3-10 micrograms each. After 10 days, 50 mice were in good health and being closely monitored for immune responses. After gaining positive results with immune response and antibody production, the trial vaccine would be developed into a complete and stable version qualified to be used on humans. The research team would also develop commercial production procedures for mass-production, including up to tens of millions of units.[85][86] In October 2020, the Vabiotech COVID-19 vaccine has been tested on 12 rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) in an island off the northern Quang Ninh province.[87] The macaques are aged 3–5, weighing more than three kilograms each, and not infected with contagious diseases like tuberculosis or the HIV virus. Before being injected with the vaccine, they had their body temperatures, blood and swab samples taken and were kept separately in cages. They will be tested in two periods. In each period, they will be divided into two groups, with one being vaccinated and the other not. After that, they will be monitored daily on separate islands, before their blood samples are taken for further analysis. The testing will follow a similar model that maybe later performed on humans. The animals will be injected two shots of the vaccine, 18 to 21 days apart. A month after the second shot, researchers will assess the monkeys' immune response to see the difference between the injected group and the non-injected group.[88] The result of these trials will be presented before the health ministry's ethical board within the following four months if experiments show the vaccine does produce effective immunogenicity and provide effective protection against COVID-19. It will be a foundation for the next stage for testing the vaccine on humans.[89][90]
Vietnam currently has four COVID-19 vaccines produced by Nanogen, Vabiotech, Polyvac and the Institute of Vaccines and Medical Biologicals (IVAC) currently under research. The health ministry has assessed the Nanocovax vaccine produced by Nanogen is the most promising, having been successfully produced it on a laboratory scale and provoked immunogenicity during animal testing. IVAC and Vabiotech have completed their laboratory-scale production process and are evaluating the safety and immunity of their vaccines on animals.[91] On 7 December, the National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology announced the Nanocovax test results on hamsters. The hamsters were vaccinated and then exposed to the novel coronavirus for 14 days. They were not infected and results from lung fluid tests also showed they were negative for the virus. Meanwhile, mice that were not vaccinated tested positive for the novel coronavirus and showed signs of fatigue.[92] On 17 December 2020, Nanogen commenced human trials of Nanocovax vaccine.[93] On 26 February 2021, the pharmaceutical company began second phase trials in two places, Hanoi and southern Long An province.[94] On 25 March, 26 volunteers receiving the first jabs in phase II between 26 February and 10 March were given the second shots of the Nanocovax vaccine. Some volunteers experienced side effects around the injection site, yet did not require medical intervention.[95] Results of the trial will be issued in May 2021 before preparing for the third-stage trial, giving the vaccine to between 10,000 and 30,000 people to test for efficacy and safety.[96] Nanocovax vaccine may be ready to deliver to the general public in the second half of 2021, if efficacy is shown.[97] If the government goes ahead with the emergency decision, it may be rolled out in May, a Nanogen official told Nikkei Asia.[96] On 26 March, Deputy Minister of Science and Technology Phạm Công Tạc and Deputy Prime Minister Vũ Đức Đam received the second dose of the Nanocovax COVID-19 vaccine.[98][99]
On 21 January, the second Vietnam produced COVID-19 vaccine (COVIVAC) by Institute of Vaccine and Medical Biologicals (IVAC) has entered a human-clinical trial, nearly two months ahead of schedule. COVIVAC vaccine has been studied by IVAC since May 2020, has carried out pre-clinical trials in India, US and Vietnam, the results show safety and efficacy in experiment, fully meeting the conditions for conducting research with humans participants. The vaccine stability evaluation was conducted at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City.[100] On 15 March 2021, six volunteers were injected with the COVIVAC vaccine, at the Hà Nội Medical University. The COVIVAC is a liquid vaccine with or without adjuvants, without preservatives, with the production technology of Newcastle vector vaccine, based on production technology on chicken eggs with embryos.[101]
Vaccination programme[edit]
Vietnam vaccinations line chart
Vietnam vaccinations bar graph
| Vaccination (as of 5 May 2021) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Doses administered[102] | 511,435 +1,580 | |
| Total population [103] | 97,580,000 | |
| At least one dose | Per 100 people | Fully vaccinated |
| 511,435 | 0.524 |
No data |
117,600 doses of AstraZeneca's COVID-19 vaccine arrived at Tan Son Nhat international airport in Ho Chi Minh City on 24 February.[104] On 16 March, Vietnam received 1,000 doses of Sputnik V from Russian Security Council Secretary Nikolai Patrushev.[105] The first batch of vaccines sourced via Covax mechanism, containing 811,200 doses, arrived in Hanoi's Noi Bai International Airport on 1 April 2021.[106] It expected that a total of 150 million doses would be available by the end of 2021.[28]
Vietnam's COVID-19 vaccination programme began on 8 March 2021, administering the AstraZeneca vaccine to medical workers in Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City and Hải Dương province.[26] This is the country's ever-largest immunization campaign with over 150 million doses.[107][28] The country is expected to reach its vaccination coverage target of 80% in June 2022.[108] As of 29 April 2021, 506,435 people have received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine.[27]
Treatment[edit]
From the experiences gained from the SARS outbreak in 2003, Vietnam has been proactive in treating COVID-19 patients. Accordingly, the key method is to create a well-ventilated environment, do not use air conditioning and regularly disinfect. In addition, the treatment of clinical symptoms combined with physiotherapy and appropriate nutrition and psychological stability also greatly contributes.[109][110]
According to the Vietnam Ministry of Health, specific antiretroviral therapy will also be considered when sufficient evidence of effectiveness is available. To leave the hospital, patients need to have two consecutive negative samples of COVID-19 (both pharyngeal and pharyngeal fluid), taken at least 24 hours/test. After leaving the hospital, the patient must continue to isolate at home for another 14 days. The patient should be in a well-ventilated private room wearing mask, washing hand everyday, limiting contact with other family members and not to go out. Monitor body temperature twice per day, check again immediately if fever or other abnormal signs.[111]
During the second wave in Da Nang, the treatment regimen used in Vietnam underwent many improvements. Compared to the beginning of 2020, patients mainly treated by their symptoms and medical staffs will try to improve their condition, while in the new regimen, antiviral drugs proved more effective for COVID-19 patients. Specifically, Lopinavir, Ritonavir and Interferon have been used effectively by Vietnam, with patients becoming virus free after 7 days of use. The method of extracting plasma from cured people to treat severe cases is also being considered as an alternative to antiviral drugs. The malaria drugs Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine are no longer used for treatment.[112][113]
Doctors have been studying plasma therapy for COVID-19 treatment since April 2020 and the Hanoi National Hospital for Tropical Diseases still continues to select plasma donors. However, no patient in the country has been treated with this method. Dr. Nguyen Trung Cap, deputy director of the Hanoi National Hospital for Tropical Diseases, explained that plasma therapy is based on the principle of using antibodies already in cured individuals to supporting the treatment of newly infected patient. Antibodies can help reduce the amount of virus in the body of the sick person, thereby reducing the severity of the disease. Plasma can be very effective in treating many diseases, but with COVID-19 the benefits are still limited. During the first week of illness, the amount of virus in the patient's body is very high but most of them only experiencing mild symptoms. Therefore, it is not appropriate to administer plasma from the cured to the new patient. Severe symptoms usually occurs from the second week of illness due to an excessive immune response. However, in many patients the amount of virus in their body has decreased, the use of plasma is not much value. In addition, shortly after the patient has recovered from COVID-19, the amount of antibodies in the plasma decreases quite rapidly, so the benefit of the blood plasma is reduced in the treatment of the disease. Plasma transfusion also has a mechanism similar to blood transfusion, this therapy may contain similar side effects like fluid overload, acute hemolytic transfusion reaction or allergic transfusion reaction when transfusing the wrong blood type.[114]
In October 2020, the scientists at the Medical Genetics Institute, the Ho Chi Minh City Center for Disease Control (HCDC) and Ho Chi Minh City Medicine and Pharmacy University are planning to sequence the genomes of novel coronavirus to understand how it affects people with different genetic makeups and possibly identify genes sensitive to the virus for better treatment method. In the first stage of the research, twenty recovered patients would have their genes sequenced with the help of HCDC.[115]
New virus strain[edit]
The newly acquired COVID-19 strain that entered Vietnam in the second wave has a mutation which increases the infection rates, leading to a high number of cases in a second wave. Nguyen Thanh Long, Minister of Health, said that this new strain was imported from outside of Vietnam. The epidemic may already have started in early July. Until August, Da Nang has gone through 4 cycles of infection.[116][117]
The basic reproduction number (R0) in the second wave was 5 to 6, while in April this was only from 1.8 to 2.2. The rate of positive results of people who had indirect contact with COVID-19 patients are also higher than in the previous wave. Scientists point out that this strain of the virus is aggressive and capable of causing a transition to a serious condition more quickly. The health ministry sent the best experts to Da Nang to help the city contain the spread of the infection and to quickly identify the source of the infection. They also submitted the new strain's data to a world gene bank for comparison. On 4 August, the Ministry of Health confirmed that the strain of coronavirus in Vietnam in the second wave is D614G, also the dominant mutation wreaking havoc across the globe.[118] A study published by the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico asserts that patients infected by that mutation actually have more virus in their bodies, making them more likely to spread it to others.[119][120][121]
As of 5 May 2021, Vietnam recorded at least seven coronavirus strains: the original Wuhan variant, the UK variant (Lineage B.1.1.7), Indian variant, South African variant, A.23.1 from Rwanda, CAL.20C variant and D614G coronavirus mutation.[122][123][124]
Relapse[edit]
Many COVID-19 cases in Vietnam have reported positive tests after they were deemed to have recovered from the disease. This also happened in other countries such as United States, South Korea and China. Dr. Oh Myoung-don, head of South Korea Central Clinical Committee for Emerging Disease Control rejected the possibility of "reinfection", assuming that the patients who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 virus, most likely due to "the testing kit collected RNA from the dead virus fragments, these may remain in the body for months".[125][126]
Vietnam Deputy Minister of Health Nguyen Thanh Long also agreed with the above opinion, saying that maybe the patient has not fully recovered during the treatment process so the virus has not been completely eliminated and still exists in the body, especially in lung mucous cells.[127]
In April 2021, the Ministry of Health decided to shorten isolation time at home to 7 days because it did not record community infections from relapse cases. Previously, Vietnam forced concentrated quarantine from immigrants for 14 days in the isolation camp and 14 days at home.[128]
Testing[edit]
On 30 January 2020, the Ministry of Science and Technology had a meeting with medical experts to propose solutions to contain and mitigate COVID-19.[129] In the meeting, Deputy Minister of Science and Technology Phạm Công Tạc urged virologists to accelerate the development of diagnostic tests.[130] Starting in early February, publicly funded institutions in Vietnam developed at least four locally made COVID-19 tests that were validated by the Ministry of Defense and the National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology. Subsequently, private companies including Viet A and Thai Duong offered capacity to manufacture the test kits. Most confirmation laboratories where these tests are analyzed use in-house versions of WHO protocol, allowing tests to be widely administered without long wait times.[16]
Early February 2020, a research team in Institute of Biotechnology and Food Technology (Hanoi University of Science and Technology) just announced they had successful developed test kits utilizing the RT-LAMP technology with testing time of 70 minutes.[131] On 3 March, leader of the research team – Assoc. Prof. Dong Van Quyen, Deputy Director of the Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, announced that they had completed the research and development of a SARS-CoV-2 detection kit, based on RT-PCR and realtime RT-PCR. Two days later, the Vietnam Ministry of Science and Technology announced the result of researching and manufacturing a biological kit to detect novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) conducted by Military Medical Academy, commercialized by Viet A Technology JSC.[132]
The kit has been tested for sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and repeatability at the lab of Viet A Technology JSC. and Vietnam Military Medical Academy. The results show that the criteria are equivalent to the kit produced by the CDC and the World Health Organization. Independent testing at the Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, evaluating on patient samples, compatible with 5 types of common devices in medical facilities in the country, gave 100% accurate results in all of the tests. The kit detection time is about 2 hours.[133][134] After being licensed by the Ministry of Health, 20 countries have ordered the test kit. The first four countries to receive kits will be Malaysia, Iran, Finland and Ukraine, as of 17 March 2020.[135]
In August 2020, the Ministry of Health approved the use of GeneXpert, a type of test that has been used by the Vietnam tuberculosis prevention network since 2012, for COVID-19 testing. According to Nguyễn Viết Nhung, director of the National Lung Hospital in Hanoi, the test is similar to RT-PCR, gives accurate results within 35–45 minutes for both COVID-19 and tuberculosis and could work automatically.[136] Plans are underway to further expand the use of GeneXpert using 14,000 GeneXpert COVID-19 cartridges in 42-46 lung hospitals around the country.[137] As of April 2021, Vietnam has 169 laboratories capable of testing for COVID-19 using RT-PCR. The maximum capacity in the country remains at 62,593 tests per day. Health officials are currently preparing to extend testing capacity to more hospital laboratories including provincial and military hospitals, with further training ongoing, for preparedness in case of future widespread transmission.[138][139] During the outbreak in Hải Dương, instead of mass testing on every person in the infected area, the authorities using different strategies including targeted testing of higher risk groups as well as random testing of households and inpatients. Testing capacity also can be increased with guidance issued on pooling of lower risk specimens, up to 10 specimens at most.[140]
Government response[edit]
| Stage | No. of cases | Description |
|---|---|---|
| First wave | ||
| Phase 1 (23 January – 25 February 2020) | 16 | Cases reported are usually people who have had travel history to China. |
| Phase 2 (6 – 19 March 2020) | 69 | The virus has spread globally, many cases reported are from other countries but it is still easy to trace spread and quarantine. |
| Phase 3 (20 March – 21 April 2020) | 183 | Infections in community, many cluster begin to appear in high-density areas. The source of the infection is untraceable. |
| Phase 4 (22 April 2020 – 24 July 2020) | 145 | No cases of local transmission reported, all of the cases are imported and quarantined after arrival. |
| Second wave | ||
| Phase 1 (25 July 2020 – 6 September 2020) | 636 | New community transmission cases appeared again after more than three months. Officials re-implemented social distancing. |
| Phase 2 (7 September 2020 – 27 January 2021) | 502 | The number of cases in community decreased, authorities begins to ease restrictions in the affected areas. |
| Third wave | ||
| Phase 1 (28 January 2021 – 17 March 2021) | 1,016 | New community transmission appeared in Hải Dương and Quảng Ninh. |
| Phase 2 (18 March 2021 – ongoing) | 266 | Local transmission cases drop to single digits. Ease restrictions in endemic areas. |
.jpg)
Vietnam has prepared for the epidemic as early as the very first case in China emerged, around mid-December 2019. Vietnam's Prime Minister Nguyễn Xuân Phúc ordered measures to prevent and counter the spread of the disease into Vietnam,[146] as well as to warn Vietnamese citizens to avoid visiting areas with outbreaks.[147] Deputy Minister Đỗ Xuân Tuyên said that Vietnam is considering closing the border with China as a necessary countermeasure.[148] According to Kidong Park, World Health Organization representative to Vietnam, the first risk assessment exercise was conducted by the Vietnamese in early January – soon after cases in China started being reported.[12] On 3 January 2020, the day before the WHO said there was a cluster of cases in Wuhan, Vietnam tightened control at the Vietnam-China border.[149][150] On 11 January 2020, after China reported the first coronavirus death, Vietnam implemented health checks at airports.[151][152] All visitors had their body temperatures measured, and those with a fever, cough, chest pain or breathing difficulties were isolated for testing. Confirmed cases, fellow passengers and crew and all their contacts were quarantined for 14 days.[153] The Ministry of Health held a meeting with the WHO and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as early as 15 January, weeks before many other countries even started strategizing.[152][154] These combined efforts of quick action and effective testing helped slow the spread of the virus in its earliest stages.[153] Regional COVID-19 prevention task forces were established, and these groups were prepared for deployment by the Ministry of Health to provincial treatment sites. In view of an assumed increased infection risk among medical staff as had been seen during the SARS outbreak, personal protective equipment was stockpiled, and infection control measures were heightened at hospitals. On 22 January, health authorities began monitoring body temperatures at border gates and started detection and contact tracing, with orders for the mandatory isolation of infected people and anyone they had come into contact with.[155] On 23 January, Vietnam confirmed its first case. Shortly afterward, the Prime Minister Nguyễn Xuân Phúc ramped up Vietnam's response by issuing an urgent document to ministries, provinces, and broadcasting agencies addressing the dangerousness of the virus and the need for measures to prevent local transmission.[156] On 24 January, just one day after the first cases, the Civil Aviation Administration of Vietnam ordered the cancellation of all flights from and to Wuhan.[157][158][45] As Vietnam celebrated the Tết holiday, the Prime Minister declared war on the coronavirus. "Fighting this epidemic is like fighting the enemy", he said at an urgent Communist Party meeting on 27 January.[45] On 31 January, infectious disease expert Nguyễn Thanh Long was appointed as deputy Minister of Health and later as Minister of Health, he served as one of the main government advisors regarding the pandemic.[159] On the same day, Vietnam implemented stricter measures, suspending inbound and outbound flights related to the epicenters in China, restricting tourists, dosing train connection, and suggested people suspend trade and other exchange activities between the two countries. Such a decision to limit cross-border transactions with China indicated the extent of the government's commitment to prioritizing public health.[46] In January, the government also issued the first National Response Plan and assembled the National Steering Committee (NSC). The committee, led by Deputy Prime Minister Vũ Đức Đam with representation from 14 ministries and sectors, the National Assembly, media, and information technology companies will command and control the country COVID-19 response.[160] Vietnam also has 63 provincial health departments, an approximately 600 district health centers and more than 11,000 primary health stations. While hospitals provide medical care for COVID-19 patients, the primary health stations are responsible for prevention activities and total support for hospitals. In fact, an approximately 97,000 health officers at community level in these sections serve as the workers to provide information, advice, guidance, and isolation facilities if needed.[161]
In February 2020, Vietnamese Ministry of Education and Training suspended all school activities across the country until the end of March as part of quarantine measures against the spreading of the virus, and later extended this till the middle of April until further notice.[162] Aggressive measures were also taken to combat possible outbreaks, from 14 days quarantine to restriction of outdoor activities (some sources believe it was more than 20 to 40 days under quarantine),[163] the Vietnam People's Armed Forces also takes part on patrolling and controlling measures.[164] Sixty-eight military camps with a capacity of 40,000 people were set up to receive people ordered into quarantine.[165] On 9 February, the Ministry of Health held a teleconference with the WHO and 700 hospitals at all levels nationwide to disseminate information on nCoV prevention and launched a website to disseminate information to the wider public.[166][167] The first case of mass quarantine in Vietnam took place on February 12 in Sơn Lôi, Vĩnh Phúc, an community of 10,000 people for 20 days over seven coronavirus cases – the first large-scale lockdown known outside China.[45] Aggressive preventive action enabled Vietnam to contain the outbreak, with only 16 cases, all recovered, by the end of February.[167][168]
On the night of 6 March, when the 17th case was reported in Hanoi, the city held an urgent meeting, then coordinated with related ministries — including the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Public Security, and Ministry of Transportation — to prevent the virus from spreading to the community. Thanks to this effective coordination, public health measures such as aggressive contact tracing, mandatory quarantine, and sterilization of surfaces were taken immediately, which enabled the government to stop community transmission and lift the large-scale lockdown still common in many Southeast Asian nations at that time.[169] On March 7, Hanoi locked down Bach Truc Street, where the patient resided along with 66 households and 189 people. The quarantine was lifted on March 20 after no new cases were reported after testing.[167] Imported cases from Europe motivated the government to intensify its border control measures, reducing international flights, suspending visa waiver for certain European countries.[170][171]
When the Bạch Mai Hospital in Hanoi became a coronavirus hotspot with dozens of cases in late March, the authorities imposed a lockdown on the facility and tracked down nearly 100,000 people related to the hospital, including medics, patients, visitors and their close contacts.[45]
April nationwide isolation[edit]
On 31 March 2020, Vietnamese government ordered a nationwide isolation of 15 days from 1 to 15 April.[172] From 16 April, local airlines could raise the number of domestic flights, which were subsequently further increased on 23 April and again on 29 April.[173][174][175]
On 23 April 2020, Vietnamese government lifted social isolation rule, subsequently allowing re-opening of non-essential services including restaurants. On the same day, schools across the country could be re-opened, with dates varying per each province and city case.[176]
Everyone who enters Vietnam from abroad, however, continued to be quarantined upon arrival for 14 days. From 23 April, plans for repatriation flights to bring Vietnamese citizens abroad back to Vietnam were re-newed, with an initial plan for 13 flights.[174] Among the flights conducted was notably the first-ever direct flight in history operated by Vietnam Airlines from Vietnam to the United States on 7 May.[177]
From 9 May, cinemas were reopened.[178] On 11 May, Vietnamese government started a nationwide tourism campaign, named 'Vietnamese travel Vietnam', to increase domestic demand for travelling and promote domestic tourism.[178]
Lockdown of Da Nang[edit]
In late-July, Vietnam was placed on high alert after the government confirmed dozens of community infections, the first since April, all in or around Da Nang.[179]
On 27 July, the government made the drastic decision to begin evacuating 80,000 people from Da Nang, a process it said would take four days with domestic airlines operating approximately 100 flights daily from Da Nang to 11 cities around the country.[180]
On the same day, the Da Nang Municipal People's Committee announced restrictions applicable for 15 days, starting from 28 July. Six districts in quarantine area include: Hai Chau, Thanh Khe, Son Tra, Ngu Hanh Son, Cam Le, and Lien Chieu District with more than one million people requested to stay at home and only go out in case of extreme necessity such as buying food, medicine,seeking essential goods and services, and medical emergencies. All educational and non-essential services in the city was closed. Face masks were mandated in public and people were ordered to frequently wash their hands with soap or alcoholic sanitisers. Gatherings of more than two people in public are disallowed and maintenance of a minimum distance of 2 meters is required. All types of public transport were halted and personal vehicles were heavily restricted. The Da Nang Department of Health was asked to promptly organize epidemiological investigation, contact-tracing in areas related to the confirmed cases, and massive testing to early detect infection sources and high-risk cases.[181][182]
The rural district of Hoa Vang was the last district to be quarantined, starts from 13:00, 28 July 2020.[183][184] On 31 July, the neighboring city of Hội An were also placed under quarantine for 15 days after at least 4 people tested positive with COVID-19.[185][186]
The authorities also decided to lockdown four hospitals: Da Nang C Hospital, Da Nang Hospital, Da Nang Orthopedic and Rehabilitation Hospital and Hoan My Hospital where the patients visited just before they were confirmed positive for COVID-19.[187][188]
According to the regulation of the Ministry of Transport issued on 27 July to prevent the COVID-19 pandemic:[189]
After the midnight of 28 July 2020, Da Nang International Airport will be temporarily closed. All public vehicles such as tourist buses, taxis, public buses in the area of Da Nang must stop operating, except for government vehicles, emergency vehicles and any vehicles transporting necessities. Any car traveling through Da Nang cannot stop to pick up passengers in the city.
