COVID-19 vaccination in India

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COVID-19 vaccination program
India Total Doses Administered by State.png
Per capita vaccination numbers for each state as of 26 April 2021 [a]
Date16 January 2021 (2021-01-16) – present
LocationIndia India
CauseCOVID-19 pandemic
TargetImmunisation of Indians against COVID-19
Budget₹35,000 crore (US$4.9 billion)[1]
Organised byGovernment of India & State governments of India
Participants
  • 129,227,412 people with at least one dose administered of Covaxin or Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine
  • 29,705,509 people have been fully vaccinated with the second dose of Covaxin or Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine
Outcome
  • 9% of the Indian population has received at least one dose.
  • 2% of the Indian population has received both doses
Websitewww.mohfw.gov.in
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India began administration of COVID-19 vaccines on 16 January 2021. As of 3 May 2021, India has administered 158,932,921 doses overall, including first and second does of the currently-approved vaccines.[2][3]

Two vaccines received approval for emergency use in India at the onset of the program, including Covishield (a version of the Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine manufactured by the Serum Institute of India), and Covaxin (developed by Bharat Biotech). In April 2021, Sputnik V was approved as a third vaccine, with deployment expected to begin by late-May 2021.

Vaccination program[edit]

Graph of cumulative doses administered across the country[edit]

  Total vaccination doses administered across the country    vaccinated (1st dose only)    Fully vaccinated[b]

Graph of daily doses administered across the country[edit]

   Daily vaccinations (1st dose only)    Daily vaccinations (2nd dose only)

[4] [5]

Vaccine administration by Gender[edit]

Vaccinations in India by Gender as of May 4, 2021 [6]
Gender Figures
Male
 
 67,259,765
Female
 
 61,339,999
Non-Binary
 
 17,203

Vaccine administration by vaccine brand[edit]

Vaccines distributed listed in million as of 4 May 2021[6]

25
50
75
100
125
150
  •   Covishield
  •   Covaxin
  •   Sputnik V

Vaccine administration by age group[edit]

Vaccination by age group as of 4 May 2021[6]
Age group Population
18-30
5,073,175
30-45
10,614,069
45-60
59,293,009
over 60
53,619,334

Background and timeline[edit]

A vaccination centre in Delhi.

In September 2020, India's science minister Harsh Vardhan stated that the country planned to approve and begin distribution of a vaccine by the first quarter of 2021.[7] The first recipients were to be 30 million health workers directly dealing with COVID patients.[8]

On 1 January 2021, the Drug Controller General of India (DCGI) approved emergency usage of the Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine, which was being manufactured by the Serum Institute of India (SII) under the trade name "Covishield".[9][10][11] On 2 January, the DCGI approved Bharat Biotech's Covaxin for emergency use, even though it had not yet completed phase 3 trials.[12][13]

India began its vaccination program began on 16 January 2021, operating 3,006 vaccination centres on the onset.[14] Each vaccination centre will offer either Covishield or Covaxin, but not both. Some states have decided to primarily use Covishield, and keep their Covaxin doses as a “buffer stock”.[15] Since Covaxin has not completed phase-3 trials, those receiving it will need to sign a consent form.[16]

165,714 people were vaccinated on the first day of availability. Difficulties in uploading beneficiary lists at some sites caused delays.[17] In the first three days, 631,417 people were vaccinated. Of these, 0.18% reported side-effects and nine people (0.002%) were admitted to hospitals for observation and treatment.[18][19] Within those first days, there was concerns about low turnout, due to a combination of vaccine safety concerns, technical problems with the software used, and misinformation.[20]

The first phase of the rollout involved health workers and frontline workers including police, paramilitary forces, sanitation workers, and disaster management volunteers.[14] By 1 March, only 14 million healthcare and frontline workers had been vaccinated, falling short of the original goal of 30 million.[21]

The next phase of the vaccine rollout covered all residents over the age of 60, residents between the ages of 45 and 60 with one or more qualifying comorbidities, and any health care or frontline worker that did not receive a dose during phase 1. Online registration began on 1 March via the Aarogya Setu app and the Co-WIN website.[22][23][24] From 1 April, eligibility was extended to all residents over the age of 45.[25]

On 8 April, amid the beginnings of a major second wave of infections in the country,[26][27][28] Prime Minister Narendra Modi called for a four-day Teeka Utsav ("Vaccine Festival") from 11–14 April to mark the respective birthdays of Jyotirao Phule and B. R. Ambedkar, with a goal to increase the pace of the program by vaccinating as many eligible residents as possible. By the end of the Utsav, India had reached a total of over 111 million vaccine doses to-date.[29][30][31]

