COVID-19 vaccination in the United States

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COVID-19 vaccination campaign in the United States
Covid-19 Vaccination Map of USA.png
COVID-19 vaccination map of the United States
DateDecember 14, 2020 (2020-12-14) – present
LocationUnited States[a]
CauseCOVID-19 pandemic in the United States
Organized byCenter for Disease Control and Prevention
Participants147,894,671 people have received at least one dose administered of Pfizer–BioNTech, Moderna and Johnson & Johnson
(May 4, 2021)
106,168,588 people have been fully vaccinated (both doses of Pfizer–BioNTech or Moderna, or one dose of Johnson & Johnson)[3]
Outcome44% of the United States population has received at least one dose of a vaccine
WebsiteCOVID-19 Vaccine: CDC

The COVID-19 vaccination campaign in the United States is an ongoing mass immunization campaign to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. Following the FDA's approval of the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine on December 10, 2020,[4] mass vaccinations began on December 14, 2020. The Moderna COVID-19 vaccine was later approved for use on December 17, 2020,[5] and the Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine was approved for use on February 27, 2021.[6]

The campaign was initiated by the U.S. government under the presidency of Donald Trump, and transitioned to Joe Biden, who became the new President of the United States on January 20, 2021. He began his term with an immediate goal of a hundred million shots in his first hundred days in office, signing an executive order which included increasing supplies for vaccination.[7][8][9] This goal was met on March 19, 2021.[10] On March 25, 2021, Biden announced he would set a new COVID-19 vaccine goal of 200 million shots being given within his first 100 days in office.[11] This goal was met on April 21, 2021.[12]

Vaccination program[edit]

Total number of people who have received vaccinations in the United States as of May 4, 2021

  Unvaccinated population: ~184.5 million people (55.50%)
  Population who have received only one dose of a two-dose vaccine: 41,726,083[3] (12.56%)
  Population who are fully vaccinated: 106,168,588[3] (31.94%)

Vaccines administered per pharmaceutical company as of May 4, 2021

  Pfizer–BioNTech (131,657,484) (53.14%)
  Moderna (107,477,821) (43.38%)
  Johnson & Johnson (8,449,067) (3.41%)
  Not Identified (184,677) (0.07%)

Vaccines were distributed to states on a population basis, with the vaccine rollouts being administered by each individual U.S. state. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention suggested that hospital workers and nursing home personnel be the first individuals vaccinated. The subsequent phases of the rollout are determined by each individual state agency.

Eligibility of non-citizens[edit]

On February 1, 2021, the Department of Homeland Security said it "fully support[s] equal access to the COVID-19 vaccines and vaccine distribution sites for undocumented immigrants" and that related federal agencies "will not conduct enforcement operations at or near vaccine distribution sites or clinics".[13]

States may have intended that vaccines be prioritized for their residents ahead of tourists, but there was some difficulty communicating and enforcing this. Few adults have no driver's license,[14] and otherwise the United States does not automatically provide each citizen with identity documentation in a centralized system. Furthermore, when people did not show up for their vaccine appointments, many clinics vaccinated anyone else who happened to show up so that the doses would not be wasted. As a result, some tourists as well as undocumented immigrants were vaccinated.[15]

As of early February 2021, states including Florida, California, New York and Texas were specifically trying to restrict "vaccine tourism": brief visits to the US with the primary intention of obtaining a vaccine.[16] However, contrary to rumors that spread on social media, the United States did not have a policy of cancelling visas or imposing fines on tourists who sought vaccination. Diplomats pointed out that the B1/B2 tourist visa allows people to seek medical treatment while within the United States, even if they do not turn out to be eligible for the COVID-19 vaccine.[17]

Background[edit]

From early 2020, more than seventy companies worldwide (with five or six operating primarily in the U.S.) began vaccine research.[18][19] The global competition had national security implications for various countries.[20]

In preparation for large-scale production, Congress set aside more than $3.5 billion for this purpose as part of the CARES Act.[21][19] Among the labs working on a vaccine is the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, which has previously studied other infectious diseases, such as HIV/AIDS, ebola, and MERS. By March 18, tests had begun with dozens of volunteers in Seattle, sponsored by the U.S. government, and similar safety trials were planned for other potential vaccines.[22] Bill Gates, whose foundation shifted its focus nearly entirely to the pandemic, anticipated in early 2020 that a vaccine could be ready by early 2021.[23]

On August 5, 2020, the United States agreed to pay Johnson and Johnson more than $1 billion to create a hundred million doses of COVID-19 vaccine. The deal gave the U.S. an option to order an additional two hundred million. The doses were supposed to be provided for free to Americans if they are used in a COVID-19 vaccination campaign.[24]

Senior citizens await COVID-19 vaccine at a Maryland pharmacy in January 2021.