Vietnam Railways has been instructed to suspend the operation of passenger trains to and from Da Nang station. North–South trains are still operating normally on the route but do not stop when entering the city area. Passenger boats and ferry services originating from Da Nang are also prohibited. Aircraft, ships and vehicles transporting cargo are not affected by this regulation.
On 12 August, Da Nang has decided to continue social distancing for another two weeks when the number of cases in the community still shows no signs of stopping. The local government also issued "shopping coupons" for residents, each family will be given five coupons to use within 15 days, in order to prevent large gatherings at markets.[190]
Da Nang is an example [of the importance] of human resources, medical facility. Despite many efforts but the central government still have to total mobilize to support. If an epidemic occurs in a mountainous province it will be even more difficult. Must be determined that from now on there will be no time of peace, but the readiness for an outbreak.
— Nguyen Thanh Long, the Acting Minister of Health[191]
Field hospital[edit]
On 31 July 2020, the Da Nang Party Committee announced that they will use Tien Son Sport Center in Hải Châu District as a temporary field hospital to help the city's hospitals cope with the rising number of COVID-19 patients in the area. The sport center covers a floor space of 10,000 m2 (110,000 sq ft) with a maximum capacity of 2,000 beds.[192] In the meeting, the committee also agreed to use the sports ground of the Da Nang Military Command to store necessities and medical equipment to support the prevention and control of the epidemic.[193] Mr. Huynh Duc Tho, Chairman of Da Nang People's Committee, stated that the situation of COVID-19 epidemic in the area was very dangerous and that drastic action and strong measures would be required to control the outbreak. The Party Committee tasked the city with urgently buying necessary medical equipment, including ECMO machines, ventilators, protective suits and medical masks.[194]
In January 2021, in response to COVID-19 outbreak in Hải Dương, two field hospitals with a combined capacity of 600 beds have been set up in northern Hải Dương province within 24 hours. The first one was built at the medical centre of Chi Linh city, and staffed by 45 doctors and about 70 nurses who can provide treatment for 200 patients. The second one converted from the Hải Dương Medical Technical University with 210 beds.[195]
Monitoring apps[edit]
On 9 March, the health declaration application named NCOVI was officially launched. After installing NCOVI application on smartphones, people enter full personal information as required to start using. Based on the data submitted, the health system will know the cases that need attention to ensure the fastest and most effective medical assistance.[167][196]
In April, Vietnamese cyber security firm Bkav launched Bluezone, an application that uses Bluetooth low energy positioning technology to detect people in close contact with infected people via smartphones quickly, and accurately. Smartphones with Bluezone installed can communicate with each other, record close contact at a distance of 2 meters, when and for how long to help users know and control patient contacts COVID-19. These app has drawn concerns about users information safety and their privacy. Gathering all citizens data in one place will make tracing disease easier and more efficient, but it also means that Bluezone, will know users contacted with whom, for how long, and when. From this information it can find out the social graph of the majority of people in the country.[197][198]
Public communication and propaganda[edit]
Since the beginning of the pandemic, the government has communicated clearly with the public, setting up websites and telephone hotlines to update on the latest situations. The Ministry of Health also regularly sent out reminders to citizens via text messaging and apps during the crisis, as well as publishing extensive amounts of data and information about the outbreak.[18] Messages on preventive measures such as wearing of mask and physical distancing have been reinforced using infographics and audio-visual materials.[140][199] On a busy day, the national hotlines alone could receive 20,000 calls, not to count the hundreds of provincial and district-level hotlines.[45]
Vietnam is also relying on its propaganda apparatus to help tackle the COVID-19 pandemic. The Central Propaganda Department is responsible for disseminating the propaganda through mass media.[200] Their efforts usually focus on the nationalism, successful measures by the government to control the pandemic, the steady improvement of the situation across the country and the advantages of the one-party political system in dealing with crisis. On the streets, public art in the style of Cold War-era propaganda posters has flourished, exalting nurses instead of guerrillas.[201] The government and local media outlets have used the phrase Cuộc chiến với Covid-19 (War against COVID-19) to illustrate the efforts and sacrifices required to contain the pandemic.[202][203][204][205][206]
Vaccine diplomacy[edit]
While vaccination efforts intensify around the world, Vietnam is one of very few middle-income countries in the process of making its own COVID-19 vaccine. Two Vietnamese vaccines have become the first vaccines to be developed in Southeast Asia to begin clinical trials.
As the majority of vaccine doses go to the United States and Europe, most drug companies are unwilling to share their technology and many countries can't afford to purchase the necessary doses. Like many governments, Vietnam is also wary of becoming over reliant on any single country for its vaccines. But Vietnam's vaccine development is more than ensure health security, this also helps the country's to enhance its geopolitical status. The vaccines may allow Vietnamese government to position itself as a leader among developing countries by supporting their access to the drugs and their recovery as a whole. While drug companies in the US and the UK are firmly attached to their patents and restrict production overseas, Hanoi would offer countries a cheap, reliable and politically neutral vaccine alternative.[207]
Financial support[edit]
On 10 April 2020, Vietnamese government has passed a VND62 trillion ($2.6 billion) financial support package, directly supporting people in difficulties due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Beneficiaries of this support package include employees who have to postpone labour contracts, part-time workers who are unemployed but have not received unemployment benefits, enterprises have no revenue or no financial source to pay salaries, employers, individual business households and people with meritorious services to the nation. However, the disbursement of the support package still faces many difficulties and delays because many reason.[208]
According to the United Nations, Vietnamese government has issued and is implementing a multi-sectoral response to address the social and economic impact of the crisis. The table below summarizes Government policy in support of affected people and enterprises in response to COVID-19.
| Support policy | Budget (USD) | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Fiscal package to support enterprises | $7.8 billion | Tax deference and delayed payment of land use tax and rent for affected enterprises. |
| Loans with zero interest rate to pay workers salary | $10.2-43.1 million | Loans with zero interest rate for affected enterprises. |
| Social protection package | $2.7 billion | Cash transfer for 3 months (April, May and June 2020) for people with merit, poor and near poor households, affected workers and household businesses. |
| Electricity price reduction | $475 million | 10% reduction of electricity price from April to June 2020; free for all households and businesses, health and quarantine facilities. |
| Banks reduce interest rates | Banks reduced interest rates and exempted or reduced fees for making transactions. | |
| Credit package of Commercial banks | $12.3 billion | Loans for less/least affected enterprises but need investment capital after COVID-19. Heavily affected enterprises also can borrow if ability to repay can be proven. |
According to MOLISA, by 29 June 2020, more than 11 million individuals from an approved list of 15.8 million vulnerable people and 6,196 household businesses had received more than 11 trillion VND ($477 million USD) in the social assistance package. However, MOLISA reports indicated some key challenges in implementing this package, including complicated procedures leading to late delivery of cash and limited local funds (30-50% of total local funds) among poor provinces, such as Bình Định, Hòa Bình, Nghệ An and Thanh Hóa. A rapid assessment in May 2020 conducted by the Department of Social Protection with all provinces on the COVID-19 social assistance package indicated that informal workers, small businesses and families with children faced difficulties accessing this package, due to complex registration and screening procedures. Therefore, innovative methods will need to be introduced to support consumer spending and reduce vulnerability among people who have lost employment and earnings during the pandemic.[210]
Cyberattacks on China[edit]
According to Reuters, APT32, a hacker group backed by Vietnamese government, also known as OceanLotus or Cobalt Kitty, has tried to compromise the personal and professional email accounts of staff at China's Ministry of Emergency Management and the local government of Wuhan, the epicenter of COVID-19 pandemic. This group has also been accused of compromising "governments, businesses and health agencies in search of information about the new disease and attempts to combat it."[211]
However, Vietnam says reports that it has supported hacker group APT32 to steal information on COVID-19 from China are ‘baseless’. "This is baseless information. Vietnam strictly forbids cyberattack behavior targeting organizations and individuals in any form", Foreign Affairs Ministry deputy spokesman Ngo Toan Thang said at an online press meet.[212]
Evacuation and repatriation[edit]
By the end of 2020, more than 75,000 Vietnamese people have been flown back to the country on 260 repatriation flights from 59 countries and territories around the world.[213] On 13 July, Prime Minister Nguyễn Xuân Phúc allowed the resumption of commercial flights to and from China after five months of shutdown of international flights to control COVID-19.[214]
On 28 July, Vietnam Airlines repatriation flight VN05 departed from Hanoi to Equatorial Guinea to bring 219 Vietnamese workers back to Vietnam. According to the airline statement, the Airbus A350 will fly directly from Noi Bai International Airport to the city of Bata for more than 12 hours, then stop picking up passengers and refueling for 3 hours, then return to Vietnam. The aircraft is expected to land at Hanoi at 11:20 on 29 July. Of the 219 returning workers, 129 were infected with COVID-19. On the plane, there are 2 doctors and 2 nurses of the Hanoi National Hospital of Tropical Diseases to promptly provide emergency and support to the patients. Health authorities also arrange a variety of medical equipment to support passengers. Medical stretchers are mounted on aircraft, providing emergency aid for serious patients.[215]
Local reactions[edit]
The report issued by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and Mekong Development Research Institute (MDRI), surveyed 1,335 Vietnamese in September for their opinions and experiences of the government's response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Respondents showed strong support for the government's national social distancing order imposed in April, with 88% praising its appropriate timing. A total 39% said they followed the social distancing order, while 12.2% either somewhat followed or disobeyed it. A total 89% of respondents said they supported the government's stance and measures to save as many lives as possible, even if it means the economy might recover more slowly. The percentage is much higher than the global average of 67% agreeing the government should prioritize saving lives over economic recovery.[216]
A survey conducted by Singapore's United Overseas Bank, has found that the Vietnamese are the most optimistic in Southeast Asia about their future despite the economic and social challenges caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Around 81% of Vietnamese respondents said they expect life to go back to normal by the end of this year, while 72% believed they would be financially better. "Their optimism could be due to Vietnam’s success in handling the COVID-19 crisis, which has set a strong foundation for the recovery of the economy," Harry Loh, CEO of UOB Vietnam said. Another reason why Vietnamese people are most optimistic in times of crisis may be because most of them grew up during the war and the “Subsidy Economy” period.[217]
Xenophobia[edit]
The Asia Times reported that "A number of Vietnamese hotels and guesthouses have reportedly hung signs on their doors saying that Chinese guests are not welcome, while many Vietnamese have gone online to demand the closure of all border crossings with China."[218] Signs suggesting that Chinese customers were not welcome were seen in front of a shop in Phú Quốc and a restaurant in Da Nang.[219] South Korean nationals are also reportedly screened due to the rampant outbreak of COVID-19 in South Korea, which has extensive trade relationship with Vietnam.[220][221] When racism started to get more coverage on social media and in the news, the Vietnamese government made a declaration that people could be fined for refusal of service to foreigners. They also provided a hotline for foreigners to call for assistance and to report the situation.[222]
The xenophobic attitudes also occurred in the use of Chinese vaccines in the vaccination program. Nguyen Phuong Linh, lead analyst of Control Risks consultancy firm, said China's vaccine diplomacy had failed with Vietnam mainly because of anti-China sentiments. For successfully managing COVID-19, Vietnamese leaders have gained strong support from the public – which they would not want to lose by using Chinese vaccines for the majority of the population. "From the beginning of the pandemic, the virus has been widely reported in Vietnam as originally coming from China. Since then, the anti-China sentiments, which were already strong, have shown no sign of weakening.", she said.[223][224]
Charity[edit]
Not only with the help of the government, many sponsors have provided food and water to the poor with many positive actions such as "rice ATMs" and free supermarkets. This assistance has contributed greatly to helping the society most vulnerable.[225] A number of business people and famous people also contributed to the people and the government to support the fight against COVID-19 epidemic. At a meeting with representatives of the Vietnam Fatherland Front Committee of Ho Chi Minh City on the morning of 20 March, billionaire Johnathan Hanh Nguyen made a pledge to donate 30 billion VND, of which 25 billion VND was used to pay for medical equipment. In addition, he also handed over a 5000m2 supermarket for use as an isolation area.[226][227]
According to Deputy Chairman of the State Committee for Overseas Vietnamese Luong Thanh Nghi, as soon as the epidemic broke out in China and some countries in the Asia-Pacific region, the Vietnamese community was living, studying and working in Eastern Europe have donated and transported nearly 80,000 medical masks, hundreds of sterile water bottles, protective clothes and medical gloves to support Son Loi commune, Vĩnh Phúc province and a number of hospitals in Hanoi to prevent and fight epidemics.[228][229]
In August 2020, Vietnamese largest corporation Vingroup handed 3,200 ventilators and enough chemicals to performing 100,000 RT-PCR tests to the Ministry of Health.[230][231]
Disobedience to quarantine rules[edit]
Although the authorities have put in place mandatory measures to prevent the spread of disease, there are some people still escaping the quarantined area or dishonest reporting about their symptoms, these actions caused serious consequences to the public.[232] In March 2020, the first patient in Hanoi (patient #17) did not provide an accurate travel history, which made it difficult for immigration officers to know she had travelled through and so that she could avoid concentrated quarantine. This lack of responsibility has caused many people to be infected, making hundreds of people in the neighborhood and a hospital placed under quarantine, putting stress on the city health system.[233]
Anger was also reported due to the increasing number of the infected cases coming from the Muslim community returning from Malaysia following their attendance of the Tablighi Jamaat festival in Sri Petaling mosque, and two to three patients did not obey the self-quarantine law in Vietnam and still attended Islamic events in Ho Chi Minh City, leading to fury and demands to imprison the Muslim population, even among Vietnamese celebrities.[234]
A 28-years-old Vietnam Airlines attendant known as patient 1342 breached self-isolation protocols when going outside and studying at a university. He infected his friend, a 32-year-old English teacher, breaking Vietnam's 88-day streak without community transmission. The teacher went on to infect at least two others, his one-year-old nephew and a 28-year-old student. The attendant said he left home in Tân Bình District at noon on 21 November to have dinner in Phú Nhuận District then visited HUTECH University in Bình Thạnh District. The university has since been locked down and its students were requested to stay home. According to the director of Ho Chi Minh City health department, patient 1342 not just violated the rules of self-quarantine at home, but also of the Vietnam Airlines quarantine facility. He had intruded into the space of another flight crew and contracted the virus from another attendant who had been confirmed as patient 1325 on 26 November. Under the health ministry's directions, the Vietnam Airlines quarantine facility was closed.[235][236] Ho Chi Minh City police has opened a criminal investigation into the Vietnam Airlines flight attendant's breach of COVID-19 quarantine protocols. He has been suspended from his job and faces possible dismissal, while his company will be inspected for compliance with disease prevention regulations, quarantine processes and supervision at quarantine facilities.[237]
Frauds[edit]
On 3 March 2020, a warehouse containing nearly 1 million masks of unknown origin were discovered after the inspection by the police in Tân Phú District, Ho Chi Minh City.[238] Many other cases involving masks of unknown origins, illegally produced, stored and traded have been detected, prevented and charged in time, such as in An Giang,[239] Lạng Sơn,[240] Cao Bằng,[241] and Quảng Ninh,[242] many other cases of production fake mask, illegal transportation of medical supplies abroad, also including collection and sale discarded masks or used masks to the public.[243][244][245]
On 17 April 2020, at the meeting of the Steering Committee on COVID-19 Prevention and Control of Hanoi, Mr. Nguyen Duc Chung, Chairman of Hanoi People's Committee said that the Investigation Police Department on Economic, Corruption Crimes and Smuggling (C03) of the Ministry of Public Security invited some officials of the Hanoi Center for Disease Control (HCDC) to the investigation about the purchase process of the COVID-19 testing machine.[246][247] On 22 April 2020, investigator determined that Mr. Nguyen Nhat Cam, director of the Hanoi CDC, and his accomplices had raised the purchase price for a COVID-19 test kit package using the real-time PCR system by three times.[248] Accordingly, the Investigation Police Department issued a decision to arrest him and six more people on charges of fraudulently buying COVID-19 testing machines. They will be probed on charges of violating bidding regulations causing serious consequences, an offence that can fetch jail terms of up to 20 years.[249][250]
YTN News incident[edit]
On 24 February 2020, a group of 20 South Korean visitors arrived in Da Nang on a flight from Daegu which was South Korea's COVID-19 epicentre.[221][251]
When being informed about the isolation for monitoring by local authorities, some people in the group refused. They were temporarily kept at the Da Nang Lung Disease Hospital before boarding a flight sponsored by the Vietnamese government back to South Korea the following day.[220]
After receiving complaints from few South Korean about the quarantined area, YTN has broadcast a controversial news report that Korean citizens are being "detained" under poor conditions. Accordingly, the people who appeared in the video said that even without any symptoms of coronavirus, they were still "detained" in a locked room, and not provided with adequate meals. Notably, this news also criticised the small isolation room, containing 2-3 people.[220]
Immediately after broadcasting and posting the news video on YouTube, YTN received a backlash from Vietnamese netizens. Some people demanded the news agency to apologise for posting false information. Under pressure from netizens, on 2 March, on their official website, YTN News had to publish an apology about the incident. In the statement, YTN stressed that they would continue to tell the truth and protect South Korean citizens, but at the same time be more careful with broadcasting style to avoid misunderstandings, especially regarding cultural differences.[220][221]
Assessment[edit]
Compliments[edit]
In comparison to other commended examples like South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan, Vietnam had experienced a much lower number of cases, and no fatalities for six consecutive months[14][253][254] — an achievement recalling the success in 2003 when Vietnam became the first country to be cleared of the SARS outbreak.[14] Even after dozens of deaths recorded during the second wave, the toll in Vietnam against its population, peaking at the rate of 0.4 deaths per million people, remains lower than most of the world.[255][256] Researcher Martha Lincoln, the San Francisco State medical anthropologist, who has worked in Vietnam extensively, describes Vietnam's public health response as "impeccable and relentless".[257]
Vietnam responded to the pandemic "early and proactively", as complimented by World Health Organization representative Kidong Park, with risk assessment conducted just after first reported cases in China in January.[14] The country is accredited by Professor Mike Toole from the Burnet Institute with acting "probably faster than any country in the world outside China". Toole points out that Vietnam had already developed three COVID-19 test kits by early March, the time when the U.S. had not even acquired an effective one.[12] The Guardian praised Vietnam's propaganda posters reflecting the wartime spirit and Vietnamese nationalism, along with early isolation and tracing objects in contact with the sick helped Vietnam avoid the disaster that Europe is suffering.[258]
