Rehabilitation after COVID-19
Rehabilitation after COVID-19 is needed in individuals experiencing longer-term disabling illness at any stage of COVID-19 infection.[1] The rehabilitation of individuals with COVID-19 includes screening for the need for rehabilitation, participation of a multi-disciplinary team to evaluate and manage the individual's disabilities, use of four evidence based classes for rehabilitation (exercise, practice, psychosocial support and education), as well as individualised interventions for other problems.[1]
Scope[edit]
The range of problems suffered by individuals after COVID-19 have, as of January 2021[update], not yet been well described in scientific literature.[1] Individuals with COVID-19 have developed several complications, such as respiratory failure, renal failure, myocarditis, encephalitis, impaired immunologic response and blood clotting disorders.[1] However, COVID-19 can affect any organ system, and can therefore have any symptoms and signs. Individuals with COVID-19 can also have psychological conditions such as anxiety or depression.[2] People who required mechanical ventilation while they had COVID-19 may have injury to the airways, weakened muscles, delirium[3] and post-traumatic stress disorder.[4][5] Those with COVID-19 can have reduced ability to perform activities of daily living.
Approach[edit]
There is limited data regarding rehabilitation after COVID-19 due to the recent nature of the disease.[2] The general pulmonary rehabilitation method based on 4S principle (simple, safe, satisfy, save) has been proposed in China for pulmonary rehabilitation, particularly in individuals who were admitted to ICU. A recent study concluded that a six week respiratory rehabilitation program improves respiratory function and quality of life as well as decreases anxiety in older individuals with COVID-19.[6] Early active mobilization has been recommended by one study for improving muscle strength and mobility after discharge from hospital in individuals with COVID-19.[7]
Challenges[edit]
In the context of the pandemic, face-to-face interactions are likely to be minimised. Therefore, tele-rehabilitation systems could be used to address the difficulties associated with the ongoing pandemic.[2] The limitations of virtual care are technical malfunctions, lack of availability of equipment and limited scope for physical examination.[2] The pandemic situation has reduced the ability to meet the typical needs in rehabilitation such as social interaction and human contact among caregivers and family members, thereby limiting the available options for multidisciplinary rehabilitation.[2]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d Wade, Derick T (July 2020). "Rehabilitation after COVID-19: an evidence-based approach" (PDF). Clinical Medicine. 20 (4): 359–365. doi:10.7861/clinmed.2020-0353. PMC 7385804. PMID 32518105. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
- ^ a b c d e Demeco, A.; Marotta, N.; Barletta, M.; Pino, I.; Marinaro, C.; Petraroli, A.; Moggio, L.; Ammendolia, Antonio (25 August 2020). "Rehabilitation of patients post-COVID-19 infection: a literature review". Journal of International Medical Research. 48 (8): 1–10. doi:10.1177/0300060520948382. PMC 7450453. PMID 32840156. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
- ^ Velásquez-Tirado, Juan D.; Trzepacz, Paula T.; Franco, José G. (2021-04-12). "Etiologies of Delirium in Consecutive COVID-19 Inpatients and the Relationship Between Severity of Delirium and COVID-19 in a Prospective Study With Follow-Up". The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences: appi.neuropsych.20100251. doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.20100251. ISSN 0895-0172.
- ^ "COVID-19 rehabilitation for fatigue, breathing, and mental health". www.medicalnewstoday.com. 17 November 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
- ^ Huff, Charlotte (1 July 2020). "Delirium, PTSD, brain fog: The aftermath of surviving COVID-19". www.apa.org. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
- ^ Liu, Kai; Zhang, Weitong; Yang, Yadong; Zhang, Jinpeng; Li, Yunqian; Chen, Ying (May 2020). "Respiratory rehabilitation in elderly patients with COVID-19: A randomized controlled study". Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice. 39: 101166. doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101166. PMC 7118596. PMID 32379637. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
- ^ Simpson, Robert; Robinson, Larry (April 2020). "Rehabilitation following critical illness in people with COVID-19 infection". American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 99 (6): 470–474. doi:10.1097/PHM.0000000000001443. PMC 7253039. PMID 32282359. Retrieved 13 January 2021.