Gam-COVID-Vac

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"Sputnik V" redirects here. For the Soviet satellite, see Sputnik 5.

Gam-COVID-Vac
See caption
Russian Ministry of Health image of Gam-COVID-Vac vials
Vaccine description
Target diseaseCOVID-19
Clinical data
Trade namesSputnik V[1]
Routes of
administration		Intramuscular
Legal status
Legal status
  • Registered in Russia on 11 August 2020
Identifiers
DrugBank
Part of a series on the
COVID-19 pandemic
SARS-CoV-2 without background.png
SARS-CoV-2 (Wikimedia colors).svg COVID-19 Portal

Gam-COVID-Vac (Russian: Гам-КОВИД-Вак, romanized: Gam-KOVID-Vak), trade-named Sputnik V, is a COVID-19 vaccine developed by the Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, and registered on 11 August 2020 by the Russian Ministry of Health.[2][3][4] Gam-COVID-Vac was approved for distribution in Russia, despite having been tested only in a small number of people, in early-stage clinical trials that lasted two months, normally a process requiring a year or more of clinical assessment for proof of vaccine safety and efficacy against viral disease.[2][5][6]

The quick approval of Gam-COVID-Vac was initially criticized as premature, in order to claim being the first country to produce a COVID-19 vaccine.[2][3][4][5][7][8] Protests developed in the international scientific community over announcement of the vaccine registration, mainly because there was initially no publication of results from clinical trials on Gam-COVID-Vac.[2][4][5][7]

Although Phase I-II results were eventually published on 4 September 2020,[9][10] the pivotal Phase III trial – a necessary scientific step to prove vaccine safety and efficacy in thousands of individuals – had not yet been completed in its entirety.[2][5][7] At the time of Gam-COVID-Vac registration in Russia after early trials, several other vaccine candidates were already being evaluated in interventional Phase III trials involving thousands of participants.[4][5][7] In most countries following guidelines of the World Health Organization, vaccine candidates are not approved or licensed until safety and efficacy data from Phase III trials are assessed and confirmed internationally by regulators.[11] In December 2020, the Gamaleya Institute published preliminary data on 22,714 participants of its phase III trials.[12] The study is a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-centre clinical trial involving 40,000 volunteers and is scheduled to run until May 2021.[13]

Technology[edit]

See caption
President Putin's meeting with Government members, on 11 August 2020 via videoconference, at which he announced a conditionally registered vaccine against COVID-19.[2][3]
Medical worker in Moscow with the vaccine
See also: COVID-19 vaccine

Gam-COVID-Vac is a viral two-vector vaccine based on two human adenoviruses — a common cold virus — containing the gene that encodes the spike protein (S) of SARS-CoV-2 to stimulate an immune response.[14][15] The Gam-COVID-Vac vaccine was developed by a cellular microbiologists team of the government-backed Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology. The group was led by MD and a RAS associate member Denis Logunov, who also worked on vaccines for the Ebolavirus and the MERS-coronavirus.[16]

The recombinant adenovirus types 26 and 5 are both used as vectors in the vaccine. They were biotechnology-derived and contain the SARS-CoV-2 S protein cDNA. Both of them are administered into the deltoid muscle: the Ad26 based vaccine is used on the first day and the Ad5 vaccine is used on the 21st day to boost immune response.[14][17][18]

The vaccine can be formulated as frozen (storage temperature is −18 °C (0 °F)) and freeze-dried ("Gam-COVID-Vac-Lyo", storage temperature is 2–8 °C (36–46 °F)) dosage forms. The first formulation was developed for large-scale use, it is cheaper and easier to manufacture. The production of a lyophilized formulation takes much more time and resources, although it is more convenient for storage and transportation. Gam-COVID-Vac-Lyo was developed especially for vaccine delivery to hard-to-reach regions of Russia.[19] The head of the Gamaleya Research Institute Alexander Ginzburg estimates that it will take 9–12 months to vaccinate the vast majority of the Russian population, assuming on in-country resources.[20][21]