Another the reasons Vietnam was able to act so quickly and keep the case count so low is that the country experienced a severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic in 2003 and human cases of avian influenza between 2004 and 2010. As a result, Vietnam had both the experience and infrastructure to take appropriate action. Vietnam makes many key containment decisions in a matter of days, which may take weeks for governments in other countries to make. Although Vietnam is a highly centralized country, a number of key decisions were made at the local level, which also contributed to the swift response.[16]
One of the unique parts of Vietnam's response is its meticulous contact-tracing effort.[45] Due to its inability to conduct mass testing like South Korea, Vietnam has taken a targeted approach to testing, scaling it up in areas with community transmission, implementing a strict 14-day quarantine policy, and keeping track of second, third and fourth levels of contact to infected persons, who then will be placed under different levels of movement and contact restrictions.[254][16] According to CNN, if authorities had not proactively sought out people with infection risks, the virus could have quietly spread in communities days before being detected.[45] For example, in early April, 45,000 people were ordered to quarantine for only 240 infected people. Whenever a small cluster of infections emerged, the entire village or city was sealed off from the outside world.[259][260] As of 18 April 2021[update], more than 15.7 million people have been placed under quarantine.[3] Instead of relying on medicine and technology, the Vietnamese state security apparatus has adopted an widespread of public surveillance system along with a public well-respected military force.[254][261] One-party national mechanism and powerful military-security forces helps the government to make decisions quickly and enact them promptly. Vietnam also has a strong surveillance culture with neighbours who will inform their local police if they suspect any misconduct. "This is not an approach that can be taken in Western societies."[262] Experiences with pandemics have led to the longer-term development not only of institutional preparedness but also of "social memory," which has been shown instrumental in nudging people to adopt protective behaviors and heed official regulations and guidance in other COVID-19 response contexts.[263]
Beyond the political factors, social solidarity and unity also played a substantial role.[264] These sentiments imply an attitude of self-sacrifice on behalf of the broader community, a value that may be explained in part through Vietnam's socialist history and decades-long struggle for sovereignty. It is important, however, not to allow this grander narrative to minimize the practical individual motivation to keep family, friends, and neighbors safe through social distancing and other measures. Reports from the media indicate that, in time of severe crisis, people may be willing and prepared to accept more restrictive actions to save lives.[265] As willingness to embrace social distancing was credited with helping mitigate the spread of COVID-19 in Vietnam, examinations of the underlying motivation should acknowledge nationalism and solidarity as important but not sole determinants of effectiveness.[266]
Analysts indicate transparency as the key difference between pandemic management in Vietnam and in the neighboring China, despite their similar communist institutions. Most international experts present in Vietnam refute skepticism and accord high credibility to statistics provided by the Ministry of Health.[12][261][267][268] According to Professor Guy Thwaites, the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit in Ho Chi Minh City had conducted 20,000 separate tests, of which the results matched those publicized by the government.[268] An investigation by Reuters correspondents in April on 13 funeral organizers in Hanoi found no abnormal upsurge in the number of deaths, if not even a slight decrease due to reduction of traffic accidents during the lockdown.[267] Huong Le Thu, analyst at the Australian Strategic Policy Institute, cites reports of deaths during the second wave as a further demonstration that the zero fatality rate in the previous phase "should have not been questioned in the first place".[269] Trien Vinh Le and Huy Quynh Nguyen from the University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City highlight the difference from the censorship policy in China:
As a country with political institutions quite similar to China, Vietnam has long been considered to be a lot more open than China in terms of media censorship and information control. People in Vietnam, for example, can use most of the world's social networks. Facebook is especially widely used and serves as a giant platform for people sharing information as well as expressing criticism, directly or indirectly, of government policies. While China's media was slow to reveal its vulnerabilities and information about the mysterious pneumonia in Wuhan, doubts about the disease statistics from China in the early stages were laid bare to the Vietnamese internet community, enabling a stronger sense of prevention. Anecdotally, some scholars were seriously criticized when they proposed that face masks were unnecessary and coronavirus was not as dangerous as seasonal influenza in the United States.[19]
Criticism[edit]
Human rights[edit]
Vietnam also received criticism for its response from anti-communist overseas Vietnamese, who accused the government of not being pro-active enough and censorship.[270] Some critics of the government have been arrested for allegedly spreading false information and political criticism about the government actions on coronavirus pandemic.[271] From January to March 2020, police censored around 300,000 posts on news sites and blogs and 600,000 posts on social media about COVID-19. During those two months, police took action against 654 cases of distributing fake news and sanctioned 146 people.[272] UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Michelle Bachelet criticized that Vietnam using laws governing alleged fake news in other contexts to "deter legitimate speech, especially public debate, criticism of government policy and suppress freedom of expression". She also said: "Arrests for expressing discontent or allegedly spreading false information through the press and social media, have been reported".[273]
Personal information[edit]
The Government has avoided officially publishing unnecessary personal information relating to individuals who are infected or potentially infected with COVID-19. However, in some cases, individuals diagnosed as having COVID-19 or those in quarantine, were reported to have personal and inaccurate data publicised unofficially on social media sites, including photos and personal ID information. Such problems deeply impacted the mental health of the affected individuals, including family members, even when they tested negative.[274] Such situations also risk dissuading persons who may be infected from seeking medical treatment or declaring themselves to health authorities in order to avoid stigma, which in turn would hinder efforts to contain the pandemic.[275]
Impact[edit]
Economy[edit]
(by percentage)
Sources: Asian Development Bank (ADB)[23]
2020[edit]
Like most of the world's economy, Vietnam was hit hard by the outbreak because of the slowdown of private and national industries, the downturn of stock exchanges, and the lower number of incoming tourists, making hundreds of thousands people struggling to find jobs and are relying mostly on unemployment benefits to survive.[22] According to government figures, 3,000 businesses have closed in the first two months of 2020.[254] However, Vietnam's economic growth is expected to be higher than the Asia average of 2.2%. Despite the deceleration in economic activity and the downside risks posed by the pandemic, Vietnam's GDP growth rate is still to remain one of the highest in Asia-Pacific Region, according to Asian Development Bank report.[23][276][277] In November the IMF assessed that Vietnam was expected to be the only country in South East Asia that was expected to grow in 2020.[278]
Vietnam Industry Agency says industry manufacturing processing is in short supply of raw materials and components (mostly imported from Japan, China, South Korea) leads to the risk of stopping many factory operation.[279] According to the survey conducted by the Vietnam Chamber of Commerce and Industry (VCCI) and the World Bank with the participation of nearly 10,200 enterprises (nearly 85% from domestic private, the rest are from FDI sector) about the impact of COVID-19. The survey results showed that the biggest difficulties for businesses during the pandemic are accessing customers, cash flow, labor and supply chain. At the announcement of the report on the morning of 12 March 2021, Mr. Dau Anh Tuan, Head of the VCCI Legal Department assessed that the pandemic in general had a very negative impact on Vietnam's businesses.[280]
In total, 87.2% of enterprises participated in the survey said that they are negatively affected, 11% are not and only 2% recorded positive growth rates. Businesses that have been operating for less than 3 years, small and micro-enterprise are struggle the most. In terms of sectors, private enterprises in some industries have the highest rate of negative impacts are garment (97%), information and communication (96%), and electrical equipment manufacturing (94%). Some industries have lower rates of impact but still fluctuate around 80% such as real estate and mining. For the FDI sector, businesses in real estate, information and communication, agriculture and fishery have a large impact, over 95%.
In addition, to withstand the pandemic, 35% of private enterprises and 22% of FDI enterprises have had to lay off their employees. In which, 36% of small and micro private enterprises, 26% of medium-sized enterprises and 32% of large-scale enterprises implemented this measure.[281] The Vietnam General Statistics Office said export turnover reached US$99.36 billion, down 1.7% year-on-year. Meanwhile, import value reached US$97.48 billion, down 3%, Vietnam's exports to the EU and ASEAN fell 12% and 13.4%[282]
The International Monetary Fund is projecting Vietnam's economic growth at 2.4% in 2020 at a time when economies of most countries in the world are shrinking. Vietnam's growth was "among the highest in the world, thanks to its decisive steps to contain the health and economic fallout from COVID-19", IMF mission chief Era Dabla-Norris said. VCCI emphasized that COVID-19, besides the negative effects, it also offers Vietnam an opportunity to develop the economy when major partner countries such as Japan, the US, the EU, Australia, etc., are looking for a place to transfer a part of their supply chain out of China. With a number of new-generation free trade agreements such as CPTPP and EVFTA, those will help the country to diversify its economic and trade relations, also create favorable conditions for Vietnamese businesses and attract investment to the priority industries and sectors.[283]
2021[edit]
In the second half of 2020, the economy was somewhat improved by strictly COVID measures. But the new outbreak before the Lunar New Year broke this recovery.
Due to the fear of COVID-19 outbreak in Hải Dương and Quảng Ninh in January 2021, the VN-Index plummeted 6.67%, or 73.23 points, to 1,023 points Thursday, the worst single-session loss since September 11 attacks. The Ho Chi Minh Stock Exchange (HoSE), on which the VN-Index is based, 478 of its tickers lost and only 20 gained. Out of these, a record 276 tickers hit their floor prices, the lowest they could go in a trading day. In addition, the VN30-Index for the stock market's 30 largest caps sank 6.73%, with 29 stocks losing and one gaining. A total 28 stocks in this basket sank to their floor prices.[284]
According to Vietnam's General Statistics Office, the number of employed workers in the first quarter of 2021 decreased by one million people, down to 49,9 million from 50,9 million in the previous quarter. The country still has 9,1 million workers aged 15 and over that were negatively affected by the pandemic. Of which more than half a million people lose their jobs, 2,8 million people took unpaid leave, 3,1 million workers had their working hours cut, and 6,5 million people reporting reduced incomes. Two-thirds of these people are between the ages of 24 and 54. Severe COVID-19 impacts have seen as many as 40,300 companies shut down in the first quarter, a year-on-year increase of 16%.
However, the pandemic has changed working habits, promoting the application of information technology of workers to adapt to new normal conditions. At least 78,000 workers said they have turned to information technology to keep their jobs.[285]
In March 2021, the World Bank published a report that forecast Vietnam to be among the fastest growing economies in the East Asia and Pacific region with a projected growth of 6.6% in 2021.[286]
Unemployment[edit]
According to a report published by the General Statistics Office, as of December 2020, 32.1 million people nationwide have been affected by the pandemic. Of which, 69.2% of people suffer a decrease in their income, 39.9% have to reduce their working hours and about 14.0% have been laid off. The labour force in the service sector suffered heaviest losses with 71.6% affected, followed by industry and construction (64.7%) and agriculture, forestry and fishery (26.4%). The Ministry of Labour, Invalids and Social Affairs said the number of people filing for unemployment in May 2020 surged 44% year-on-year to 157,900. In the first five months 26,000 companies suspended their business. In the worst-case scenario, the number of workers affected by the pandemic could rise to 7.2 million in the second quarter, the ministry estimated.[23] Generally, in 2020, Vietnam's workforce decreased by 1.2 million people to 54.6 million. In the 2016–2019 period, the labor force increases by 0.8% per year on average. "If the workforce in 2020 maintained the same growth rate as in 2016–2019 period and not affected by the pandemic, there would be 1.6 million more workers in the economy. In other words, COVID-19 could have taken away the chance of these people participating in the labour market.".[287]
The pandemic also changes the seasonal trend of the labour forces between quarters of the year. In 2016–2019 period, the number of labour forces in the first quarter was always the lowest, then increased gradually in the following quarters and reached the highest level in the fourth quarter. But in 2020, the number of labour started to decline in the first quarter, then continued to decline sharply and hit the bottom in the second quarter and gradually recovered in the third and fourth quarter. "Although the economy are recovering but the workforce in the fourth quarter has not yet reached its pre-pandemic state. The number of labour in fourth quarter was still lower than the first quarter approximately 200,000 people", the General Statistics Office said.[288]
Stockpiling[edit]
Stores across Vietnam quickly sold out of surgical masks and hand sanitisers after the initial cases of coronavirus were reported. This followed a similar trend in many other Asian countries.[289] Interim Health Minister Vũ Đức Đam urged the public to remain calm during the outbreak and avoid excessive emergency shopping.[290] Vietnamese authorities also arrested people profiteering from the outbreak.[291]
Aviation and tourism[edit]
Sources: Civil Aviation Authority of Vietnam (CAAV)[292]
Tourism is the most severely affected industry in Vietnam. The Civil Aviation Authority of Vietnam said the aviation industry is in the worst situation in the 60 years of its existence. Of the 234 Vietnam registered aircraft, more than 200 were grounded while airlines still have to spend hundreds of millions dollars to maintain operations such as: aircraft leasing costs, employee salaries, aircraft maintenance and apron parking fees.[293] Vietnam Airlines estimated that its 2020 revenues could decline by US$2.1 billion. This has seen as many as 10,000 employees of the national flag carrier, over 50% of its staff strength, taking unpaid leave. Duong Tri Thanh, CEO of Vietnam Airlines, stressed that the carrier was going through the hardest time in its history.[294] However, as COVID-19 was brought under control in 2020, it was predicted that Vietnam's aviation will recover faster than other countries in Southeast Asia. According to a Fitch Ratings forecast, the revenue passenger kilometers (RPK) of Vietnamese airlines would be around 55% of the baseline level in 2020 and will increase to 90% in 2021.[295]
According to the General Statistics Office, in August 2020 only over 16,300 foreigners came to Vietnam, mostly experts coming to work. Since 25 July when the second wave arose, many localities have to closed tourist attractions and deployed measures to curb the spread of infections within the country. The absence of foreign travellers has dealt a severe blow to the tourism sector. The ancient imperial city of Huế – which is popular with foreign visitors – resembled a ghost town during the pandemic, with Thừa Thiên Huế province's tourism department saying that 80% of hotels were closed, while 8,000 people had lost their jobs.[296] In Khánh Hòa Province, where Nha Trang is located, saw the number of tourists fall by over 80% to 1,25 million in 2020. As a result, hundreds of hotels are being sold for cheap in tourism hotspot Nha Trang. Authorities have said that the pandemic has caused major difficulties for more than 1,100 accommodation facilities. Around 100 have suspended operations so far, according to the provincial tourism department.[297]
Revenue from lodging and food & beverage services was US$22.1 billion, down 13%, while revenue from travel agencies' services was US$776 million, a 59.5% drop. The tourism sector served 3.83 million visitors, against a record 18 million in 2019, with the government closing borders and canceling all international flights.[298] The fall was seen in almost all major markets, such as China, Malaysia, South Korea, Japan and France.[282] In a recent report by Ho Chi Minh City Department of Tourism, about 90% of travel related businesses in the city had to suspend operations during the second wave.[299]
In 2020, 66 million passengers passed through the country's airports, a 43.5% decrease given the impacts of the COVID-19 crisis and unfavorable weather conditions. Twenty two airports across Vietnam accommodated 340,000 flights operated by 68 foreign and five Vietnamese carriers, down 31.9% from 2019, they also handled nearly 1.3 million tons of cargo, down 14.7% year-on-year, according to a report released by the Civil Aviation Authority of Vietnam (CAAV). National flag carrier Vietnam Airlines and two budget carriers VietJet Air and Bamboo Airways have requested government support and refinancing loans. They estimated that under current conditions, the industry would only fully recover by 2023 at the earliest.[300][301][302]
Education[edit]
On 6 February, under the lead of Phung Xuan Nha, the Minister of Vietnam Education and Training, the Steering Committee for Disease Prevention and Control met and agreed to let the student's stay at home by an additional week after the Tet holiday. On 14 February, the Ministry of Health reported that schools would remain closed until the end of February, after which schools would close nationwide. The nationwide school closure decision was issued together with a nationwide quarantine order on 31 March, which went into effect 1 April. As a matter of fact, Vietnamese students will not to go to school at first semester on 2020–2021 academic year, so schools are slowly adopting online teaching.[303] On 31 March, the Ministry of Education and Training issued a guide of teaching plans for the second semester of the academic year 2019–2020 for junior high school and high school levels.[304]
The 2020 National High School Graduation Examination (NHSGE) test is only the recognition of the student finishing the high school's education programme instead of "two in one" purpose which is recognition of student finishing the high school's education programme and using high school exams for university admission like before. The test will divided into two specific phases, first phase take place from 8 to 10 August for the least affected provinces. The second phase take place on 3 and 4 September at 11 exam councils, with the participation of more than 26,000 students, mostly in the coronavirus epicentre in central Vietnam, along with others quarantined for having close contact with confirmed COVID-19 cases.[305]
School closures from February to May impacted an estimated 21.2 million children nationwide and meant the loss of access to key health and protective services as well as subsidized school meals. COVID-19 also triggered school drop-outs as children accompany parents seeking employment opportunities at new locations. Approximately 3% of rural households reported they stopped sending children to school due to reduced incomes.[306] Household registration remains a potential administrative barrier, especially for migrant children, to access the public education system. Most notably, the COVID-19 crisis exacerbated the country's stark digital divide: many learners live in remote regions with limited internet coverage, cannot afford devices required for online learning or do not have teachers confident to facilitate such learning.[307] The provision of online and distance learning programmes did not achieve nationwide coverage. Such learning programmes were available from primary to university levels, however, they primarily focused on grades 9 and 12 in other provinces. Only large cities had programmes from elementary to high school. User fees applied for some video lessons. Online and distance learning focused on few subjects like maths, Vietnamese and English and often not available in ethnic minority languages,[308] while vital extra curriculum programmes such as sex education were often not covered. Half of a survey's interviewed participants reported their children studied less or not at all while schools were closed. Many teachers were not well equipped to facilitate online learning, while ethnic minority children and children with disabilities were disproportionately affected.[309]
Pharmaceutical[edit]
Contrary to the pre-pandemic positive forecast, total pharmaceutical revenue in 2020 only increase by less than 3%, compared with an average of nearly 12% each year due to social distancing and tight control of hospital visits. According to SSI Research, in the ethical drugs market, infection concerns and strict health examination procedures at many hospitals limit the number of patients who come for periodic check-ups causing the number of nationwide medical examination and treatment to decrease 10% to 15%. While in the over-the-counter drugs market (mainly from drugstores and pharmacies), people switch from buying drugs to hand sanitizers and medical masks, which are not the main product of most pharmaceutical companies in the country, reducing the sales of the whole industry.