On 12 April, the DCGI approved Russia's Sputnik V vaccine for emergency use in India. A phase 3 trial had been conducted in the country in September 2020, which showed 91.6% efficacy.[32] The local distributor Dr. Reddy's Laboratories stated that it planned to have the vaccine available in India by late-May 2021.[33] On 25 April, India exceeded a total of 140 million doses administered.[34]

On 19 April, it was announced that the next phase of the vaccine program would begin on 1 May, extending eligibility to all residents over the age of 18.[35][36] Registration for the next phase began on 28 April; a single-day record of nearly 13.3 million people registered.[37] Due to supply issues, several states, including Delhi, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh announced that they would delay their wider rollouts of vaccines to later in the month.[38]

On 1 May, India received its first shipment of the Sputnik V vaccine.[39][40]

Vaccine development and distribution[edit]

Prime Minister Narendra Modi visiting the Serum Institute of India on 28 November 2020.

As of early May 2020, there were over 30 vaccine candidates in development in India, many of which were already in pre-clinical trials.[41]

The Pune-based Serum Institute of India (SII) is the world's largest vaccine maker, and this existing capacity enabled India to be a major participant in the COVAX program to distribute vaccines to developing countries.[42] In February 2020, SII had begun animal trials of vaccine candidates.[43] SII announced in April 2020 that it would apply for clinical trials from the Drug Controller General of India (DCGI) in April 2020. SII president Adar Poonawalla said that a vaccine would be delivered within a year, but projected an efficacy between 70 to 80%.[44] SII received approvals for phase 2 and phase 3 trials of its version of a vaccine being developed by AstraZeneca and the University of Oxford's Vaccitech in August 2020.[45] SII joined GAVI in a partnership with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to produce 100 million doses of vaccine for developing countries.[46]

Hyderabad-based Bharat Biotech, in collaboration with U.S.-based FluGen, expected to begin the first clinical trials of a nasal vaccine by late-2020.[47] The Indian Council of Medical Research partnered with Bharat Biotech in May 2020 to develop a COVID vaccine entirely within India.[48] In June 2020, it received DCGI approval to begin phase 1 and phase 2 trials on its vaccine, BBV152 (trade name "Covaxin").[49] In September 2020, it was reported that in pre-clinical trials on animals, Covaxin was able to build immunity.[50] On 3 March 2021, Bharat Biotech reported that Covaxin showed an efficacy of 81% in its phase 3 trial.[51] On 20 April 2021, Bharat Biotech announced that it had expanded its production capabilities for Covaxin to 700 million doses per-year.[52]

Cadila Healthcare began vaccine development in March 2020, including a viral vector vaccine and a DNA plasmid vaccine.[53][54] In mid-July 2020, Cadila held early human trials of its vaccine candidate ZyCoV-D,[55] and received approval for phase 3 trials in January 2021.[56][57] It began large-scale production in April 2021, with Cadila expecting to receive emergency authorisation by MayJune 2021.[58]

In September 2020, Dr. Reddy's partnered with the Russian Direct Investment Fund to conduct phase 3 trials of the Sputnik V vaccine in India, and to distribute the vaccine there once approved.[59][60]

Global distribution[edit]

Main article: Vaccine Maitri
A vial of Covishield, the Indian-manufactured version of the AstraZeneca vaccine.

In January 2021, India began a humanitarian initiative known as Vaccine Maitri (vaccine friendship), which aims to leverage the country's pharmaceutical industry to export Indian-manufactured vaccines to other countries.[61][62] The Ministry of External Affairs stated that since 20 January, India had donated over 5.5 million vaccines to neighbouring countries such as Bahrain, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Mauritius, Myanmar, Nepal, Seychelles, and Sri Lanka, and that the country was also planning to send doses to Africa, Nicaragua, Oman, the Caribbean Community, and the COVAX programme, and to distribute vaccines to other countries via commercial exports.[63][64]

A spokesperson of the MEA stated that "In line with the prime minister's announcement that India sees international cooperation in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic as its duty, we have played the role of the first responder in our neighbourhood as well as undertaken supplies to countries beyond."[63][64] In response to these donations, Secretary-General of the United Nations António Guterres stated that he "strongly hope[s] that India will have all the instruments that are necessary to play a major role in making sure that a global vaccination is campaign is made possible", and went on to say that "I think that the production capacity of India is the best asset that the world has today. I hope the world understands that it must be fully used."[65]

As of 10 March 2021, India had distributed over 58 million vaccine doses to 65 nations through the scheme.[62]

Vaccine on order[edit]