BIO, a trade group of all coronavirus vaccine makers except AstraZeneca, tried to persuade Secretary Azar to publish strict FDA guidelines that would help ensure the safety and public uptake of the vaccine. Politics impacted scientific practice, however, when chief of staff Mark Meadows blocked the FDA when it was realized that the timing of the provisions would make it impossible for a vaccine to be authorized before the November election.[25][26] Ultimately, the guidelines emerged[27] from the Office of Management and Budget and were published on the FDA website.[28]

As of October 2020, 44 were in clinical trials on humans, and 91 pre-clinical vaccines were being tested on animals.[29]

On November 20, 2020, the Pfizer–BioNTech partnership submitted a request for emergency use authorization to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA),[30][31] and the FDA announced that its Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee (VRBPAC) would review the request.[32][33] On December 11, the FDA granted emergency use authorization for the Pfizer–BioNTech vaccine.[34][35] An initial shipment of 2.9 million doses were scheduled to be distributed rapidly, and Pfizer promised to continue supplying the rest of the hundred million doses through March 2021.[36][37] Pfizer had adequate stocks available and began this distribution on December 17, 2020, but the federal government reduced the amount Pfizer was allowed to distribute.[38][39]

On December 18, 2020, the FDA granted the Moderna vaccine emergency use authorization,[40][41] which Moderna had requested on November 30, 2020.[42][43] The U.S. planned to rapidly distribute 5.9 million doses with more to come later.[44][45]

On February 27, 2021, the Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine was approved by the FDA for use. However, this vaccine has faced backlash from some government officials, believing it to be not as effective as Pfizer or Moderna. On March 5, the mayor of Detroit, Mike Duggan, rejected a shipment of the Johnson & Johnson vaccine, saying, "Moderna and Pfizer are the best. And I am going to do everything I can to make sure the residents of the city of Detroit get the best."[46] After backlash, Duggan declared he would no longer decline the vaccine.[47]

On March 11, 2021, President Biden announced that he would direct all states to make vaccines available to all adults no later than May 1.[48] On April 6 he said he would direct states to make all adults eligible for vaccination by April 19.[49] This deadline was met after several states opened up vaccination to everyone 16 and above the same day.[50]

Vaccines on order[edit]

Vaccine Submitted Approval Deployment
Pfizer–BioNTech Green check.svg November 20, 2020 Green check.svg December 10, 2020 Green check.svg December 14, 2020
Moderna Green check.svg November 30, 2020 Green check.svg December 17, 2020 Green check.svg December 21, 2020
Johnson & Johnson Green check.svg February 4, 2021 Green check.svg February 27, 2021 Green check.svg March 1, 2021
Oxford–AstraZeneca Dark Red x.svg No Dark Red x.svg No Dark Red x.svg No
Novavax Dark Red x.svg No Dark Red x.svg No Dark Red x.svg No
Sanofi–GSK Dark Red x.svg No Dark Red x.svg No Dark Red x.svg No

Vaccine distribution[edit]

Listed in millions,

As of May 4, 2021[51][52]
50
100
150
200
  •   Pfizer–BioNTech
  •   Moderna
  •   Johnson & Johnson

Vaccines in trial stage[edit]