However, 2020 was a "significant" year for merger and acquisition (M&A) activities in the pharmaceutical industry. The total value of M&A in 2020 is estimated at $72.8 million USD, with the participation of many foreign investors. The biggest deal is SK Group (Korea), which specializes in cancer, nerve and cardiovascular drugs, spent $39.8 million to buy 25% shares of Imexpharm Pharmaceutical Company (IMP). In addition, Stada Arzneimittel (Germany), specializing in the production of generic drugs, has spent more than $17.3 million raising its ownership in Pymepharco Joint Stock Company from 70% to 76%; while ASKA Pharmaceutical (Japan), specializing in gastrointestinal drugs, hormones and obstetrics and gynecology, spent $16 million to own 25% stake in Hataphar – the second largest drug company in Vietnam in 2019. These foreign partners all have experience in high-quality drug portfolio that can assist Vietnamese pharmaceutical companies.[310]
The pandemic is a big challenge to the performance of the pharmaceutical industry, especially if the disease spreads in the community. But in general, spending on health care is essential and the demand only decreased for a short time. Furthermore, Vietnam's rapidly aging population and increasing per capita income continue to support the long-term growth of the healthcare market, so "the possibility of the industry recovering in 2021 is very likely" SSI's report assessed.[311]
Sport[edit]
The outbreak also forced the 2020 V.League 1 to be delayed to 7 March until further announcement, which affected the preparation of Vietnam national football team for the upcoming 2022 World Cup qualification.[312][313] It also caused the Vietnamese Grand Prix of the 2020 Formula One World Championship to be postponed until 2021.[314][315][316]
On 23 May 2020, 2020 V.League 1 played the first match between CLB Dược Nam Hà Nam Định and CLB Hoàng Anh Gia Lai with 10,000 spectators on Thiên Trường Stadium, this is the first professional football match in the world having spectators since the pandemic breaks.[317][318]
Due to national travel restrictions, League of Legends esports teams of Vietnam Championship Series could not participate in the 2020 World Championship[319] and 2021 Mid-Season Invitational.[320]
In popular culture[edit]
Vietnam's National Institute of Occupational and Environmental Health commissioned artists to release the song "Ghen Cô Vy" ("Jealous Coronavirus"), a remake of the 2017 song "Ghen" ("Jealous"), to teach people how to thoroughly wash their hands during the worldwide coronavirus outbreak.[321][322][254] It has gone viral amidst the coronavirus outbreak, first earning praise from John Oliver in his talk show Last Week Tonight with John Oliver and has become increasingly popular among public and frequently duplicated by netizens, with UNICEF recommending the video as a means of fighting back the fear of coronavirus.[323]
International reactions[edit]
- Asian Development Bank: In December 2020, ADB announced it has provided to Vietnam $600,000 USD in material aid. This would facilitate the addition of protective equipment worth US$500,000 at the National Lung Hospital in Hanoi and a US$100,000 gear upgrade at the Public Health Emergency Operation Center (PHEOC) under the Ministry of Health.[324]
Australia: Simon Birmingham, Minister for Trade, Tourism and Investment congratulated Vietnam for its achievements in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic.[325] He also thanked Vietnam for resuming the export of rice, helping rice importing countries including small countries in the Oceania-Pacific region to ensure their food demand.[325]
Chile: Chilean Ambassador to Vietnam Jaime Chomali said Vietnam has recorded only few new infections although having high population which showed that its efforts have produced persuasive outcomes. He feels confident in Vietnam's rapid economic recovery than that of other regional countries.[326]
China: In a phone call with his Vietnamese counterpart Nguyễn Phú Trọng, Chinese Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping said that he "appreciates the results of the prevention and control of the COVID-19 epidemic in Vietnam, as well as the cooperation and coordination between the two countries in the fight against the coronavirus".[327][328]
Germany: In a statement published on its Facebook page on 14 April, the Federal Foreign Office showed appreciation and gratitude for the reactions of the Vietnamese government and people of Vietnam in supporting the European country's efforts in combatting COVID-19.[329]
Japan: Prime Minister Shinzo Abe said that his government decided to hand out a coronavirus stimulus of ¥100,000 per individual, including Vietnamese living and working in Japan and affirmed to continue efforts to ensure safety for Vietnamese citizens. Two governments agreed to continue working closely in strengthening exchanges and cooperation across all fields. Abe affirmed Japan will continue offering the second support package to help Vietnam cope with the disease and assist the country in economic growth.[330]
Russia: Prime Minister of Russia Mikhail Mishustin agreed with the Vietnamese government to continue facilitating trade between the two countries amid the pandemic. He also spoke highly of Vietnam's response to the COVID-19 and thanked Vietnam for offering 150,000 face masks to help Russia deal with the pandemic.[331] Russian Ambassador Konstantin Vnukov appreciated Vietnam's performance in the fight against COVID-19 and expressed hope that the countries would proceed with their mutual support in the fight against the pandemic.[326]
South Korea: South Korean President Moon Jae-in highly valued the measures taken by the Vietnamese government in containing the pandemic and affirmed that South Korea was ready to share experiences and cooperate with Vietnam in fighting the pandemic and protecting the population.[332]
United Kingdom: Gareth Ward, British Ambassador to Vietnam expressed his thanks for the support of the Vietnamese government for the British repatriation flight and the medical supplies to aid the UK in combating the pandemic.[333]
United States: The United States Ambassador to Vietnam, Daniel Kritenbrink, praised Vietnam for its rapid response to the outbreak.[334] The US delegation also praised Vietnam for its quarantine efforts, and has cooperated with the Vietnamese Embassy in the United States.[335] Matthew Moore, a Hanoi-based official from the CDC expressed "great confidence" in the Vietnamese government's response to the crisis.[267]
Statistics[edit]
Number of cases by age and conditions
|
In-patient: 386 (12.93% of confirmed cases)
Discharged: 2,560 (85.76% of confirmed cases)
Deaths: 35 (1.17% of confirmed cases)
Other causes of deaths: 4 (0.14% of confirmed cases)
Male: 49.1% of confirmed cases
Female: 50.9% of confirmed cases
Community-spread: 56.9% of confirmed cases
Imported: 33.1% of confirmed cases
|
|
(a rising straight line indicates exponential growth, while a horizontal line indicates linear growth)
Sources:
Ministry of Health of Vietnam (Chart from Vietnam Ministry of Health)
Vietnam Centre for Disease Control (VNCDC)
| Case | Date | Age | Gender | Nationality | Place of detection | Place of treatment | Been to Wuhan, Hubei | Been to Covid-19 countries (excluding China) | Status | Note | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 23 January 2020 | 66 | Male | China | Ho Chi Minh City | Cho Ray Hospital | Yes | No | Discharged | [336] | |
| 2 | 28 | Yes | No | Discharged | Son of case 1 | ||||||
| 3 | 30 January 2020 | 25 | Female | Vietnam | Thanh Hoa | Thanh Hoa General Hospital | Yes | No | Discharged | [336] | |
| 4 | 29 | Male | Vinh Phuc | Hanoi National Hospital of Tropical Diseases | Yes | No | Discharged | ||||
| 5 | 23 | Female | Yes | No | Discharged | ||||||
| 6 | 1 February 2020 | 25 | Female | Vietnam | Khanh Hoa | Khanh Hoa Hospital of Tropical Diseases | No | No | Discharged | Related to cases 1 and 2 | [336] |
| 7 | 2 February 2020 | 73 | Male | United States | Ho Chi Minh City | Ho Chi Minh City Hospital of Tropical Diseases | Yes | No | Discharged | Stayed at Wuhan Tianhe International Airport before flying to Vietnam | [336] |
| 8 | 3 February 2020 | 29 | Female | Vietnam | Vinh Phuc | Hanoi National Hospital of Tropical Diseases (2nd Branch) | Yes | No | Discharged | [336] | |
| 9 | 4 February 2020 | 30 | Male | Vietnam | Vinh Phuc | Hanoi National Hospital of Tropical Diseases (2nd Branch) | Yes | No | Discharged | [336] | |
| 10 | 42 | Female | Binh Xuyen District Medical Centre | No | No | Discharged | Cousin of case 5 | ||||
| 11 | 6 February 2020 | 49 | Female | Vietnam | Vinh Phuc | Binh Xuyen District Medical Centre | No | No | Discharged | Mother of case 5 | [336] |
| 12 | 16 | No | No | Discharged | Sister of case 5 | ||||||
| 13 | 7 February 2020 | 29 | Female | Vietnam | Vinh Phuc | Tam Dao Health Centre | Yes | No | Discharged | [336] | |
| 14 | 9 February 2020 | 55 | Female | Vietnam | Vinh Phuc | Hanoi National Hospital of Tropical Diseases (2nd Branch) | No | No | Discharged | Neighbor of case 5 | [336] |
| 15 | 11 February 2020 | 3 months | Female | Vietnam | Vinh Phuc | Vietnam National Children's Hospital | No | No | Discharged | Grandchildren of case 10 | [336] |
| 16 | 13 February 2020 | 50 | Male | Vietnam | Vinh Phuc | Binh Xuyen District Medical Centre | No | No | Discharged | Father of case 5 | [336] |
| 17 | 6 March 2020 | 26 | Female | Vietnam | Hanoi | Hanoi National Hospital of Tropical Diseases (2nd Branch) | No | Yes | Discharged | Visited to United Kingdom, Italy and France. Related to flight VN54 cluster | [337][338] |
| 18 | 7 March 2020 | 27 | Male | Vietnam | Ninh Binh | Ninh Binh General Hospital | No | Yes | Discharged | Worked in Daegu | [339] |
| 19 | 64 | Female | Hanoi | Hanoi National Hospital of Tropical Diseases (2nd Branch) | No | No | Discharged | Aunt of case 17 | |||
| 20 | 27 | Male | No | No | Discharged | Driver of case 17 | |||||
| 21 | 8 March 2020 | 61 | Male | Vietnam | Hanoi | Hanoi National Hospital of Tropical Diseases (2nd Branch) | No | Yes | Discharged | Flight VN54 cluster | [340] |
| 22 | 60 | United Kingdom | Da Nang | Da Nang Hospital | No | Yes | Discharged | ||||
| 23 | 66 | No | Yes | Discharged | |||||||
| 24 | 67 | Female | Ireland | Quang Ninh | Hanoi National Hospital of Tropical Diseases (2nd Branch) | No | Yes | Discharged | |||
| 25 | 50 | United Kingdom | No | Yes | Discharged | ||||||
| 26 | 74 | Male | No | Yes | Discharged | ||||||
| 27 | 70 | Female | No | Yes | Discharged | ||||||
| 28 | 69 | Male | Lao Cai | No | Yes | Discharged | |||||
| 29 | 70 | Female | No | Yes | Discharged | ||||||
| 30 | 66 | Thua Thien Hue | Hue Central Hospital (2nd Branch) | No | Yes | Discharged | |||||
| 31 | 9 March 2020 | 49 | Male | United Kingdom | Quang Nam | Hue Central Hospital (2nd Branch) | No | Yes | Discharged | Flight VN54 cluster | [341] |
| 32 | 10 March 2020 | 24 | Female | Vietnam | Ho Chi Minh City | Ho Chi Minh City Hospital of Tropical Diseases | No | Yes | Discharged | Friend and related to case 17 at London before flied to Vietnam | [342] |
| 33 | 58 | Male | United Kingdom | Quang Nam | Hue Central Hospital (2nd Branch) | No | Yes | Discharged | Flight VN54 cluster | [343] | |
| 34 | 51 | Female | Vietnam | Binh Thuan | Binh Thuan General Hospital | No | Yes | Discharged | Visited United States and Qatar | ||
| 35 | 11 March 2020 | 29 | Female | Vietnam | Da Nang | Da Nang Hospital | No | No | Discharged | Related to cases 22 and 23 in Da Nang | |
| 36 | 64 | Binh Thuan | Binh Thuan General Hospital | No | No | Discharged | Helper of case 34 | ||||
| 37 | 37 | No | No | Discharged | Employee of case 34 | ||||||
| 38 | 28 | No | No | Discharged | Daughter-in-law of case 34 | ||||||
| 39 | 25 | Male | Hanoi | Hanoi National Hospital of Tropical Diseases (2nd Branch) | No | No | Discharged | Tour guide for case 24 | [344] | ||
| 40 | 12 March 2020 | 59 | Male | Vietnam | Binh Thuan | Binh Thuan General Hospital | No | No | Discharged | Husband of case 34 | |
| 41 | 28 | No | No | Discharged | Son of case 34 | ||||||
| 42 | 2 | Female | No | No | Discharged | Granddaughter of case 34 | |||||
| 43 | 47 | No | No | Discharged | Close contact with case 38 | ||||||
| 44 | 13 | Male | No | No | Discharged | Son of case 37 | |||||
| 45 | 13 March 2020 | 25 | Male | Vietnam | Ho Chi Minh City | Cu Chi Field Hospital | No | No | Discharged | Close contact with case 34 | |
| 46 | 30 | Female | Hanoi | Hanoi National Hospital of Tropical Diseases (2nd Branch) | No | Yes | Discharged | Flight attendant on flight VN54 | |||
| 47 | 43 | No | No | Discharged | Helper of case 17 | ||||||
| 48 | 14 March 2020 | 31 | Male | Vietnam | Ho Chi Minh City | Cu Chi Field Hospital | No | No | Discharged | Close contact with case 34 | |
| 49 | 71 | United Kingdom | Thua Thien Hue | Hue Central Hospital (2nd Branch) | No | Yes | Discharged | Husband of case 30, related to flight VN54 cluster | |||
| 50 | 24 | Female | Vietnam | Quang Ninh | 2nd Field Hospital | No | Yes | Discharged | |||
| 51 | 50 | Male | Hanoi | Hanoi National Hospital of Tropical Diseases (2nd Branch) | No | Yes | Discharged | ||||
| 52 | 22 | Female | No | Yes | Discharged | ||||||
| 53 | 53 | Male | Czech Republic | Ho Chi Minh City | Cu Chi Field Hospital | No | Yes | Discharged | |||
| 54 | 15 March 2020 | 33 | Male | Latvia | Ho Chi Minh City | Can Gio District Medical Centre | No | Yes | Discharged | [345][346] | |
| 55 | 35 | Germany | Hanoi | Hanoi National Hospital of Tropical Diseases (2nd Branch) | No | Yes | Discharged | ||||
| 56 | 30 | United Kingdom | No | Yes | Discharged | ||||||
| 57 | 66 | United Kingdom | Quang Nam | Quang Nam General Hospital | No | Yes | Discharged | Same flight as case 46 | |||
| 58 | 16 March 2020 | 26 | Female | Vietnam | Hanoi | Hanoi National Hospital of Tropical Diseases (2nd Branch) | No | Yes | Discharged | [345] | |
| 59 | 30 | No | Yes | Discharged | Flight attendant on flight VN54 | ||||||
| 60 | 29 | Male | France | No | Yes | Discharged | |||||
| 61 | 42 | Vietnam | Ninh Thuan | Ninh Thuan General Hospital | No | Yes | Discharged | ||||
| 62 | 17 March 2020 | 18 | Male | Vietnam | Quang Ninh | Hanoi National Hospital of Tropical Diseases (2nd Branch) | No | Yes | Discharged | [345] | |
| 63 | 20 | Female | Hanoi | No | Yes | Discharged | |||||
| 64 | 36 | Ho Chi Minh City | Cu Chi Field Hospital | No | Yes | Discharged | |||||
| 65 | 28 | No | No | Discharged | Colleague of case 45 and 48 | ||||||
| 66 | 21 | No | Yes | Discharged | |||||||
| 67 | 18 March 2020 | 36 | Male | Vietnam | Ninh Thuan | Ninh Thuan General Hospital | No | Yes | Discharged | Same flight as case 61 | [345] |
| 68 | 41 | United States | Da Nang | Da Nang Hospital | No | Yes | Discharged | ||||
| 69 | 30 | Germany | Hanoi | Hanoi National Hospital of Tropical Diseases (2nd Branch) | No | Yes | Discharged | ||||
| 70 | 19 | Vietnam | No | Yes | Discharged | ||||||
| 71 | 19 | Female | No | Yes | Discharged | ||||||
| 72 | 25 | France | No | Yes | Discharged | Girlfriend of case 60 | |||||
| 73 | 11 | Male | Vietnam | Hai Duong | Thanh Mien District Medical Centre | No | Yes | Discharged | Same flight as case 46 and 59 | ||