Development and registration[edit]

History[edit]

In May 2020, the Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology announced that it had developed the vaccine without serious side effects. By August 2020, phases I and II of two clinical trials (involving 38 patients each) were completed. Only one of them used formulation which later obtained marketing authorization under "limited conditions".[22][23][24] This vaccine was given the trade name "Sputnik V", after the world's first artificial satellite.[3][7][25]

During preclinical and clinical trials, 38 participants who received one or two doses of the Gam-COVID-Vac vaccine had produced antibodies against SARS-CoV-2's spike protein, including potent neutralizing antibodies that inactivate viral particles.[2] On August 11, 2020, the Russian minister of Health Mikhail Murashko announced at a government briefing with the participation of President Vladimir Putin regulatory approval of the vaccine for widespread use. The state registration of the vaccine was carried out "conditionally" with post-marketing measures according to the decree of the Government of the Russian Federation. The registration certificate for the vaccine stated that it could not be used widely in Russia until 1 January 2021, and before that, it may be provided to "a small number of citizens from vulnerable groups", such as medical staff and the elderly.[3] The license under register number No. ЛП-006395 was issued on August 11 by the Russian Ministry of Health. Although the announcement was made even before the vaccine candidate had been entered into Phase III trials, the practice of marketing authorization "on conditions" also exists in other countries.[26][27] On August 26, certificate No. ЛП-006423 was issued for the lyophilized formulation "Gam-COVID-Vac-Lyo".[2][3][7][28][9]

The commercial release of the Gam-COVID-Vac was first scheduled for September 2020. In October, Mikhail Murashko said that the Gam-COVID-Vac will be free for all Russian citizens after the launching of mass production.[29][30] Later on, Russian Ministry of Health registered maximum ex-factory price equal to 1,942 rubles for two components and included them into The National List of Essential medicines.[31] There were also suggestions to include the vaccine in the National Immunisation Calendar of Russia.[32]

According to Russian media, the mass production of the Gam-COVID-Vac was launched by August 15. By that moment, the Russian Federation has already received applications from 20 countries for the supply of 1 billion doses of vaccine. Three facilities were able to produce about a million doses per month at each with a potential doubling of capacity by winter. By the end of 2020, Gamaleya Research Institute's production, according to an interview with the organization's spokesperson, was planned to produce 3–5 million doses.[33][34][23]

Preliminary clinical research[edit]

A Phase I safety trial began on 18 June.[2] On 4 September, data on 76 participants in a Phase I–II trial were published, indicating preliminary evidence of safety and an immune response.[9] The results were challenged by international vaccine scientists as being incomplete, suspicious, and unreliable when identical data were reported for many of the trial participants,[35] but the authors responded that there was a small sample size of nine, and the measured results of titration could only take discrete values (800, 1600, 3200, 6400). Coupled with the observation that values tended to reach a plateau after three to four weeks, they contend that it is not unlikely that several participants would show identical results for days 21 to 28.[36]

On November 4, 2020, Israel Hadassah Medical Center director-general Prof. Zeev Rotstein stated in The Jerusalem Post "Hadassah’s branch in Moscow’s Skolkovo Innovation Center has been collaborating on a Phase III clinical trial... [and it] should be complete in the next month or two. That trial is testing the vaccine on some 40,000 people in Russia and several other countries. Tens of thousands of volunteers have already received the vaccine."[37]

On December 10, 2020, Ramil Khabriev of the Russian National Research Institute of Public Health, claims that the phase III trials of the Spunik V vaccine is "successfully coming to an end".[38]

On December 11, 2020, AstraZeneca announced they would start clinical trials to test a combination of its experimental COVID-19 vaccine, AZD1222, with Russia’s Sputnik V. AstraZeneca said it was considering how it could assess combinations of different vaccines, and would soon begin exploring with Russia’s Gamaleya Institute, developer of Sputnik V, whether two vaccines based on a common-cold virus could be successfully combined.[39]