Vaccine Type (technology) Phase I Phase II Phase III
BNT162b2 RNA Green check.svg Completed Green check.svg Completed Green check.svg Completed
mRNA-1273 RNA Green check.svg Completed Green check.svg Completed Green check.svg Completed
Ad26.COV2.S Viral vector Green check.svg Completed Green check.svg Completed Green check.svg Completed
NVX-CoV2373 Subunit Green check.svg Completed Green check.svg Completed Green check.svg Completed
AZD1222 Viral vector Green check.svg Completed Green check.svg Completed Green check.svg Completed
INO-4800 DNA Green check.svg Completed In progress In progress
VAT00002 Subunit Green check.svg Completed In progress Dark Red x.svg Not yet
ARCT-021 (LUNAR-COV19) RNA Green check.svg Completed In progress Dark Red x.svg Not yet
KBP-201 Subunit Green check.svg Completed In progress Dark Red x.svg Not yet
hAd5 Viral vector In progress In progress Dark Red x.svg Not yet
NDV-HXP-S Viral vector In progress In progress Dark Red x.svg Not yet
MRT5500 RNA In progress In progress Dark Red x.svg Not yet
CoV2 SAM (LNP) RNA In progress Dark Red x.svg Not yet Dark Red x.svg Not yet
MV-014-212 Live-Attenuated In progress Dark Red x.svg Not yet Dark Red x.svg Not yet
COH04S1 Viral vector In progress Dark Red x.svg Not yet Dark Red x.svg Not yet
CORVax12 DNA In progress Dark Red x.svg Not yet Dark Red x.svg Not yet
ChAdV68-S (SAM-LNP-S) Viral vector In progress Dark Red x.svg Not yet Dark Red x.svg Not yet
AdCOVID Viral vector In progress Dark Red x.svg Not yet Dark Red x.svg Not yet
VXA-CoV2-1 Viral vector In progress Dark Red x.svg Not yet Dark Red x.svg Not yet
SpFN COVID-19 vaccine Subunit In progress Dark Red x.svg Not yet Dark Red x.svg Not yet
mRNA-1283 RNA In progress Dark Red x.svg Not yet Dark Red x.svg Not yet
V590 / V591 Viral vector

History[edit]

Timeline[edit]

Vice President Elect Kamala Harris, like many other public officials, was vaccinated on-camera.[53][54][55]

December 2020[edit]

On December 14, 2020, the first doses were administered. Sandra Lindsay of Queens, New York City was the first American to be administered an FDA-approved COVID-19 vaccine.[56]

March 2021[edit]

On March 12, 2021, the United States of America surpassed 100 million doses administered.[57]

Over the course of the month, seven states (AK,[58] MS,[59] OH,[60] CT, AZ, TX,[61] and GA[62]) made the vaccine available to all adults, following a period of selective vaccination for elderly and other vulnerable populations. California and Washington announced that all adults would be eligible for a vaccine starting April 15.[63] Indiana announced that it would make vaccines available to university students and would specifically facilitate the transfer of vaccines to university-based vaccine clinics, including one such clinic at the University of Notre Dame.[64]

April 2021[edit]

On April 3, 2021, more than four million doses of the COVID-19 vaccine were reported administered in the past 24 hours, setting a new record and bringing the seven-day average to more than three million a day.[65] As of April 11, more than 187 million vaccine doses have been administered.[66] On April 13, 2021, the CDC and FDA issued a statement recommending a pause in the use of the Johnson & Johnson vaccine "out of an abundance of caution" after six women aged 18 through 48 developed a rare and severe type of blood clot called cerebral venous sinus thrombosis.[67][68] On April 23, 2021, the recommended pause was lifted.[69]

As of April 28, 2021, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention reported an average of 2.7 million daily vaccinations over the past week.[70]

Vaccinations by state[edit]