| 74 | 23 | Bac Ninh | Bac Ninh General Hospital | No | Yes | Discharged | |||||
| 75 | 40 | Female | Ho Chi Minh City | Cu Chi Field Hospital | No | Yes | Discharged | ||||
| 76 | 52 | Male | France | Hanoi | Hanoi National Hospital of Tropical Diseases (2nd Branch) | No | Yes | Discharged | |||
| 77 | 19 March 2020 | 25 | Female | Vietnam | Hanoi | Hanoi National Hospital of Tropical Diseases (2nd Branch) | No | Yes | Discharged | [345] | |
| 78 | 22 | Male | No | Yes | Discharged | ||||||
| 79 | 48 | Female | Ho Chi Minh City | Cu Chi Field Hospital | No | Yes | Discharged | ||||
| 80 | 18 | Male | No | Yes | Discharged | Son of case 79 | |||||
| 81 | 20 | No | Yes | Discharged | |||||||
| 82 | 16 | Female | No | Yes | Discharged | ||||||
| 83 | 50 | United States | No | Yes | Discharged | ||||||
| 84 | 21 | Male | Vietnam | Hanoi | Hanoi National Hospital of Tropical Diseases (2nd Branch) | No | Yes | Discharged | |||
| 85 | 20 | No | Yes | Discharged | |||||||
| 86 | 20 March 2020 | 54 | Female | Vietnam | Hanoi | Hanoi National Hospital of Tropical Diseases (2nd Branch) | No | No | Discharged | Bach Mai Hospital nurses | [345] |
| 87 | 34 | No | No | Discharged | |||||||
| 88 | 25 | No | Yes | Discharged | |||||||
| 89 | 22 | Ho Chi Minh City | Cu Chi Field Hospital | No | Yes | Discharged | |||||
| 90 | 21 | No | Yes | Discharged | |||||||
| 91 | 43 | Male | United Kingdom | Ho Chi Minh City Hospital of Tropical Diseases & Cho Ray Hospital[347] | No | Yes | Discharged | Pilot of Vietnam Airlines, related to Bar Buddha cluster | |||
| 92 | 21 March 2020 | 21 | Male | Vietnam | Ho Chi Minh City | Cu Chi Field Hospital | No | Yes | Discharged | [345] | |
| 93 | 20 | Hanoi | Hanoi National Hospital of Tropical Diseases (2nd Branch) | No | Yes | Discharged | |||||
| 94 | 64 | Female | No | Yes | Discharged | ||||||
| 95 | 22 March 2020 | 20 | Male | Vietnam | Ho Chi Minh City | Cu Chi Field Hospital | No | Yes | Discharged | [345] | |
| 96 | 21 | Female | No | Yes | Discharged | ||||||
| 97 | 34 | Male | United Kingdom | Can Gio District Medical Centre | No | Yes | Discharged | Related to Bar Buddha cluster | |||
| 98 | 34 | No | Yes | Discharged | |||||||
| 99 | 29 | Vietnam | No | Yes | Discharged | ||||||
| 100 | 55 | No | Yes | Discharged | |||||||
| 101 | 26 | Female | Dong Thap | Sa Dec General Hospital | No | Yes | Discharged | Passengers on flight VN50 | |||
| 102 | 9 | No | Yes | Discharged | |||||||
| 103 | 22 | Male | No | Yes | Discharged | ||||||
| 104 | 33 | Female | No | Yes | Discharged | ||||||
| 105 | 35 | Tra Vinh | Tra Vinh Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Hospital | No | Yes | Discharged | |||||
| 106 | 20 | No | Yes | Discharged | |||||||
| 107 | 25 | Hanoi | Hanoi National Hospital of Tropical Diseases (2nd Branch) | No | No | Discharged | Daughter of case 86 | ||||
| 108 | 19 | Male | No | Yes | Discharged | ||||||
| 109 | 42 | No | Yes | Discharged | |||||||
| 110 | 19 | Female | No | Yes | Discharged | ||||||
| 111 | 25 | No | Yes | Discharged | |||||||
| 112 | 30 | No | Yes | Discharged | |||||||
| 113 | 18 | No | Yes | Discharged | |||||||
| 114 | 23 March 2020 | 19 | Male | Vietnam | Hanoi | Hanoi National Hospital of Tropical Diseases (2nd Branch) | No | Yes | Discharged | [345] | |
| 115 | 44 | Female | No | Yes | Discharged | Daughter of case 94 | |||||
| 116 | 29 | Male | No | No | Discharged | Doctor who infected from his patients | |||||
| 117 | 30 | Tay Ninh | Tay Ninh General Hospital | No | Yes | Discharged | Visited Cambodia | ||||
| 118 | 23 | Female | No | Yes | Discharged | ||||||
| 119 | 29 | Male | United States | Ho Chi Minh City | Cu Chi Field Hospital | No | Yes | Discharged | |||
| 120 | 27 | Canada | No | Yes | Discharged | Close contact with case 91 | |||||
| 121 | 58 | Vietnam | Can Gio District Medical Centre | No | Yes | Discharged | |||||
| 122 | 24 | Female | Da Nang | Da Nang Hospital | No | Yes | Discharged | Worked as a bartender in Bangkok, Thailand | |||
| 123 | 17 | Ben Tre | Binh Dai District Medical Centre | No | Yes | Discharged | |||||
| 124 | 24 March 2020 | 52 | Male | Brazil | Ho Chi Minh City | Cu Chi Field Hospital | No | No | Discharged | Related to Bar Buddha cluster | [348] |
| 125 | 22 | Female | South Africa | Can Gio District Medical Centre | No | No | Discharged | ||||
| 126 | 28 | Male | Can Gio District Medical Centre | No | No | Discharged | |||||
| 127 | 23 | Vietnam | Cu Chi Field Hospital | No | No | Discharged | |||||
| 128 | 20 | Hanoi | Hanoi National Hospital of Tropical Diseases (2nd Branch) | No | Yes | Discharged | |||||
| 129 | 20 | No | Yes | Discharged | |||||||
| 130 | 30 | No | Yes | Discharged | |||||||
| 131 | 23 | No | Yes | Discharged | |||||||
| 132 | 25 | Female | No | Yes | Discharged | ||||||
| 133 | 66 | Lai Chau | No | No | Discharged | Infected from Bach Mai Hospital | |||||
| 134 | 10 | Male | Thanh Hoa | No | Yes | Discharged | |||||
| 135 | 25 March 2020 | 27 | Female | Vietnam | Da Nang | Da Nang Hospital | No | Yes | Discharged | [348] | |
| 136-140 | 21-36 | 3 males, 2 females | Vietnam | Hanoi | Hanoi National Hospital of Tropical Diseases (2nd Branch) | No | Yes | 5 Discharged | |||
| 141 | 29 | Male | Vietnam | No | No | Discharged | Doctor infected by his patients | ||||
| 142 | 26 March 2020 | 26 | Male | Vietnam | Ho Chi Minh City | Can Gio District Medical Centre | No | Yes | Discharged | ||
| 143 | 58 | Female | South Africa | Cu Chi Field Hospital | No | Yes | Discharged | ||||
| 144 | 22 | Male | Vietnam | Tra Vinh | Tra Vinh Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Hospital | No | Yes | Discharged | |||
| 145 | 34 | Male | Vietnam | Can Tho | Can Tho Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Hospital | No | Yes | Discharged | |||
| 146 | 17 | Female | Vietnam | Ha Tinh | Cau Treo General Hospital | No | Yes | Discharged | |||
| 147 | 19 | Male | Vietnam | Hanoi | Hanoi National Hospital of Tropical Diseases (2nd Branch) | No | Yes | Discharged | |||
| 148 | 58 | France | No | Yes | Discharged | ||||||
| 149 | 40 | Male | Vietnam | Quang Ninh | 2nd Field Hospital | No | Yes | Discharged | |||
| 150 | 55 | Male | Vietnam | Ho Chi Minh City | Can Gio District Medical Centre | No | Yes | Discharged | |||
| 151 | 45 | Female | Brazil | Cu Chi Field Hospital | No | No | Discharged | Close contact with case 124 | |||
| 152 | 27 | Female | Vietnam | Can Gio District Medical Centre | No | No | Discharged | Sister of case 127 | |||
| 153 | 60 | Female | Vietnam | Cu Chi Field Hospital | No | Yes | Discharged | ||||
| 154 | 27 March 2020 | 23 | Female | Vietnam | Can Tho | Can Tho Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Hospital | No | Yes | Discharged | ||
| 155-156 | 21 | 1 male, 1 female | Vietnam | Bac Lieu | Bac Lieu General Hospital | No | Yes | 2 Discharged | |||
| 157 | 31 | Female | United Kingdom | Ho Chi Minh City | Cu Chi Field Hospital | No | No | Discharged | Related to Bar Buddha cluster | ||
| 158 | 45 | Male | Brazil | No | No | Discharged | |||||
| 159 | 33 | Male | Brazil | Can Gio District Medical Centre | No | Yes | Discharged | ||||
| 160 | 30 | Female | Vietnam | No | Yes | Discharged | |||||
| 161 | 88 | Female | Vietnam | Hanoi | Hanoi National Hospital of Tropical Diseases (2nd Branch) | No | No | Discharged | Infected from Bach Mai Hospital | ||
| 162 | 63 | Female | Vietnam | No | No | Discharged | Daughter-in-law of case 161 | ||||
| 163 | 43 | Female | Vietnam | Hanoi National Hospital of Tropical Diseases (2nd Branch) | No | No | Discharged | Grand daughter of case 161 | |||
| 164-166 | 28 March 2020 | 23-58 | 2 males, 1 female | Vietnam | Ninh Binh | Ninh Binh General Hospital | No | Yes | 3 Discharged | ||
| 167 | 20 | Female | Denmark | Hanoi | Hanoi National Hospital of Tropical Diseases (2nd Branch) | No | Yes | Discharged | |||
| 168 | 49 | Females | Vietnam | Ha Nam | Ha Nam General Hospital | No | No | Discharged | Working at Bach Mai Hospital | ||
| 169 | 49 | Females | Vietnam | Hanoi | Hanoi National Hospital of Tropical Diseases (2nd Branch) | No | No | Discharged | |||
| 170 | 27 | Male | Vietnam | Ninh Binh | Kim Son District General Hospital | No | No | Discharged | Related to Bach Mai Hospital cluster | ||
| 171 | 19 | Female | Vietnam | Ho Chi Minh City | Cu Chi Field Hospital | No | Yes | Discharged | |||
| 172 | 35 | Female | Vietnam | Hanoi | Hanoi National Hospital of Tropical Diseases (2nd Branch) | No | No | Discharged | Daughter-in-law of case 133 | ||
| 173 | 43 | Female | Vietnam | No | Yes | Discharged | |||||
| 174 | 57 | Female | Vietnam | No | No | Discharged | Working at Bach Mai Hospital | ||||
| 175-177 | 29 March 2020 | 38-57 | 1 male, 2 females | Vietnam | Hanoi | No | No | 3 Discharged | |||
| 178 | 44 | Female | Vietnam | Thai Nguyen | No | No | Discharged | ||||
| 179 | 62 | Male | Vietnam | Thanh Hoa | Hanoi National Hospital of Tropical Diseases (2nd Branch) | No | Yes | Discharged | |||
| 180-182 | 19-33 | 1 male, 2 females | Vietnam | Ninh Binh | Ninh Binh General Hospital | No | Yes | 3 Discharged | |||
| 183 | 43 | Female | Vietnam | Hanoi | Hanoi National Hospital of Tropical Diseases (2nd Branch) | No | No | Discharged | Close contact with case 148 | ||
| 184 | 42 | Female | Vietnam | No | No | Discharged | Working at Bach Mai Hospital | ||||
| 185 | 38 | Male | Vietnam | No | No | Discharged | Infected from Bach Mai Hospital | ||||
| 186 | 52 | Female | France | No | Yes | Discharged | Wife of case 76 | ||||
| 187 | 30 | Male | United States | No | Yes | Discharged | |||||
| 188 | 44 | Female | Vietnam | Ha Nam | Hanoi National Hospital of Tropical Diseases (2nd Branch) | No | No | Discharged | Working at Bach Mai Hospital | ||
| 189-196 | 30 March 2020 | 21-49 | 8 females | Vietnam | Hanoi | No | No | 8 Discharged | |||
| 197 | 41 | Male | Vietnam | No | No | Discharged | Infected from Bach Mai Hospital | ||||
| 198-202 | 23-61 | 5 females | Vietnam | No | No | 5 Discharged | Working at Bach Mai Hospital | ||||
| 203 | 35 | Female | Vietnam | Ho Chi Minh City | Can Gio District Medical Centre | No | Yes | Discharged | |||
| 204 | 31 March 2020 | 10 | Male | Vietnam | Ho Chi Minh City Children's Hospital | No | Yes | Discharged | |||
| 205 | 41 | Male | Vietnam | Hanoi | Hanoi National Hospital of Tropical Diseases (2nd Branch) | No | No | Discharged | Working at Bach Mai Hospital | ||
| 206 | 48 | Male | Vietnam | Ho Chi Minh City | Cu Chi Field Hospital | No | No | Discharged | Driver of cases 124 and 151 | ||
| 207 | 49 | Male | Brazil | No | No | Discharged | Husband of case 151 and colleague of case 124 | ||||
| 208 | 1 April 2020 | 38 | Female | Vietnam | Hanoi | Hanoi National Hospital of Tropical Diseases (2nd Branch) | No | No | Discharged | Working at Bach Mai Hospital | |
| 209 | 55 | Female | Vietnam | No | No | Discharged | Related to case 163 | ||||
| 210 | 26 | Female | Vietnam | Ha Tinh | Cau Treo General Hospital | No | Yes | Discharged | |||
| 211 | 23 | Female | Vietnam | Ninh Binh | Ninh Binh General Hospital | No | Yes | Discharged | |||
| 212 | 35 | Female | Vietnam | Hanoi | Hanoi National Hospital of Tropical Diseases (2nd Branch) | No | Yes | Discharged | |||
| 213 | 40 | Female | Vietnam | No | No | Discharged | Related to Bach Mai Hospital cluster | ||||
| 214-215 | 31-45 | 1 male, 1 female | Vietnam | No | No | 2 Discharged | Working at Bach Mai Hospital | ||||
| 216-218 | 25-48 | 3 females | Vietnam | No | Yes | 3 Discharged | |||||
| 219 | 2 April 2020 | 59 | Female | Vietnam | No | No | Discharged | Related to case 133 and infected from Bach Mai Hospital | |||
| 220-222 | 20-28 | 1 male, 2 females | Vietnam | No | Yes | 3 Discharged | |||||
| 223 | 29 | Female | Vietnam | No | No | Discharged | Working at Bach Mai Hospital | ||||
| 224 | 39 | Male | Brazil | Ho Chi Minh City | Cu Chi Field Hospital | No | No | Discharged | Related to case 158 | ||
| 225-226 | 22-35 | 2 males | Vietnam | Hanoi | Hanoi National Hospital of Tropical Diseases (2nd Branch) | No | Yes | 2 Discharged | |||
| 227 | 31 | Male | Vietnam | No | No | Discharged | Son of case 209 | ||||
| 228 | 3 April 2020 | 29 | Male | Vietnam | Ninh Binh | Ninh Binh General Hospital | No | Yes | Discharged | ||
| 229 | 30 | Female | Vietnam | Nho Quan District General Hospital | No | Yes | Discharged | ||||
| 230 | 28 | Female | Vietnam | Ninh Binh General Hospital | No | Yes | Discharged | ||||
| 231 | 57 | Female | Vietnam | Ha Nam | Ha Nam General Hospital | No | No | Discharged | Working at Bach Mai Hospital | ||
| 232-233 | 24-67 | 1 male, 1 female | Vietnam | Hanoi | Hanoi National Hospital of Tropical Diseases (2nd Branch) | No | Yes | 2 Discharged | |||
| 234 | 69 | Female | Vietnam | Ho Chi Minh City | Can Gio District Medical Centre | No | Yes | Discharged | |||
| 235-236 | 25-26 | 1 male, 1 female | United Kingdom | Cu Chi Field Hospital | No | No | 2 Discharged | Related to Bar Buddha cluster | |||
| 237 | 64 | Male | Sweden | Hanoi | Hanoi National Hospital of Tropical Diseases (2nd Branch) | No | Yes | Discharged | |||
| 238 | 4 April 2020 | 17 | Female | Vietnam | Ha Tinh | Cau Treo General Hospital | No | Yes | Discharged | Close contact with case 210 | |
| 239 | 71 | Male | Vietnam | Hanoi | Hanoi National Hospital of Tropical Diseases (2nd Branch) | No | No | Discharged | Infected from Bach Mai Hospital | ||
| 240 | 29 | Female | Vietnam | Ninh Binh | Ninh Binh General Hospital | No | Yes | Discharged | Working in Bangkok, Thailand and related to case 166 | ||
| 241 | 5 April 2020 | 20 | Male | Vietnam | Bac Lieu | Bac Lieu General Hospital | No | Yes | Discharged | ||
| 242 | 6 April 2020 | 34 | Female | Vietnam | Hanoi | Hanoi National Hospital of Tropical Diseases (2nd Branch) | No | Yes | Discharged | ||
| 243 | 47 | Male | Vietnam | No | No | Discharged | Infected in Bach Mai Hospital | ||||
| 244-245 | 21-44 | 2 females | Vietnam | No | Yes | 2 Discharged | Passengers on flight SU290 | ||||
| 246 | 7 April 2020 | 33 | Male | Vietnam | No | Yes | Discharged | ||||
| 247 | 28 | Male | Vietnam | Dong Nai | Dong Nai Lung Hospital | No | No | Discharged | Close contact with cases 124 and 151 | ||
| 248 | 20 | Male | Vietnam | Ho Chi Minh City | Cu Chi Field Hospital | No | Yes | Discharged | |||
| 249 | 55 | Male | Vietnam | Hanoi | Hanoi National Hospital of Tropical Diseases (2nd Branch) | No | Yes | Discharged | |||
| 250 | 8 April 2020 | 50 | Female | Vietnam | No | No | Discharged | Neighbour of case 243 |
Notes[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e "TRANG TIN VỀ DỊCH BỆNH VIÊM ĐƯỜNG HÔ HẤP CẤP COVID-19" (in Vietnamese). BỘ Y TẾ (Ministry of Health). Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ Lê, Nga (5 May 2021). "Bệnh nhân tử vong do suy thận sau ba lần âm tính nCoV" [Man dies of kidney failure after having thrice tested negative for Covid-19]. VnExpress (in Vietnamese).
- ^ a b "COVID-19 in Viet Nam Situation Report 38". WHO. 20 April 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
- ^ Coleman, Justine (23 January 2020). "Vietnam reports first coronavirus cases". The Hill. Archived from the original on 18 February 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
- ^ a b Lê, Phương (23 January 2020). "Hai người viêm phổi Vũ Hán cách ly tại Bệnh viện Chợ Rẫy". VnExpress.