Vaccine Status Doses ordered Approval Deployment
Covishield Green check.svg In use 500 million[66] Green check.svg 01 January 2021[67] Green check.svg 16 January 2021[68]
Covaxin Green check.svg In use 10 million Green check.svg 03 January 2021[69] Green check.svg 16 January 2021[68]
Sputnik V Approved for use 100 million[70] Green check.svg 12 April 2021[32] Dark Red x.svg Not yet
Covovax Dark Red x.svg Not yet 1 billion[66] Dark Red x.svg Not yet Dark Red x.svg Not yet

Vaccines in trial stage[edit]

Vaccine Type (technology) Phase I Phase II Phase III No. of Participants in Clinical Trial
ZyCoV-D DNA (plasmid expressing SARS‑CoV‑2 S protein) Green check.svg Completed Green check.svg Completed In progress 30000[71]
Bio E COVID-19 Subunit (using an antigen) Green check.svg Completed Green check.svg Completed In progress 360+ 1,268 [73]
HGC019 RNA In progress Pending Pending 120[74]
BBV154 Adenovirus vector (intranasal) In progress Pending Pending 175[75]

Vaccination rollout statistics by State or UT[edit]

State/union territory Population (2011 census) 1st dose 2nd dose Cumulative doses administered Percentage of people given at least one dose Percentage of people fully vaccinated
121.06 crores 107,371,770 16,480,796 123,852,566 8.86% 1.36%
Andaman and Nicobar Islands 3,80,581 71,357 6,879 78,236 18.75% 1.80%
Andhra Pradesh 4,95,77,103 40,13,148 5,99,876 46,13,024 8.09% 1.21%
Arunachal Pradesh 13,83,727 1,35,397 37,272 1,72,669 9.78% 2.69%
Assam 3,12,05,576 13,03,062 2,94,473 15,97,535 4.18% 0.94%
Bihar 10,40,99,452 49,85,475 7,02,078 56,87,553 4.79% 0.67%
Chandigarh 10,55,450 1,19,500 26,100 1,45,600 11.32% 2.47%
Chhattisgarh 2,55,45,198 44,49,075 5,08,082 49,57,157 17.42% 1.99%
Dadra and Nagar Haveli 3,43,709 36,672 6,623 43,295 10.67% 1.93%
Daman and Diu 2,43,247 35,693 4,691 40,384 14.67% 1.93%
Delhi 1,67,87,941 21,62,311 4,58,984 26,21,295 12.88% 2.73%
Goa 14,58,545 1,98,368 46,209 2,44,577 8.80% 1.85%
Gujarat 6,04,39,692 89,92,115 14,59,131 1,04,51,246 12.40% 1.61%
Haryana 2,53,51,462 27,40,753 3,25,563 30,66,316 7.65% 0.70%
Himachal Pradesh 68,64,602 11,53,057 1,36,443 12,89,500 10.80% 1.46%
Jammu and Kashmir 1,22,67,032 13,86,613 2,35,537 16,22,150 8.10% 1.49%
Jharkhand 3,29,88,134 24,27,168 3,48,265 27,75,433 5.62% 0.85%
Karnataka 6,10,95,297 65,32,579 7,64,192 72,96,771 8.08% 0.86%
Kerala 3,34,06,061 51,89,796 6,80,436 58,70,232 14.18% 1.85%
Ladakh 2,74,000 67,185 10,672 77,857 23.32% 2.68%
Lakshadweep 64,473 15,125 3,099 18,224 12.90% 3.58%
Madhya Pradesh 7,26,26,809 65,66,455 7,63,446 73,29,901 6.40% 0.80%
Maharashtra 11,23,74,333 1,09,59,587 13,14,386 1,22,73,973 7.50% 0.80%
Manipur 25,70,390 1,02,997 50,127 1,53,124 3.38% 1.60%
Meghalaya 29,66,889 1,25,611 43,967 1,69,578 3.31% 1.24%
Mizoram 10,97,206 1,22,419 31,764 1,54,183 6.15% 1.78%
Nagaland 19,78,502 1,09,570 30,536 1,40,106 3.65% 1.29%
Odisha 4,19,74,219 43,11,575 6,18,792 49,30,367 7.88% 1.07%
Puducherry 12,47,953 1,51,684 13,963 1,65,647 6.52% 0.70%
Punjab 2,77,43,338 22,05,090 2,13,042 24,18,132 5.16% 0.50%
Rajasthan 6,85,48,437 94,59,005 14,25,801 1,08,84,806 11.33% 1.51%
Sikkim 6,10,577 1,40,119 20,939 1,61,058 14.75% 2.36%
Tamil Nadu 7,21,47,030 40,91,849 6,20,052 47,11,901 4.24% 0.47%
Telangana 3,50,03,674 25,91,197 3,69,108 29,60,305 4.30% 0.79%
Tripura 36,73,917 7,69,529 1,16,602 8,86,131 18.99% 2.38%
Uttar Pradesh 19,98,12,341 91,06,356 16,12,019 1,07,18,375 3.48% 0.60%
Uttarakhand 1,00,86,292 13,26,582 2,41,590 15,68,172 10.06% 1.66%
West Bengal 9,12,76,115 75,93,079 11,71,094 87,64,173 7.08% 0.92%
Miscellaneous — 14,88,931 7,78,111 22,67,042 — —
As of April 19, 2021 2:00 AM IST[76]