Emergency use authorisation[edit]

As of December 2020, two other countries (Belarus and Argentina) have received EUAs for the registration of the vector-based vaccine outside of the Russian Federation.[40][41]

Scientific assessment[edit]

On 11 August 2020, a World Health Organization spokesperson said, "Prequalification of any vaccine includes the rigorous review and assessment of all required safety and efficacy data... You cannot use a vaccine or drugs or medicines without following through all of these stages, having complied with all of these stages."[8][42]

Vaccine scientists Peter Hotez and Francois Balloux have called the Russian government's approval of Gam-COVID-Vac "worrying", "reckless" and "foolish".[2][3] Professor Paul Offit, who is the director of the Vaccine Education Center at Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, stated that the announcement was a "political stunt", and that the untested vaccine could be very harmful.[8]

Balram Bhargava, director of the Indian Council of Medical Research, said that Russia has managed to fast track a COVID-19 vaccine candidate through its early phases.[43]

Dr Stephen Griffin, Associate Professor in the School of Medicine, University of Leeds, said that we can be cautiously optimistic that SARS-CoV2 vaccines targeting the spike protein are effective. Moreover, as the Sputnik antigen is delivered via a different modality, namely using a disabled Adenovirus rather than formulated RNA, this provides flexibility in terms of perhaps one or other method providing better responses in certain age groups, ethnicities, etc., plus the storage of this vaccine ought to be more straightforward.[44]

Stephen Evans, professor of pharmacoepidemiology at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, said "The data [is] compatible with the vaccine being reasonably effective".[44]

Ian Jones, a professor of virology at the University of Reading, said "These results are consistent with what we see with other vaccines, because the really big message for global health scientists is that this disease [COVID-19] is able to be addressed by vaccines. I see no reason to doubt it [the results]," Jones told CBC News in an interview. "I agree that their initial results caused consternation, but I don't think it's because they weren't valid. They were released a bit soon. I think it's going to be a useful vaccine."[44]

According to preliminary review by experts, the lyophilized formulation of Gam-COVID-Vac is similar to the smallpox vaccine, circumventing the need for continuous cold chain storage – as required for the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines – and allowing transportation to remote locations with reduced risk of vaccine spoilage.[45][46]

Distribution, vaccination and public perception[edit]

In Russia[edit]

In early December 2020, the federal authorities announced the start of a large-scale free of charge vaccination with Gam-COVID-Vac for Russian citizens. The immunization started at 70 Moscow-based medical centers on December 5, 2020. During next week vaccination offices have been created across the country.[47][48][49][47][50]

Doctors and other medical workers, teachers, and social workers are given priority due to their highest risk of exposure to the disease.[51] The age for those receiving shots is capped at 60. Potential recipients were notified via text message, with one reading “You are working at an educational institution and have top-priority for the COVID-19 vaccine, free of charge". Patients are asked a few general health questions before getting the vaccine, which is removed from deep freeze around 15 minutes before use. A leaflet is handed to the patient, which warns of possible side effects, suggesting those are most likely to be mild and last a couple of days at most.[52][53][54] People with certain underlying health conditions, pregnant women, and those who have had a respiratory illness for the past two weeks are barred from vaccination.[51]

According to public opinion polls, only half of the Russian population would take the vaccine voluntarily.[55] An opinion poll of Canadians conducted by Léger found that a majority (68%) would not take the Russian vaccine if offered a free dose, compare to 14% who said they would take it. When Americans were asked the same question, 59% would not take the Russian vaccine if offered a free dose, compared to 24% who said they would take it.[56] British and American officials stated that the Gam-COVID-Vac vaccine would likely be rejected due to concerns that the normally rigorous process of vaccine clinical testing was not followed.[57] One public health expert said the quick approval of Gam-COVID-Vac by the Russian government was "cutting corners", and may harm public confidence if the vaccine proves to be unsafe or ineffective.[7] "There is a huge risk that confidence in vaccines would be damaged by a vaccine that received approval and was then shown to be harmful", said immunologist Peter Openshaw.[7]