- ^ a b Thúy Quỳnh (15 February 2020). "Tại sao một bệnh nhân Vĩnh Phúc lây virus corona 6 người?". VnExpress.
- ^ a b Lê Hiệp; Liên Châu (31 July 2020). "Việt Nam có ca Covid-19 đầu tiên tử vong, là bệnh nhân 428". Thanh Niên.
- ^ Nguyen Quy (20 January 2021). "Vietnam mandates 14-day quarantine for all foreign experts, flight crew". VnExpress. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
- ^ Lan Anh (20 January 2021). "Ngưng cách ly tại nhà, luôn chuẩn bị cho tình huống phát hiện COVID-19 tại cộng đồng" (in Vietnamese). Tuổi Trẻ. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
- ^ THIÊN LAM (20 January 2021). "Phát động toàn dân phát hiện người nhập cảnh trái phép trở về không cách ly". Nhân Dân (in Vietnamese).
- ^ Reed, John; Pham, Hai Chung (24 March 2020). "Vietnam's coronavirus offensive wins praise for low-cost model". Financial Times.
- ^ a b c d Walden, Max (13 May 2020). "How has Vietnam, a developing nation in South-East Asia, done so well to combat coronavirus?". ABC News. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
- ^ "Covid Performance Index". Lowy Institute. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
- ^ a b c d e Humphrey, Chris; Pham, Bac (14 April 2020). "Vietnam's response to coronavirus crisis earns praise from WHO". Seven News. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
- ^ Barron, Laignee (13 March 2020). "What We Can Learn From Singapore, Taiwan and Hong Kong About Handling Coronavirus". Time.
- ^ a b c d e f "Emerging COVID-19 success story: Vietnam's commitment to containment". Our World in Data. 5 March 2021.
- ^ Hutt, David (16 April 2020). "Vietnam poised to be big post-pandemic winner". Asia Times.
- ^ a b Taylor, Adam (30 April 2020). "Vietnam offers tough lessons for U.S. on coronavirus". The Washington Post.
- ^ a b Le, Trien Vinh; Nguyen, Huy Quynh (17 April 2020). "How Vietnam Learned From China's Coronavirus Mistakes". The Diplomat. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
- ^ "[Op-ed] Why Vietnam has been the world's number 1 country in dealing with coronavirus". 4 March 2020.
- ^ Sullivan, Michael (16 April 2020). "In Vietnam, There Have Been Fewer Than 300 COVID-19 Cases And No Deaths. Here's Why". NPR. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
- ^ a b Dat Nguyen; Hoang Phuong (17 June 2020). "With jobs lost to Covid-19, Vietnamese struggle to make ends meet". VnExpress. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
- ^ a b c d "Vietnam growth among Asia's highest despite Covid-19 slump: ADB". VnExpress. 4 March 2020. Retrieved 28 June 2020.
- ^ "Vietnam's economy is set to grow 6.6% in 2021: WB". Nhân Dân. 27 March 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
- ^ "VIET NAM ECONOMY IN 2020 THE GROWTH OF A YEAR WITH FULL OF BRAVERY". General Statistics Office of Vietnam. 14 January 2021.
- ^ a b "Người Việt Nam đầu tiên tiêm vaccine COVID-19: Không có gì phải lo sợ!" (in Vietnamese). VTV. 8 March 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
- ^ a b "Thêm 3 ca lây nhiễm từ bệnh nhân Covid-19 ở Hà Nam". VnExpress. 30 April 2021.
- ^ a b c "Vietnam records two more severe reactions after COVID-19 vaccination". Tuổi Trẻ. 15 March 2021.
- ^ Wu, Fan; Zhao, Su; Yu, Bin; Chen, Yan-Mei; Wang, Wen; Song, Zhi-Gang; Hu, Yi; Tao, Zhao-Wu; Tian, Jun-Hua; Pei, Yuan-Yuan; Yuan, Ming-Li (3 February 2020). "A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China". Nature. 579 (7798): 265–269. Bibcode:2020Natur.579..265W. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2008-3. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 7094943. PMID 32015508.
- ^ Tyrrell, David A. J.; Myint, Steven H. (1996), Baron, Samuel (ed.), "Coronaviruses", Medical Microbiology (4th ed.), University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, ISBN 978-0-9631172-1-2, PMID 21413266, retrieved 5 February 2020
- ^ a b c d Kahn, Jeffrey S.; McIntosh, Kenneth (2005). "History and Recent Advances in Coronavirus Discovery". The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 24 (11): S223–7, discussion S226. doi:10.1097/01.inf.0000188166.17324.60. ISSN 0891-3668. PMID 16378050. S2CID 10654941.
- ^ Al-Omari, Awad; Rabaan, Ali A.; Salih, Samer; Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A.; Memish, Ziad A. (2019). "MERS coronavirus outbreak: Implications for emerging viral infections". Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 93 (3): 265–285. doi:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2018.10.011. ISSN 1879-0070. PMC 7127703. PMID 30413355.
- ^ To, Kelvin K. W.; Hung, Ivan F. N.; Chan, Jasper F. W.; Yuen, Kwok-Yung (2013). "From SARS coronavirus to novel animal and human coronaviruses". Journal of Thoracic Disease. 5 (Suppl 2): S103–S108. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.06.02. ISSN 2072-1439. PMC 3747523. PMID 23977429.
- ^ Sun J, He W, Wang L, Lai A, Ji X, Zhai X, et al. (2020). "COVID-19: Epidemiology, Evolution, and Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives". Trends in Molecular Medicine. 26 (5): 483–495. doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2020.02.008. PMC 7118693. PMID 32359479.
- ^ Huang, Chaolin; Wang, Yeming; Li, Xingwang; Ren, Lili; Zhao, Jianping; Hu, Yi; Zhang, Li; Fan, Guohui; Xu, Jiuyang; Gu, Xiaoying; Cheng, Zhenshun (15 February 2020). "Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China". The Lancet. 395 (10223): 497–506. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5. ISSN 0140-6736. PMC 7159299. PMID 31986264.
- ^ Josephine Ma (13 March 2020). "China's first confirmed Covid-19 case traced back to November 17". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
- ^ Davidson, Helen (13 March 2020). "First Covid-19 case happened in November, China government records show—report". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
- ^ Margolin, Josh; Meek, James Gordon (8 April 2020). "Intelligence report warned of coronavirus crisis as early as November: Sources". ABC News. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
- ^ Holshue, Michelle L.; DeBolt, Chas; Lindquist, Scott; Lofy, Kathy H.; Wiesman, John; Bruce, Hollianne; Spitters, Christopher; Ericson, Keith; Wilkerson, Sara; Tural, Ahmet; Diaz, George; Cohn, Amanda; Fox, LeAnne; Patel, Anita; Gerber, Susan I.; Kim, Lindsay; Tong, Suxiang; Lu, Xiaoyan; Lindstrom, Steve; Pallansch, Mark A.; Weldon, William C.; Biggs, Holly M.; Uyeki, Timothy M.; Pillai, Satish K. (5 March 2020). "First Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the United States". New England Journal of Medicine. 382 (10): 929–936. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001191. PMC 7092802. PMID 32004427.
- ^ "Previously unknown virus may be causing pneumonia outbreak in China, WHO says". CBC. 9 January 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
- ^ Elsevier. "Novel Coronavirus Information Center". Elsevier Connect. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
- ^ Reynolds, Matt (4 March 2020). "What is coronavirus and how close is it to becoming a pandemic?". Wired UK. ISSN 1357-0978. Archived from the original on 5 March 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
- ^ Kuo, Lily (21 January 2020). "China confirms human-to-human transmission of coronavirus". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
- ^ "WHO declares China virus outbreak an international emergency". Reuters. 31 January 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Gan, Nectar (29 May 2020). "How Vietnam managed to keep its coronavirus death toll at zero". CNN.
- ^ a b Ramraj, Victor V., ed. (2020). Covid-19 in Asia: Law and Policy Contexts. Oxford University Press. p. 59. ISBN 9780197553831.
- ^ "Vietnam (VNM) Exports, Imports, and Trade Partners". oec.world.
- ^ "Vietnam – China import-export turnover reaches US$ 117 billion". Nhân Dân.
- ^ "Emerging COVID-19 success story: Vietnam's commitment to containment". Our World in Data.
- ^ "Mortality Analyses". Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center.
- ^ Phan, Lan T.; Nguyen, Thuong V.; Luong, Quang C.; Nguyen, Thinh V.; Nguyen, Hieu T.; Le, Hung Q.; Nguyen, Thuc T.; Cao, Thang M.; Pham, Quang D. (27 February 2020). "Importation and Human-to-Human Transmission of a Novel Coronavirus in Vietnam". The New England Journal of Medicine. 382 (9): 872–874. doi:10.1056/NEJMc2001272. PMC 7121428. PMID 31991079.
- ^ Thiên Chương (23 January 2020). "Hai ca dương tính nCoV đang điều trị tại BV Chợ Rẫy". Sức khỏe & Đời sống/Ministry of Health (Vietnam).
- ^ Huy Thanh; Nguyễn Hưởng; Văn Duẩn (3 March 2020). "Trong "tâm dịch" Sơn Lôi trước giờ G dỡ bỏ lệnh phong tỏa, cách ly". Người lao động (in Vietnamese).
- ^ Việc phân tuyến và phác đồ điều trị COVID- 19 của Việt Nam phù hợp, hiệu quả. Bạch Mai Hospital. 21 February 2020
- ^ Vietnam confirms 17th Covid-19 patient. VnExpress. 7 March 2020
- ^ Bước đầu xác định nguồn lây nhiễm chính ở BV Bạch Mai. Ministry of Health (Vietnam). 30 March 2020
- ^ Phạm Hùng (2 April 2020). "Cơ bản kiểm soát được ổ dịch COVID-19 tại Bệnh viện Bạch Mai". Vietnam News Agency.
- ^ Hà An (1 April 2020). "'Cuộc chiến' dập ổ dịch Buddha Bar & Grill". VnExpress (in Vietnamese).
- ^ Bảo Loan (9 April 2020). "Bên trong thôn Hạ Lôi những ngày phong tỏa". Gia đình & Xã hội/Ministry of Health (Vietnam).
- ^ "Dừng bay quốc tế đến Việt Nam từ 1/4". VnExpress (in Vietnamese). 31 March 2020.
- ^ HIỂU ĐÚNG về yêu cầu cách ly xã hội. Ministry of Health (Vietnam). 2 April 2020
- ^ Công bố dịch COVID-19 toàn quốc. Ministry of Health (Vietnam). 1 April 2020
- ^ Quốc tế đánh giá Việt Nam phòng chống đại dịch COVID-19 hiệu quả. Ministry of Health (Vietnam). 4 April 2020
- ^ Lê, Nga (25 July 2020). "Người nghi nhiễm ở Đà Nẵng được ghi nhận là 'bệnh nhân 416'". VnExpress (in Vietnamese).
- ^ "Thông báo khẩn số 16 của Bộ Y tế". 26 July 2020.
- ^ "Từ 0h ngày 28/7, Thành phố Đà Nẵng bắt đầu thực hiện giãn cách xã hội trong vòng 15 ngày". Ministry of Health. 27 July 2020.
- ^ Lan Anh; Xuân Long (29 July 2020). "TP.HCM, Hà Nội, Đắk Lắk ghi nhận 4 ca mắc COVID-19, Việt Nam có 450 ca". Tuổi Trẻ.
- ^ Thanh Thanh (31 July 2020). "Bệnh nhân Covid-19 thứ 2 tại Việt Nam tử vong do sốc nhiễm trùng trên nền bệnh lý nặng". Nhân Dân.
- ^ Lan Anh (1 August 2020). "Bệnh nhân COVID-19 thứ ba tử vong tại Việt Nam". Tuổi Trẻ.
- ^ "Bản tin dịch COVID-19 trong 24h: Các ổ dịch trong nước cơ bản được kiểm soát, tiếp tục nâng cao năng lực xét nghiệm SARS-CoV-2". Sức khỏe & Đời sống/Ministry of Health (Vietnam). 21 August 2020.
- ^ Tatarski, Michael (27 September 2020). "How Vietnam crushed its second coronavirus wave". The Daily Telegraph.
- ^ Lan Anh (30 November 2020). "Nam giáo viên tiếng Anh ở TP.HCM lây COVID-19 từ người cách ly, Bộ Y tế họp khẩn". Tuổi Trẻ.
- ^ THU HIẾN; XUÂN MAI; MINH HÒA; CHÂU TUẤN (28 December 2020). "NÓNG: Thanh niên ở TP.HCM dương tính COVID-19, nhập cảnh 'chui' cùng bệnh nhân 1440". Tuổi Trẻ.
- ^ Thúy Quỳnh; Chi Lê (28 January 2021). "Cô gái Hải Dương ở Nhật nhiễm biến thể nCoV Anh". VnExpress.
- ^ "Stay-at-home orders in Vietnam Covid-19 hotspot". France 24. 15 February 2021.
- ^ Võ Hải (15 February 2021). "Hà Nội đóng cửa quán ăn đường phố, cà phê từ 0h ngày 16/2". VnExpress.
- ^ Le Nga; Thu Anh. "Vietnam records 40 new coronavirus cases as Hải Dương outbreak still hard to control". VnExpress.
- ^ Xuân Long (13 February 2021). "Lơ là, chủ quan, nhiều đoàn đông người vẫn đi chúc Tết ở TP Hải Dương". Tuổi Trẻ.
- ^ Nguyen, Thinh (7 March 2021). "Vietnam begins COVID-19 vaccinations after successful virus containment". Reuters.
- ^ Vietnam successfully cultured and isolated the new SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus in the lab. Ministry of Health (Vietnam). 7 February 2020
- ^ How Vietnam successfully cultured the new coronavirus?. VnExpress. 7 February 2020
- ^ Bộ Y tế đã trao bằng khen cho nhóm nuôi cấy thành công virus SARS-CoV-2. Bạch Mai Hospital. 14 February 2020
- ^ Vietnam new COVID-19 vaccine was developed. VnExpress. 3 May 2020
- ^ Việt Nam tập trung nghiên cứu, sản xuất vaccine phòng, chống COVID-19. Ministry of Health (Vietnam). 29 April 2020
- ^ Thử nghiệm bước đầu thành công vaccine Covid-19 Việt Nam. VnExpress. 7 May 2020
- ^ Vaccine Covid-19 của Việt Nam sinh miễn dịch cao. VnExpress. 26 June 2020
- ^ "Kỳ vọng vắc xin Covid-19 Việt Nam". Thanh Niên. 4 November 2020.
- ^ "Việt Nam tests COVID-19 vaccine on monkeys". VietNamNews. 2 November 2020.
- ^ "Việt Nam thử nghiệm vaccine Covid-19 trên khỉ". Nhân Dân. 30 October 2020.
- ^ "Vietnam begins Covid-19 vaccine trials on monkeys". VnExpress. 31 October 2020.
- ^ Việt Nam bắt đầu thử nghiệm vaccine Covid-19 trên người. VnExpress. 5 December 2020
- ^ Vaccine Covid-19 sắp tiêm thử ra đời như thế nào? VnExpress. 9 December 2020
- ^ Vietnam begins human trials of Covid-19 vaccine VnExpress. 17 December 2020
- ^ "Việt Nam thử nghiệm lâm sàng vaccine COVID-19 Nano Covax giai đoạn 2" (in Vietnamese). Lao Động. 26 February 2021.
- ^ "Volunteers get 2nd shot of Nano Covax vaccine in second trial phase". Vietnam News Agency. 25 March 2021.
- ^ a b "Hanoi spurns China's vaccine diplomacy with homemade shot". Nikkei Asia. 28 February 2021.
- ^ "Vaccine Diplomacy Is Biden's First Test in Southeast Asia". Center for Strategic and International Studies. 28 January 2021.
- ^ Hà Minh (26 March 2021). "Phó Thủ tướng Vũ Đức Đam tiêm thử nghiệm vắc xin 'made in Vietnam'". Tiền Phong.
- ^ Viết Tuân; Chi Lê (26 March 2021). "Phó Thủ tướng Vũ Đức Đam tiêm thử vaccine Nano Covax". VnExpress.
- ^ "Khởi động thử nghiệm vaccine phòng Covid-19 thứ 2 của Việt Nam" (in Vietnamese). Nhân Dân. 21 January 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
- ^ "6 tình nguyện viên tiêm thử nghiệm vaccine COVIVAC phòng COVID-19 của Việt Nam". Vietnam MOH.
- ^ "Sáng 2/5 không thêm ca Covid-19". VnExpress. 2 May 2021.
- ^ "Dân số và tổng điều tra dân số Việt Nam 2020". VTV.
- ^ "Việt Nam có 117.600 liều vắc xin đầu tiên: Ưu tiên trước cho lực lượng tuyến đầu". Tuổi Trẻ. 25 February 2021.
- ^ "Russia gifts Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine to Vietnam". VOV. 16 March 2021.
- ^ "811.000 liều vắc xin AstraZeneca về tới Việt Nam". Tuổi Trẻ. 1 April 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
- ^ "Bắt đầu tiêm vaccine Covid-19" (in Vietnamese). VnExpress. 8 March 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
- ^ TOMOYA ONISHI (28 March 2021). "Vietnam travel bubble with Japan loses fizz as execs shun tight rules". Nikkei Asia.
- ^ Coronavirus miracle? Vietnam says all its infected patients cured. Al Jazeera (29 February 2020).
- ^ Viet Nam SARS-Free. World Health Organization (28 April 2003).
- ^ Guidance on diagnosis, treatment of acute respiratory infections caused by new strain of Corona virus (2019-nCoV). Ho Chi Minh City Office of Health (6 February 2020).
- ^ How Vietnam treating the severe COVID-19 patient?. VnExpress (26 April 2020).
- ^ Cải tiến phác đồ điều trị bệnh nhân Covid-19. VnExpress (3 August 2020).
- ^ "Lý do Việt Nam chưa dùng huyết tương chữa Covid-19" (in Vietnamese). VnExpress. 19 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
- ^ "TP.HCM nghiên cứu giải mã trình tự gen người bệnh – để hiểu hơn về COVID-19" (in Vietnamese). Sức khoẻ và đời sống. 24 October 2020. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
- ^ "GS.TS Nguyễn Văn Kính: "Chủng virus mới gây COVID-19 lây lan nhanh nhưng độc lực không đổi"" (in Vietnamese). Vietnam Ministry of Health. 29 July 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
- ^ "Mysterious Coronavirus Outbreak Catches Vietnam by Surprise". The New York Times. 29 July 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
- ^ "Cần biết: Nhiều điểm mới trong phác đồ điều trị COVID-19 lần thứ 4" (in Vietnamese). Vietnam Ministry of Health. 4 August 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
- ^ "Chủng Covid-19 đột biến dẫn tới tỷ lệ lây nhiễm cao" (in Vietnamese). VnExpress. 2 August 2020. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
- ^ "nCoV lây nhiễm bệnh nhân Đà Nẵng thuộc chủng mới" (in Vietnamese). Ho Chi Minh City Department of Health. 27 July 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2020.