Vaccination by state[edit]

Andhra Pradesh[edit]

Andhra Pradesh had received 370,000 doses of Covishield and 20,000 of Covaxin. It was decided that only Covishield would be administered. The state aims to vaccinate 32,000 people a day. However, on the first two days, only 61 and 47.8 per cent of those days' targets could be vaccinated. There were two cases of adverse events, but neither required hospitalization.[77]

Bihar[edit]

Bihar received 569,000 doses of the vaccine. 4,64,160 health workers had registered for the vaccine, and the state expects to vaccinate 30,000 people a day across 300 sites. Some doctors had doubts about the efficacy of Covaxin and refused to take it.[78]

Chattisgarh[edit]

One person was admitted to hospital following complications, but was later discharged.[18]

Delhi[edit]

Union Minister for Health & Family Welfare, Harsh Vardhan at a hospital in Shahdara, reviewing preparations for the vaccine program.

4,319 health workers were administered the vaccine on the first day, and there were 51 minor and one major cases of adverse effects.[79] By day three, four people had been admitted to hospitals following complications, of which three had been later discharged.[18]

Karnataka[edit]

Karnataka Health Minister K. Sudhakar announced on 9 January that the state would be given 13.9 lakh (1.39 million) doses of Covishield in two batches. 6.3 lakh (630,000) health workers had registered for the vaccine.[80] Two people were admitted to hospital following complications; one person was later discharged.[18] A 43-year old vaccine recipient in Ballari died of a heart stroke two days after the jab.[81]

Kerala[edit]

Kerala initially received 433,500 doses of Covishield, and an additional batch of 360,500 Covishield doses were announced three days later. In total, 459,853 people from the state registered for the vaccine, including 1,75,673 healthcare workers from state-run hospitals, 199,937 from private hospitals, 2,932 from federal hospitals, 74,711 police staff and 6,600 municipal workers. A total of 24,558 healthcare workers were vaccinated on the first three days. No adverse reactions were reported.[82] After vaccinating 3.75 lakh health workers by 11 February, the focus of the campaign shifted to other front-line staff such as police and municipal workers. The second dose was provided from 15 February onwards.[83]

In order to create public confidence in the vaccine, several prominent officials and politicians took the vaccine. This includes Health Minister KK Shailaja,[84] Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan,[85] state police chief Lokanath Behera,[86] former Chief Minister VS Achuthanandan[87] and Thiruvananthapuram District Collector Navajoth Khosa.[86] By 21 February, 3,36,327 health workers and 57,658 other frontline staff had been vaccinated, and Kerala requested more vaccines from the national pool.[88]

Vaccination of senior citizens and people over 45 with pre-existing conditions began in March. In addition, vaccines ere also provided to government employees involved in running the upcoming state elections. Since the online registration system was not accessible to everyone, and particularly to senior citizens, vaccination was also provided without prior registration. Asha workers would help senior citizens in finding and booking slots at the nearest vaccination centre. District and Taluk hospitals and Primary Health Centres would provide vaccinations, in addition to selected private hospitals and special vaccination camps.[89]

Kerala was affected by the nationwide shortage of vaccines in mid-April, with stocks falling to 7.22 lakh doses. For example, in Palakkad district, nearly half the camps were not in operational condition due to vaccine shortage. Vaccination centres were directed to use the remaining stocks to vaccinate front-line workers.[90]

Maharashtra[edit]

COVID-19 vaccination queue on May 1st 2021 in Nagpur

Maharashtra received 963,000 doses of Covishield and 20,000 doses of Covaxin. 785,000 health workers had registered to get the vaccination. 14,883 health workers in Maharashtra given COVID-19 vaccine on Tuesday[91] In Mumbai, only 1,926 people could be vaccinated on the first day, due to a combination of low turnout and technical problems with the software. The vaccination drive was temporarily suspended due to the technical glitches in the software alerting people to their vaccination appointments.[20]