CDC COVID-19 Vaccination Record Card.jpg
Covid-Vaccine-31 (50752381423).jpg
Covid-Vaccine-13 (50752382488).jpg
COVID-19 vaccination (2020) B.jpg
As of May 2, 2021
State/Territory Vaccinated[b] % of pop.
 Alabama 1,601,433 32.7
 Alaska 308,462 42.2
 Arizona 2,997,499 41.2
 Arkansas 1,081,910 35.9
 California 19,593,097 49.6
 Colorado 2,708,668 47.0
 Connecticut 1,980,863 55.6
 Delaware 461,551 47.4
 Florida 9,086,831 42.3
 Georgia 3,755,111 35.4
 Hawaii 760,121 53.7
 Idaho 613,081 34.3
 Illinois 5,980,404 47.2
 Indiana 2,466,332 36.6
 Iowa 1,403,574 44.5
 Kansas 1,249,696 42.9
 Kentucky 1,851,645 41.4
 Louisiana 1,499,129 32.2
 Maine 741,352 55.2
 Maryland 2,971,602 49.2
 Massachusetts 3,949,547 57.3
 Michigan 4,309,430 43.2
 Minnesota 2,695,191 47.8
 Mississippi 926,007 31.1
 Missouri 2,336,367 38.1
 Montana 440,422 41.2
 Nebraska 839,497 43.4
 Nevada 1,235,256 40.1
 New Hampshire 825,724 60.7
 New Jersey 4,634,016 52.2
 New Mexico 1,078,901 51.5
 New York 9,394,909 48.3
 North Carolina 4,157,863 39.6
 North Dakota 300,674 39.5
 Ohio 4,767,048 40.8
 Oklahoma 1,534,782 38.8
 Oregon 1,914,321 45.4
 Pennsylvania 6,444,967 50.3
 Rhode Island 564,534 53.3
 South Carolina 1,899,777 36.9
 South Dakota 397,920 45.0
 Tennessee 2,369,715 34.7
 Texas 11,199,365 38.6
 Utah 1,274,583 39.8
 Vermont 353,166 56.6
 Virginia 4,080,155 47.8
 Washington 3,602,356 47.3
 West Virginia 644,067 35.9
 Wisconsin 2,687,564 46.2
 Wyoming 197,340 34.1
fifty states 144,167,825 43.4
 American Samoa 21,732 39.0
 District of Columbia 344,415 48.8
 Guam 76,808 46.3
 Northern Mariana Islands 22,477 39.5
 Puerto Rico 1,235,300 38.7
 US Virgin Islands 33,885 32.4
US territories 1,734,617 34.7
 United States 145,902,442 43.2
 Marshall Islands 14,704 25.2
 Micronesia 20,842 20.1
 Palau 12,655 70.7
Compact of Free Association 48,201 25.2
USA + CoFA 145,950,643 43.2

Public opinion[edit]

A poll conducted May 20–21, 2020, found that 44% of Republicans and 19% of Democrats believed a debunked conspiracy theory that Bill Gates was plotting to use a COVID-19 vaccine to inject microchips into the population.[71]

In early December 2020, a majority of Black and Latino Americans were at least hesitant, if not opposed, to receiving the vaccine.[72] By late February 2021, hesitancy had dropped among Black and Latino people. During the same time period, however, anti-vaccine opinions held steady among white Republicans, one-quarter of whom remained firmly opposed to getting the vaccine.[73]

A Monmouth poll conducted April 8–12, 2021, found that two-thirds of Democratic voters had already been vaccinated but only one-third of Republican voters had done so.[74] A Quinnipiac poll conducted on the same dates found that 45% of Republicans said they did not plan to be vaccinated.[75] The New York Times wrote that the vaccination program was "hitting what appears to be a soft ceiling" as it moved to dealing with the demographic groups where vaccine hesitancy was stronger.[76]

As of April 9, 2021, the vaccine was optional for U.S. Marines, and 39% of those to whom the military offered it had refused it. It is possible that some planned to be vaccinated elsewhere. If large numbers of military personnel remain unvaccinated, it could "affect force readiness", CNN noted. The highest rate of declination was at Camp Lejeune in North Carolina, where 57% of Marines had refused the vaccine.[77] As of April 22, 2021, only a third of active U.S. military service members have received COVID-19 vaccinations, with the U.S. Navy with the highest percentage of active military personnel receiving one dose at 51%, with the Marines at 36%, the Air Force/Space Force at 34%, and the Army at 27%.[78]

A Frank Luntz poll in mid-April 2021 found a rise in vaccine confidence from the previous month, despite the pause of the Johnson and Johnson vaccine. 60% of Trump voters, and 72% of Biden voters said they agreed with the statement "The bottom line is COVID-19 vaccines save lives, and Americans should continue to get vaccinated as soon as possible."[79]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ The vaccination campaign and data collection includes the three sovereign nations in the Compact of Free Association: Palau, the Marshall Islands, and Micronesia.[1][2]
  2. ^ Number of unique individuals who have received at least one dose of a COVID-19 vaccine.

References[edit]

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External links[edit]

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