- ^ "This coronavirus mutation has taken over the world. Scientists are trying to understand why". The Washington Post. 2 July 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
- ^ "Người Nhật tử vong ở Hà Nội nhiễm biến chủng nCoV mới". VnExpress (in Vietnamese). 24 February 2021. Retrieved 24 February 2021.
- ^ Dao, M.H.; Nguyen, H.T. (27 February 2021). "New SARS‐CoV‐2 Variant of Concern Imported from the United Kingdom to Vietnam, December 2020". Journal of Medical Virology. doi:10.1002/jmv.26908. PMID 33638484.
- ^ Thùy Linh (29 April 2021). "Biến chủng COVID-19 "đột biến kép" từ Ấn Độ đã xuất hiện ở Việt Nam". Lao Động.
- ^ "(LEAD) Recovered virus patients retest positive due to 'dead' virus fragments: experts". Yonhap News. 29 April 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
- ^ Paula Hancocks, Yoonjung Seo and Julia Hollingsworth (18 April 2020). "Recovered coronavirus patients are testing positive again. Can you get reinfected?". CNN. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
- ^ Lê Phương – Chi Lê – Lê Nga (30 April 2020). "Tại sao 'bệnh nhân 188' tái dương tính?". VnExpress (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 21 May 2020.
- ^ Vietnam Ministry of Health (29 April 2021). "QUYẾT ĐỊNH VỀ VIỆC BAN HÀNH HƯỚNG DẪN CHẨN ĐOÁN VÀ ĐIỀU TRỊ COVID-19 DO CHỦNG VI RÚT CORONA MỚI (SARS-COV-2)". Thư viện pháp luật (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 29 April 2021.
- ^ Thùy Linh; Đặng Tiến (30 January 2020). "Việt Nam thiếu trầm trọng bộ thử xét nghiệm nCoV, phải chủ động sản xuất". Lao Động.
- ^ "Khẩn trương nghiên cứu, chế tạo bộ kit test nhanh để chủ động ứng phó dịch bệnh do nCoV gây ra". Ministry of Science and Technology (Vietnam). 31 January 2020.
- ^ ĐẶNG CHUNG (10 February 2020). "Giảng viên Đại học Bách khoa Hà Nội chế tạo được bộ kit thử nCoV nhanh-rẻ". Lao Động.
- ^ Vietnam Military Medical Academy successfully research SARS-Cov-2 test kit Vietnam Military Medical Academy 5 March 2020
- ^ The Vietnam Ministry of Science and Technology successfully produced the nCoV test kit. VnExpress. 3 March 2020
- ^ Sản xuất thành công sinh phẩm mới, Việt Nam làm chủ 2 phương pháp xét nghiệm COVID-19. Ministry of Health (Vietnam). 27 April 2020
- ^ 20 countries ordered for the Vietnamese COVID-19 test kit. VnExpress 17 March 2020.
- ^ "Việt Nam bổ sung phương pháp xét nghiệm nCoV mới" (in Vietnamese). VnExpress. 8 August 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
- ^ "Viet Nam COVID-19 Situation Report #19" (PDF). WHO. 26 November 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
- ^ "Tình hình COVID ngày 17 tháng 3" (in Vietnamese). Government's Information. 17 March 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
- ^ "Kế hoạch mới xét nghiệm phát hiện SARS-CoV-2 trong giai đoạn dịch COVID-19" (in Vietnamese). WHO. 15 September 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
- ^ a b "Viet Nam COVID-19 Situation Report #30" (PDF). WHO. 21 February 2021. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
- ^ "Toàn cảnh 3 giai đoạn dịch Covid-19 tại Việt Nam" [3 COVID-19 pandemic phases in Vietnam] (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 8 April 2020 – via Thanh Nien.
- ^ "Thủ tướng chỉ thị tiếp tục các biện pháp phòng, chống dịch COVID-19 trong tình hình mới". Vietnam Ministry of Health. Retrieved 25 April 2020.
- ^ Bản tin dịch COVID-19 đến 14h: Khôi phục vận tải hành khách đi và đến Đà Nẵng, chú trọng công tác phòng ngừa dịch bệnh. Vietnam Ministry of Health 7 September 2020.
- ^ Hải Dương: Xe khách liên tỉnh được hoạt động; nhà hàng, quán cà phê chưa được phục vụ tại chỗ. Online Newspaper of Vietnamese Government 18 March 2021
- ^ "National Steering Committee: Situations in Da Nang, Quảng Nam under control". Vietnamese Government. 5 August 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
- ^ "Prime Minister reveals plans to fight the deadly coronavirus". Việt Nam News. 28 January 2020. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
- ^ "Thủ tướng yêu cầu kiểm tra chặt các cửa khẩu trước dịch virus corona" [The Prime Minister requested a strict inspection of border gates before the corona virus outbreak]. Tuổi Trẻ (in Vietnamese). 23 January 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
- ^ Linh, Thùy (22 January 2020). "Phòng dịch viêm phổi lạ: Phân loại người bệnh ngay từ khâu đăng ký" [Prevention of strange pneumonia: Classification of patients right from the registration stage]. Lao Động (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 23 January 2020.
- ^ "Dịch viêm phổi ở Trung Quốc gia tăng, cửa khẩu quốc tế thắt chặt kiểm soát". Lao Động. 5 January 2020.
- ^ "Lo nhiều dịch bệnh xâm nhập dịp Tết, Bộ Y tế yêu cầu tăng kiểm dịch". VnEconomy. 4 January 2020.
- ^ "Hà Nội đặt 5 máy đo thân nhiệt tại sân bay Nội Bài". Báo điện tử Đảng Cộng sản. 12 January 2020.
- ^ a b "Vietnam May Have the Most Effective Response to Covid-19". The Nation. 24 April 2020.
- ^ a b "Here are four ways Vietnam has managed to control COVID-19". GAVI. 25 May 2020.
- ^ "How Vietnam is Winning its War Against COVID-19". Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada. 6 April 2020.
- ^ "With zero pandemic deaths, Vietnam sets the standard for COVID-19 fight". The Globe and Mail. 27 May 2020.
- ^ Ramraj, Victor V., ed. (2020). Covid-19 in Asia: Law and Policy Contexts. Oxford University Press. p. 58. ISBN 9780197553831.
- ^ Phùng, Tuấn (24 January 2020). "Hàng không Việt Nam dừng bay đến Vũ Hán" [Vietnamese aviation stopped flying to Wuhan] (in Vietnamese). Tuổi Trẻ. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
- ^ Hà, Mai (24 January 2020). "Việt Nam hủy toàn bộ chuyến bay đi, đến Vũ Hán vì dịch viêm phổi cấp" [Vietnam cancelled all flights to and from Wuhan due to acute pneumonia] (in Vietnamese). Thanh Niên. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
- ^ "COVID-19 pundit named Vietnam's acting health minister". Tuổi Trẻ News.
- ^ "Viet Nam COVID-19 Situation Report #16" (PDF). WHO. 5 November 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
- ^ Van Nguyen, H.; Van Hoang, M.; Dao, A. T.; Nguyen, H. L.; Van Nguyen, T.; Nguyen, P. T.; Khuong, L. Q.; Le, P. M.; Gilmour, S. (18 June 2020). "An adaptive model of health system organization and responses helped Vietnam to successfully halt the Covid‐19 pandemic: What lessons can be learned from a resource‐constrained country". The International Journal of Health Planning and Management. Huy Van Nguyen, Minh Van Hoang, An Thi Minh Dao, Hoa L. Nguyen, Tien Van Nguyen, Phuong The Nguyen, Long Quynh Khuong, Phuong Mai Le, and Stuart Gilmour. 35 (5): 988–992. doi:10.1002/hpm.3004. PMC 7323398. PMID 32557815.
- ^ Hùng, Thanh (14 February 2020). "Sinh viên tiếp tục nghỉ học, hoãn thi" [Students continue to miss school, postpone the exam]. Sài Gòn Giải Phóng (in Vietnamese). Archived from the original on 7 March 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
- ^ "Vietnam quarantines area with 10,000 residents over coronavirus". Agence France-Presse. 13 February 2020. Archived from the original on 7 March 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2020 – via Radio France Internationale.
- ^ Anh, Lan (22 February 2020). "Nỗ lực dập dịch COVID-19: Việt Nam dùng nhiều biện pháp chưa có tiền lệ" [COVID-19 outbreak effort: Vietnam uses many unprecedented measures]. Tuổi Trẻ (in Vietnamese). Archived from the original on 7 March 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
- ^ "Quân đội góp phần đặc biệt quan trọng trong công tác phòng, chống dịch Covid-19". The Vietnamese People's Army.
- ^ "Teleconference updates 700 hospitals on nCoV prevention measures". VietnamPlus/Vietnam News Agency. 9 February 2020.
- ^ a b c d "The Secret to Vietnam's COVID-19 Response Success". The Diplomat. 18 April 2020.
- ^ "Vietnam: Son Loi (Vinh Phuc province) placed under quarantine due to coronavirus February 13 /update 7". GardaWorld. 14 February 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
- ^ "Vietnam's Next Wave of COVID-19 Has Arrived". The Diplomat. 27 July 2020.
- ^ "Vietnam suspends visa waiver for eight European countries over coronavirus fears". VnExpress. 9 March 2020.
- ^ Ramraj, Victor V., ed. (2020). Covid-19 in Asia: Law and Policy Contexts. Oxford University Press. p. 60. ISBN 9780197553831.
- ^ a b "Vietnam Orders 15-day Nationwide Isolation From April 1". Bloomberg. 31 March 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
- ^ VnExpress. "Hàng không tăng bay nội địa từ ngày mai – VnExpress". vnexpress.net. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
- ^ a b forbesvietnam.com.vn (23 April 2020). "Hàng không Việt Nam tăng tần suất bay, chuẩn bị 13 chuyến bay đưa người Việt về nước". Forbes Việt Nam. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
- ^ "Hàng không tăng chuyến bay từ ngày 29/4/2020". Tổng công ty cảng hàng không Việt Nam – CTCP | Sân bay Việt Nam. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
- ^ News, VietNamNet. "5 tỉnh, thành cho học sinh đi học trở lại từ hôm nay". VietNamNet. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
- ^ "Vietnam Airlines Flies To The US For The First Time With A 787-10". Simple Flying. 9 May 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
- ^ a b "Rạp phim tại Việt Nam chính thức mở cửa lại từ 9.5". Báo Thanh Niên. 7 May 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
- ^ "Vietnam to evacuate 80,000 people from Danang after COVID-19 outbreak". Channel News Asia. 27 July 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2020.
- ^ "Tourists to be evacuated from Da Nang due to Covid-19 outbreak". The Socialists Republic of Vietnam. 27 July 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2020.
- ^ "Đà Nẵng cách ly xã hội hơn một triệu dân" (in Vietnamese). VnExpress. 27 July 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2020.
- ^ "Da Nang to introduce social distancing measures from 0:00 hour on July 28". People's Army Newspaper. 27 July 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2020.
- ^ "Lịch trình di chuyển của 11 ca bệnh Covid-19 ở Đà Nẵng" (in Vietnamese). Nhân Dân. 27 July 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2020.
- ^ "Đà Nẵng cách ly xã hội toàn thành phố" (in Vietnamese). VnExpress. 28 July 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
- ^ "Hội An cách ly xã hội" (in Vietnamese). VnExpress. 30 July 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
- ^ "Hội An phong tỏa khối phố An Hội với 2.000 người dân" (in Vietnamese). Báo Lao Động (Vietnam General Confederation of Labour). 30 July 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
- ^ "Cách ly xã hội một phần ở Đà Nẵng" (in Vietnamese). VnExpress. 27 July 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2020.
- ^ "Bệnh viện Hoàn Mỹ Đà Nẵng dừng đón bệnh nhân" (in Vietnamese). Báo Lao Động (Vietnam General Confederation of Labour). 30 July 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
- ^ "Dừng máy bay, tàu xe đến và đi từ Đà Nẵng" (in Vietnamese). VnExpress. 27 July 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2020.
- ^ "Người dân Đà Nẵng sẽ đi chợ theo ngày chẵn, lẻ" (in Vietnamese). VnExpress. 11 August 2020. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
- ^ "Quyền Bộ trưởng Y tế: 'Covid-19 Đà Nẵng là bài học cho các tỉnh'" (in Vietnamese). VnExpress. 19 August 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
- ^ "Đà Nẵng gấp rút lập bệnh viện dã chiến". VnExpress (in Vietnamese). 1 August 2020. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
- ^ "Đà Nẵng lập bệnh viện dã chiến chống Covid-19". VnExpress (in Vietnamese). 31 July 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
- ^ "Cung thể thao Tiên Sơn trở thành Bệnh viện dã chiến chống Covid-19". Nhân Dân (in Vietnamese). 31 July 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
- ^ "Một ngày thần tốc lập Bệnh viện dã chiến số 2 ở Hải Dương" (in Vietnamese). VnExpress. 29 January 2021. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
- ^ "Health declaration mobile app launched to combat Covid-19 epidemic". Vietnam Times. 10 March 2020.
- ^ "Vietnam launches first ever contact-tracing app to curb Covid-19". VnExplorer. 19 April 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
- ^ "Vietnam's coronavirus app Bluezone treads grey line between safety, privacy". South China Morning Post. 24 August 2020. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
- ^ "TĂNG CƯỜNG TUYÊN TRUYỀN PHÒNG, CHỐNG DỊCH COVID-19 TRONG TÌNH HÌNH MỚI". quochoi.vn.
- ^ "Continuing to promote propaganda on the Covid-19 prevention and control". baolangson.vn.
- ^ Winn, Patrick (7 May 2020). "Is Vietnam the coronavirus-fighting champ of the world?". Public Radio International.
- ^ "GS.TS.Nguyễn Thanh Long giữ chức Bí thư Ban Cán sự Đảng, Quyền Bộ trưởng Bộ Y tế – Tin nổi bật – Cổng thông tin Bộ Y tế".
- ^ "Cuộc chiến với Covid-19: Uy tín và hình ảnh của Việt Nam trên trường quốc tế" [The War with Covid-19: Vietnam's prestige and image in the international arena]. Vietnam Television.
- ^ "Một Việt Nam trong cuộc chiến với Covid-19". Nhân Dân.
- ^ ""Cuộc chiến" chống dịch COVID-19 tại Việt Nam: 100 ngày nhìn lại". bachmai.gov.vn.
- ^ "Is Vietnam the coronavirus-fighting champ of the world?". The World from PRX.
- ^ "Vaccine COVID-19 nội địa giúp nâng cao vị thế địa chính trị của Việt Nam" (in Vietnamese). Lao Động. 29 March 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
- ^ "Triển khai gói hỗ trợ 62 ngàn tỷ đồng: Công khai, minh bạch, không để trục lợi chính sách". Ministry of Labour, Invalids and Social Affairs (in Vietnamese). 10 April 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
- ^ "UN Assesment of the Social and Economic Impact of COVID-19 in Viet Nam" (PDF). United Nations. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 December 2020. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
- ^ MOLISA. Reports #70 &89/BC-LDTBXH on the implementation of Resolution# 42/NQ-CP dated 09/4/2020 to support the vulnerable people by COVID-19. Published online 2020
- ^ Vietnam-linked hackers targeted Chinese government over coronavirus response: researchers. Reuters (22 April 2020).
- ^ T.K (Theo BNG) (24 April 2020). "Thông tin Việt Nam hỗ trợ nhóm tin tặc APT32 tấn công mạng là không có cơ sở" [Vietnam says reports that it has supported hacker group APT32 to steal information on Covid-19 from China are ‘nonsense’]. BAO DIEN TU VTV (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 9 June 2020.
- ^ "Vietnam plans 13 repatriation flights for next month". VnExpress. 27 February 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
- ^ "Khôi phục đường bay đến Trung Quốc" (in Vietnamese). VnExpress. 13 July 2020. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
- ^ "Chuyến bay đón lao động Việt ở Guinea Xích Đạo" (in Vietnamese). VnExpress. 28 July 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
- ^ "Citizen's Opinions of and Experiences with Government Responses to COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam" (PDF). United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and Mekong Development Research Institute (MDRI). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 December 2020. Retrieved 9 December 2020.
- ^ Người Việt Nam lạc quan nhất trong khu vực ASEAN
- ^ "Vietnam walls off viral China at its peril". Asia Times. 30 January 2020. Archived from the original on 1 March 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
- ^ "Anti-China sentiments, racism spreading along with coronavirus". New York Post. Archived from the original on 16 February 2020. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
- ^ a b c d Lam, Truc (25 February 2020). "South Korean visitors expose holes in coronavirus response". VnExpress. Archived from the original on 7 March 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
- ^ a b c Đông, Sỹ (25 February 2020). "Người về từ vùng dịch Hàn Quốc phải bị cách ly, không có quyền chọn khách sạn" [People who come back from the Korean region must be isolated, no right to choose hotel]. Thanh Niên (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 25 February 2020.
- ^ "Xử lý nghiêm mọi hành vi kỳ thị du khách nước ngoài". Government's Newspaper.
- ^ "Vietnam begins Covid-19 vaccination drive without China-made shots". SCMP. 7 March 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
- ^ "The virus and the vitriol". Southeast Asian Globe. 14 February 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
- ^ Yen Duong (13 April 2020). "'Rice ATM' feeds Vietnam's poor amid virus lockdown". Reuters. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
- ^ ONLINE, TUOI TRE (23 March 2020). "Johnathan Hạnh Nguyễn cho mượn mặt bằng 5.000m2 làm khu cách ly". TUOI TRE ONLINE.
- ^ "Gia đình ông Johnathan Hạnh Nguyễn cam kết góp 30 tỉ chống dịch Covid-19 và hạn mặn". Báo Thanh Niên. 20 March 2020.
- ^ "Những nghĩa cử cao đẹp của kiều bào ở nước ngoài hướng về Tổ quốc". hanoimoi.com.vn.
- ^ "Việt Nam luôn trong tim: Cùng chung tay chống dịch". Báo Thanh Niên. 27 April 2020.
- ^ "Bộ Y tế tiếp nhận 3.200 máy thở của Tập đoàn Vingroup phục vụ chống dịch COVID-19".
- ^ "Vingroup đề nghị tài trợ hoá chất thực hiện 100.000 xét nghiệm SARS-CoV-2". Sức khỏe & Đời sống. 9 August 2020.
- ^ "Xử lý hình sự nếu trốn cách ly, đưa trái phép thông tin cá nhân nhân viên y tế". Vietnam Ministry of Health. 31 March 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
- ^ "Khai báo y tế không trung thực, trốn tránh cách ly" (in Vietnamese). Nhân Dân. 10 April 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
- ^ "Nguyễn Sin tức giận đòi bỏ tù bệnh nhân thứ 100 – Netizen – Tin trong ngày". Việt Giải Trí. 23 March 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
- ^ "'Bệnh nhân 1342' đi học trong thời gian cách ly". VnExpress (in Vietnamese). 2 December 2020. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
- ^ "Vietnam halts all inbound commercial flights". VnExpress. 1 December 2020. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
- ^ "Khởi tố vụ án tiếp viên hàng không 'làm lây lan nCoV'". VnExpress (in Vietnamese). 3 December 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
- ^ Tạm giữ gần 1 triệu khẩu trang trong kho hàng ở quận Tân Phú. Tuổi trẻ Online. 3 March 2020.