In early December, the Minister of Health, Mikhail Murashko, said that Russia had already vaccinated more than 100,000 high-risk people.[58] Forty thousand of those are volunteers in Sputnik V's Phase 3 trials, another 60,000 medics and doctors have also taken the vaccine.[59] The head of the Russian Direct Investment Fund, Kirill Dmitriev, said in an interview with the BBC that Russian medics expect to give about 2 million people coronavirus vaccinations in December.[60]

Up to the beginning of December 2020, Generium (which is supervised by Pharmstandard) and Binnopharm (which is supervised by AFK Sistema) companies produced Gam-COVID-Vac on a large scale. It is expected that the vaccine also will be produced by the BIOCAD Company. According to Russian media, the suppliers will release 500,000 vaccines into circulation by the end of December 2020. On December 10, Deputy Prime Minister Tatyana Golikova announced that approximately 6.9 million doses of the Sputnik V vaccine will enter civilian circulation in Russia before the end of February 2021.[47][61] Moscow Mayor Sergei Sobyanin announced that the new-opened Moscow-based "R-Pharm" will become a leading manufacturer of Russia's Sputnik V coronavirus vaccine. Working at full capacity, the factory will produce up to 10 million doses a month.[62]

Abroad[edit]

In dark green are the countries that ordered millions of Sputnik V doses. In light green are the countries that have shown interest in obtaining the vaccine or they are already testing it.

According to the Russian Direct Investment Fund, they had received orders for more than 1.2 billion doses of the vaccine in the first week of December. Over 50 countries had made requests for doses, with supplies for the global market being produced by partners in India, Brazil, China, South Korea, Hungary, and other countries.[63][64][65] Russian authorities also proceeded with an application for regulatory approval of the vaccine for widespread use in 40 countries.[66][67]

While free in Russia, the cost per dose would be less than $10 (or less than $20 for the two doses needed to vaccinate one person) on international markets, which makes it much more affordable compared to mRNA vaccines from other manufacturers. Kirill Dmitriev, head of the fund, told reporters that over 1 billion doses of the vaccine are expected to be produced in 2021 outside of Russia.[68][69]

The Israeli Haddasah Medical Center has signed a commercial memorandum of understanding to obtain 1.5—3 million doses.[70] Argentina agreed to buy 25 million doses of the vaccine, receiving an initial 10 million doses by as early as December, should it clear clinical trials.[71] The vaccine was registered and approved in Argentina in late December.[72] The Brazilian state of Bahia has also signed an agreement to conduct Phase III clinical trials of the Sputnik V vaccine and plans to buy 50 million doses to market in northeastern Brazil.[73]

Agreements on the production of over 300 million doses of vaccine per year in India were signed in September.[74] Also preliminary agreement on the production of vaccines abroad has been reached with the government of the state of Paraná, in Brazil.[75] Vaccine production for the global market will be undertaken by RDIF's international partners in India, Brazil, China, South Korea, and four other countries.[76] The head of RDIF Dmitriev at the beginning of December estimated that Indian facilities are planning to produce around 300 million doses of the Russian vaccine next year.[77] The RDIF also announced plans to sell 100 million doses to India, 35 million to Uzbekistan, and 32 million to Mexico, as well as 25 million to Nepal and Egypt each.[78]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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  77. ^ Meghna Sen (18 December 2020). "Sputnik V: India to produce about 300 mn doses of Russian vaccine in 2021". Mint. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
  78. ^ "More Countries Line Up for Russia's Sputnik V Coronavirus Vaccine". The Moscow Times. 13 November 2020.

External links[edit]

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