Odisha[edit]

Odisha had received doses of both Covishield and Covaxin. The first vaccine dose was given to a sanitation worker on 16 January.[92] Covishield is the predominant vaccine used in Odisha. All the districts use Covishield to vaccinate their people. The only exception being Khurda where both covaxin and covishield are used to vaccinate people.[93]

Punjab[edit]

This section is an excerpt from COVID-19 pandemic in Punjab, India § Covid-19 vaccination rollout in Punjab[edit]

Phase 1a Health Minister Balbir Singh Sidhu announced around 1.60 lakh health workers in Punjab will receive a COVID-19 vaccine in the first phase, after that frontline worker and then people over the age of 50 or with co-morbid conditions. Vaccination inoculation of healthcare workers has been started in Punjab on 16-01-2021 at 59 designated sites across all the state.[94]

Phase 1b Vaccination of the frontline worker including police, local bodies, disaster management, rural development and panchayats and revenue departments will be starting from 1 February 2021.[95]

Phase 2 On 1 March 2021, Punjab will start its phase II of vaccination for senior citizens and below the 60s people with co-morbid conditions.[96]

Phase 3 On 1 April 2021, all people above the age of 45 are now eligible in this phase.

Officials of Jalandhar Civil Hospital hand over the vaccine to the staff of community health centre
Order Priority group Number eligible (estimated) Number of inoculated (1st dose) Number of inoculated (2nd dose)
1 Healthcare professionals, both government and private 160,000 [97] 152,185 67,169
2 Frontline worker including police, paramilitary forces, sanitation workers & disaster management volunteers 300,000 [98] 264,796 50,946
3 People above 60 years and those aged below 50 with co-morbid conditions 300,000 726,981 8,540
4 all those above 45 years of age
Total (1st Dose) 1,201,737
Total (2nd Dose) 126,499
As of 2021-April-5
COVID-19 vaccinations in Punjab, May 5, 2021
Vaccine Progress Doses ordered for India Doses allocated for Punjab Approval Deployment
Oxford-AstraZeneca Green check.svg Phase III clinical trials 500 million[99] 1,780,000 Green check.svg 01 January 2021[100] Green check.svg 16 January 2021[101]
Covaxin Green check.svg Phase III clinical trials 10 million 137,000 [102] 01 January 2021(restricted)[103] Green check.svg Yes
  • Please note that this data is interim, so, the information is subject to change as per new official updates from health officials

Rajasthan[edit]

On 3 January 2021, the state conducted its first round of dry run for COVID vaccination in 7 districts.[104] On 13 January, Rajasthan received the first consignment of COVID-19 vaccines at Jaipur and Udaipur, which included Bharat Biotech's Covaxin and Serum Institute of India's Covishield.[105] The vaccines were then transported to state and district level storage centres.

On 16 January, as a part of nationwide vaccination programme, the first dose of the vaccines were given to selected frontline health workers at 167 sites across the state.[106] In a review meeting held in January 2021 by the state government, the state head of World Health Organization said that Rajasthan is the best state in terms of preparation for COVID vaccination.[107] The second dose of the vaccine started from 15 February.[108]

By April 13, the state had administered 1 crore doses of vaccine.[109] On 14 April, a theft of 320 doses of Covaxin was reported from a government hospital in Jaipur.[110]

Since the central government did not agree to absorb vaccine costs, the state government announced free vaccines for the age group 18-45 from 1st May.[111][112] But the rollout was limited to 11 districts only due to shortage of vaccines.[113]

Tamil Nadu[edit]

Tamil Nadu received 536,000 doses of Covishield and 20,000 doses of Covaxin.[114]

Uttarakhand[edit]

One person was admitted to hospital following complications, but was later discharged.[18]

Uttar Pradesh[edit]

Uttar Pradesh was the first state to vaccinate over 20 lakh people.[115] Uttar Pradesh received 11,796,780 doses, it consumed 10,261,718 of them, and has 2,211,000 in the pipeline.[116]

Adverse events[edit]

A total of 617 serious adverse events were reported until March 29. Of these, 180 cases resulted in death. The Immunisation Technical Support Unit at the federal health ministry examined 492 case reports, including 124 deaths. In more than half of the examined cases of death, the cause of death was found to be acute coronary syndrome. However, the documentation had been completed only in 35 cases.[117]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Union territories of Ladakh and Jammu & Kashmir not represented properly in the map
  2. ^ Recipients have received both doses

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_vaccination_in_India&oldid=1021505186"