- ^ Chặn đứng hàng chục ngàn khẩu trang y tế 'chảy máu' sang Campuchia. Tuổi Trẻ Online. 4 March 2020.
- ^ Bắt giữ 30.000 chiếc khẩu trang trên đường xuất lậu sang Trung Quốc. Vietnam Television 8 February 2020.
- ^ Cao Bằng: Bắt giữ 25.000 khẩu trang y tế xuất lậu qua biên giới. Báo Tài nguyên và Môi trường. 13 February 2020.
- ^ Thu giữ 20.000 chiếc khẩu trang y tế không rõ nguồn gốc ở Quảng Ninh VOV 11 March 2020
- ^ Tạm giữ hàng trăm nghìn khẩu trang chuẩn bị xuất đi nước ngoài. Tuổi trẻ Online. 7 February 2020.
- ^ Phát hiện cơ sở sản xuất khẩu trang y tế có lõi là giấy vệ sinh. Thanh Niên Online. 14 February 2020.
- ^ Gom khẩu trang không nguồn gốc bán trục lợi Xuân Ngọc – Thuỳ Ngân VnExpress 13 March 2020
- ^ Vì sao Bộ Công an triệu tập một số cán bộ Trung tâm Kiểm soát bệnh tật Hà Nội?. Tuổi Trẻ (18 April 2020).
- ^ Công an triệu tập cán bộ CDC Hà Nội về việc mua máy xét nghiệm SARS-CoV-2. Thanh Niên (18 April 2020).
- ^ Bộ Công an: 'CDC Hà Nội sai phạm mua sắm thiết bị trong Covid-19' VnExpress (22 April 2020).
- ^ Giám đốc CDC Hà Nội bị bắt. VnExpress (22 April 2020).
- ^ CDC Hà Nội có sếp mới sau bê bối 'thổi' giá mua máy.VnExpress (12 June 2020).
- ^ "Đà Nẵng giải thích điều kiện cách ly nhóm khách Hàn Quốc". VnExpress. 28 February 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
- ^ "All in Vietnam must wear face mask in public places for coronavirus prevention". The Star. 16 March 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
- ^ "Vietnam's coronavirus offensive wins praise for low-cost model". Financial Times. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
- ^ a b c d e "How Vietnam is winning its 'war' on coronavirus". Deutsche Welle. 16 April 2020.
- ^ Polychroniou, C.J. (22 August 2020). "If Trump Had Followed Vietnam's Lead on COVID, US Would Have Fewer Than 100 Dead". Truthout. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
- ^ Quang D. Pham; Robyn M. Stuart; et al. (2020). "Lessons learned from Vietnam's COVID-19 Response: The Role of Adaptive Behavior Change and Testing in Epidemic Control". MedRxiv. doi:10.1101/2020.12.18.20248454. S2CID 229325781. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
- ^ Yong, Ed (29 December 2020). "Where Year Two of the Pandemic Will Take Us". The Atlantic. ISSN 1072-7825. Retrieved 14 January 2021.
- ^ Chris Humphrey (9 April 2020). "'In a war, we draw': Vietnam's artists join fight against Covid-19". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
- ^ Yoichi Funabashi (10 August 2020). "'China literacy': Vietnam's key to combating COVID-19". The Japan Times. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
- ^ "From midnight, every resident in the city cannot go out" (in Vietnamese). Vietnam Ministry of Health. 15 August 2020. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ^ a b Michael Sullivan (16 April 2020). "In Vietnam, There Have Been Fewer Than 300 COVID-19 Cases And No Deaths. Here's Why". NPR. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
- ^ Sean Fleming (30 March 2020). "Viet Nam shows how you can contain COVID-19 with limited resources". weforum.org. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
- ^ Hartley, K., and D. S. Jarvis. 2020. "Policymaking in a Low-Trust State: Legitimacy, State Capacity, and Responses to COVID-19 in Hong Kong." Policy and Society 39 (3): 403–421.
- ^ Huynh, T. L. D. 2020. "The COVID-19 Containment in Vietnam: What Are we Doing?" Journal of Global Health
- ^ Trevisan, M., L. C. Le, and A. V. Le. 2020. "The COVID-19 Pandemic: A View from Vietnam." American Journal of Public Health.
- ^ Gilmour. 2020. "An Adaptive Model of Health System Organization and Responses Helped Vietnam to Successfully Halt the Covid‐19 Pandemic: What Lessons Can Be Learned from a Resource‐Constrained Country." The International Journal of Health Planning and Management.
- ^ a b c Vu, Khanh; Nguyen, Phuong; Pearson, James (30 April 2020). "After aggressive mass testing, Vietnam says it contains coronavirus outbreak". Reuters.
- ^ a b Jones, Anna (15 May 2020). "Coronavirus: How 'overreaction' made Vietnam a virus success". BBC News. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
- ^ Jha, Preeti (8 August 2020). "Coronavirus Vietnam: The mysterious resurgence of Covid-19". BBC News. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
- ^ Văn, Trân (26 February 2020). "COVID-19, nên nhìn Iran mà ngẫm…" [COVID-19, should look at Iran and reflect...]. Voice of America Tiếng Việt (in Vietnamese). Archived from the original on 6 March 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
- ^ "Vietnam, Laos Arrest Facebookers on COVID-19-Related Charges". Radio Free Asia. 13 April 2020.
- ^ "Hơn 654 người bị xử lý vì đăng tin thất thiệt về COVID-19". Tuổi Trẻ. 15 March 2020.
- ^ "Asia: Bachelet alarmed by clampdown on freedom of expression during COVID-19". UN High Commissioner for Human Rights. 3 June 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
- ^ Rapid Assessment on the Social and Economic Impacts of COVID-19 on Children and their Families. Published by UNICEF
- ^ IFRC, UNICEF & WHO. (2020b). Social Stigma Associated with COVID-19. 24 February 2020. Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org/media/65931/file/Social%20stigma%20associated%20with%20the%20coronavirus%20disease%202019%20(COVID-19).pdf
- ^ "Dịch Covid-19: 'Việt Nam đang hứng chịu thiệt hại lớn về kinh tế'" [Covid-19: 'Vietnam is suffering from great economic losses']. BBC News Tiếng Việt (in Vietnamese). 23 February 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
- ^ "Southeast Asia's GDP growth to contract by 4.2% in 2020; Vietnam recovery prospects brightest: ICAEW". Business Times (Singapore). 7 September 2020. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
- ^ "Vietnam economy is Asia's shining star during Covid". BBC News. 19 November 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
- ^ Anh Minh (13 March 2020). "Business big problem is Covid-19". VnExpress. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
- ^ "Gần 90% doanh nghiệp Việt chịu tác động bởi đại dịch COVID-19" (in Vietnamese). VTV. 12 March 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
- ^ "Gần 90% doanh nghiệp bị ảnh hưởng tiêu cực vì Covid-19" (in Vietnamese). VnExpress. 12 March 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
- ^ a b "Socio-economic performance in first five months". The Socialists Republic of Vietnam.
- ^ "IMF Staff Completes 2020 Article IV Mission to Vietnam". imf.org. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
- ^ "Hầu hết bluechip giảm sàn" (in Vietnamese). VnExpress. 30 January 2021. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
- ^ "Covid-19 'chặn' đà phục hồi của thị trường lao động" (in Vietnamese). VnExpress. 16 April 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
- ^ "Vietnam's economy is set to grow 6.6% in 2021: WB". Nhân Dân. 27 March 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
- ^ "Hơn 22 triệu người bị giảm thu nhập vì Covid-19" (in Vietnamese). VnExpress. 6 January 2021. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
- ^ "BÁO CÁO TÁC ĐỘNG CỦA DỊCH COVID-19 ĐẾN TÌNH HÌNH LAO ĐỘNG, VIỆC LÀM QUÝ IV VÀ NĂM 2020" (in Vietnamese). Vietnam General Statistics Office. 6 January 2021. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
- ^ Stuart Hunter, Gregor; Choong, Rebecca (24 January 2020). "Virus Panic Causes Face Mask Supplies to Run Out Across Asia". Time. Archived from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
- ^ Nga, Le (6 February 2020). "Don't panic and stockpile food, health ministry advises". VnExpress. Archived from the original on 15 March 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
- ^ Hiệp, Nghĩa (14 February 2020). "Lợi dụng dịch bệnh để trục lợi: Cần xử lý nghiêm khắc" [Taking advantage of epidemics to seek personal benefits: Enforcement is strictly required]. Báo Dân tộc và Phát triển (in Vietnamese). Archived from the original on 15 March 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
- ^ "2020 and Covid-19: Vietnamese economy down but not out". VnExpress. 25 December 2020. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
- ^ "Hàng không không phải là thiệt hại bao nhiêu mà là cứu vãn được bao nhiêu" (in Vietnamese). Vietnamnet.
- ^ "10,000 Vietnam Airlines staff take unpaid leave over Covid-19 crisis". VnExpress.
- ^ "Hàng không Việt có thể phục hồi nhanh hàng đầu Đông Nam Á". VnExpress (in Vietnamese).
- ^ "AFP: Thị trường xuất khẩu đa dạng giúp kinh tế Việt Nam "vượt qua" Covid-19" (in Vietnamese). Ho Chi Minh City Police Newspaper. 16 December 2020. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
- ^ "Ồ ạt rao bán khách sạn hàng trăm tỷ đồng ở Nha Trang vì Covid-19" (in Vietnamese). Dân Trí. 27 February 2021. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
- ^ "Covid-19 rains on Vietnam's tourism parade". VnExpress. 28 December 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
- ^ "Doanh thu dịch vụ lữ hành 8 tháng giảm đến 54%" (in Vietnamese). Forbes Vietnam. 29 August 2020. Retrieved 29 August 2020.
- ^ "Năm 2020, lượng khách qua các cảng hàng không Việt Nam giảm gần 44%" (in Vietnamese). Thời báo tài chính Việt Nam. 21 December 2020. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
- ^ "Tổng kết công tác an toàn hàng không năm 2020 và triển khai nhiệm vụ năm 2021" (in Vietnamese). Cục Hàng không Việt Nam. 18 December 2020. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
- ^ "Vietnamese Airlines Look For Over $1bn In Government Support". Simple Flying. 8 March 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ ONLINE, TUOI TRE (20 May 2020). "Dạy học trực tuyến: từ ngại đến thích". TUOI TRE ONLINE.
- ^ Ministry of Education and Training (Vietnam) (31 March 2020). "Bộ GDĐT hướng dẫn điều chỉnh nội dung dạy học học kì II năm học 2019–2020 đối với cấp THCS, THPT". moet.gov.vn (in Vietnamese). Archived from the original on 3 April 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
- ^ "Tin tức". moet.gov.vn.
- ^ "Institute for Policy and Strategies for Agriculture and Rural Development (2020) Rapid Assessment on the Impacts of COVID-19 on Rural Livelihoods in Viet Nam".
- ^ MOLISA and UNICEF (2020). Rapid Assessment of Social Assistance Needs among Families with Children.
- ^ UNICEF (2020). Rapid Assessment of Online/Distance Learning Education in the Context of COVID-19 Pandemic.
- ^ UNICEF (2020) Rapid Assessment of Social and Economic Impacts of COVID-19 on Children and Families.
- ^ "Japan's Aska buys 24.9 stake in Vietnam drug company". VnExpress. 24 August 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
- ^ "Doanh thu ngành dược phẩm 'hụt hơi' vì Covid-19" (in Vietnamese). VnExpress. 24 January 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
- ^ Thịnh, Quang (2 February 2020). "Virus corona khiến các giải bóng đá Việt Nam tạm hoãn" [Corona virus caused the Vietnam football tournament to be postponed]. Zing.vn (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 15 March 2020.
- ^ Ninh, Trung (24 February 2020). "Vì sao Lịch thi đấu V-League 2020 vẫn phải chờ?" [Why is the V-League 2020 Schedule still waiting?]. Thanh Niên (in Vietnamese). Archived from the original on 15 March 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
- ^ "Bahrain and Vietnam Grands Prix postponed | Formula One". Formula One. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
- ^ "Formula 1: Vietnam Grand Prix postponed due to coronavirus". CNA. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
- ^ "Cancellation of the 2020 Vinfast Vietnam Grand Prix". Vietnam Grand Prix. 16 October 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
- ^ "Vietnams first football game since pandemic break to allow spectators". VnExpress (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 23 May 2020.
- ^ "Vietnam first in the world to resume normal football events". Nhân Dân. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
- ^ "Worlds 2020 Update: Format Changes". lolesports.com. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
- ^ "MSI 2021: Teams Update". lolesports.com. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
- ^ O'Kane, Caitlin (4 March 2020). "Catchy PSA about coronavirus turns into viral TikTok challenge about washing your hands". CBS News. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
- ^ Puhak, Janine; Hein, Alexandria (5 March 2020). "Coronavirus-inspired TikTok dance reminds social-media users to wash hands". Fox News Channel. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
- ^ Illmer, Andreas (6 March 2020). "Coronavirus: Vietnam's handwashing song goes global". BBC News. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
- ^ "ADB hỗ trợ Việt Nam 600.000 USD ứng phó với dịch Covid-19" (in Vietnamese). VnEconomy. 11 December 2020. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
- ^ a b "Vietnam, Australia to boost trade, investment after COVID-19 pandemic". Vietnam Ministry of Industry and Trade. 12 May 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
- ^ a b "Ambassadors of Russia, Chile praise Vietnam's efforts in fighting COVID-19". Voice of Vietnam. 25 April 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
- ^ "Vietnam-Chine : conversation téléphonique entre Nguyên Phu Trong et Xi Jinping". 30 September 2020.
- ^ "Xi Jinping Has a Phone Call with General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) and President Nguyen Phu Trong". 29 September 2020.
- ^ "Germany's Foreign Ministry appreciates Vietnam's support in COVID-19 fight". Báo Nhân Dân. 15 April 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
- ^ Hương Giang (4 May 2020). "PM Phuc, Japanese PM Abe discuss COVID-19, bilateral ties over phone call". Vietnam Government Online Newspaper. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
- ^ Ngoc Van (21 April 2020). "VN, Russia vow to facilitate trade exchange amid COVID-19 pandemic". Vietnam Government Online Newspaper. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
- ^ Quang Minh (3 April 2020). "VN controls COVID-19 pandemic well, says Korean President Moon". Vietnam Government Online Newspaper. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
- ^ Jennifer Tran (15 April 2020). "British Ambassador thanks Vietnam for its support to repatriate UK citizens". Vietnam Times. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
- ^ Đại sứ Mỹ Daniel Kritenbrink: "Ấn tượng với mức độ hợp tác và minh bạch của chính phủ VN" [US Ambassador Daniel Kritenbrink: "Impressed with the level of cooperation and transparency of the Vietnamese government"] (video) (07:14) (in Vietnamese). PhoBolsaTV. 19 February 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2020 – via YouTube.
- ^ Đăng, Nhật (22 February 2020). "Mỹ tin Việt Nam sẽ chống COVID-19 hiệu quả, sắp cử đoàn sang hợp tác" [The US believes that Vietnam will fight COVID-19 effectively, about to send a delegation to co-operate]. Tuổi Trẻ (in Vietnamese). Archived from the original on 15 March 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "COVID-19 Pandemic Situation in Vietnam". Vietnam Centers for Disease Control (in Vietnamese). 14 April 2020. Archived from the original on 14 April 2020. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
- ^ "Bệnh Covid-19 xuất hiện ở Hà Nội" [Covid-19 disease appeared in Hanoi]. VnExpress (in Vietnamese). 6 March 2020. Archived from the original on 7 March 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
- ^ "Vietnam confirms 17th Covid-19 patient". VnExpress. 7 March 2020. Archived from the original on 7 March 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
- ^ Nga, Lê (7 March 2020). "Ca nhiễm nCoV thứ 18 ở Việt Nam" [The 18th case of nCoV in Vietnam]. VnExpress (in Vietnamese). Archived from the original on 7 March 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
- ^ Huệ, Bích; Anh, Phương; Quyên, Hà (8 March 2020). "9 người nước ngoài mắc Covid-19 cùng chuyến bay với bệnh nhân thứ 17" [9 foreigners with Covid-19 on the same flight as 17th patient]. Zing.vn (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 9 March 2020.
- ^ Thạnh, Võ; Thành, Đắc (11 March 2020). "Ba bệnh nhân Covid-19 ở Huế sức khỏe ổn định" [Three Covid-19 patients in Huế were in stable condition]. VnExpress (in Vietnamese). Archived from the original on 15 March 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
- ^ Xuân, Kim (10 March 2020). "Việt Nam phát hiện trường hợp nhiễm COVID-19 thứ 32" [Vietnam detected the 32nd COVID-19 infection]. VTV (in Vietnamese). Archived from the original on 10 March 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
- ^ "Ca nhiễm Covid-19 thứ 33 cùng trên chuyến bay VN0054 với bệnh nhân 17" [33rd Covid-19 case on flight VN0054 with patient 17]. Voice of Vietnam (in Vietnamese). 10 March 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
- ^ Anh, Lan (11 March 2020). "Đang chờ kết quả xét nghiệm lần 4 của bệnh nhân nghi là ca thứ 39" [Waiting for the 4th test results of patients suspected to be the 39th case]. Tuổi Trẻ (in Vietnamese). Archived from the original on 11 March 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "TP HCM thêm 3 ca dương tính nCoV" [3 more nCoV cases in Ho Chi Minh City]. VnExpress (in Vietnamese). 23 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
- ^ "Lãnh đạo tỉnh Đồng Tháp họp khẩn trong đêm khi có 4 ca dương tính với COVID-19 về từ Anh" [4 COVID-19 cases in Dong Thap Province]. Tuổi Trẻ (in Vietnamese). 22 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
- ^ "BV Chợ Rẫy huy động toàn lực để cứu chữa cho phi công người Anh". Tuổi Trẻ. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
- ^ a b "Thêm 11 ca dương tính nCoV" [More 11 nCoV cases in]. VnExpress (in Vietnamese). 24 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
Free content[edit]
This article incorporates text from a free content work. . Text taken from Emerging COVID-19 success story: Vietnam’s commitment to containment, Our World in Data. [[Category:Free content from Our World in Data]]
External links[edit]
- Vietnam Ministry of Health's official page about COVID-19 pandemic
- Latest Updates on the Coronavirus cases in Vietnam – Ministry of Health of Vietnam
- CoronaTracker – Statistics on the coronavirus cases in Vietnam
- Coronavirus COVID-19 Global Cases and historical data by Johns Hopkins University
- COVID-19 Encyclopædia Britannica
- Coronavirus Encyclopædia Britannica
- SARS Encyclopædia Britannica
- COVID-19 in 20 Questions Encyclopædia Britannica
- Questions About COVID-19 Answered Kara Rogers Encyclopædia Britannica (18 June 2020)
.svg){kind=small}
