COVID-19 vaccination in South Africa
Date | 17 February 2021 - present |
---|---|
Time | (SAST (GMT +2)) |
Location | South Africa |
Cause | COVID-19 pandemic |
Budget | R10 billion (Distribution 2021) R2.2 billion (Q1 2021 purchasing vaccines) R1.25 billion (Q2 2021 purchasing vaccines) R 13450000000 (US$930,898,923.06)[2][3][4] |
Organised by | Department of Health (South Africa) & Government of South Africa |
Participants | 318,670 total doses administered of Johnson & Johnson/Janssen Pfizer–BioNTech (2 May 2021)
|
Outcome |
|
Website | Vaccine Enrollment Platform |
Part of a series on the |
COVID-19 pandemic |
---|
|
COVID-19 portal |
COVID-19 vaccination in South Africa is an ongoing immunization campaign against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), in response to the ongoing pandemic in the country.
On 17 February 2021, South Africa started its national vaccination program against Covid-19. The program will go through in phases, prioritizing healthcare and frontline workers and then those over the age of 65. According to health officials, South Africa has administered 318,670 vaccine doses across the country as of 2 May 2021.[5][6]South Africa has accepted delivery of 3 different vaccines, Johnson and Johnson, Pfizer-BioNTech and Oxford-AstraZeneca, administering both Johnson and Johnson and Pfizer-BioNTech, with the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine suspended, due to its ineffectiveness against the 501Y.V2 variant.[7][8]
Background[edit]
Rollout Strategy[edit]
Phase | Priority group | People Eligible (estimated) |
---|---|---|
Phase 1 (17 February 2021) | ||
1 | Front-line and health care workers | +/- 1.2 Million People |
Phase 2 (16 April 2021) | ||
2 | Essential workers, persons over 60-years and persons over 18-years with comorbidities | +/- 5 Million People |
Phase 3 (TBA) | ||
3 | Anyone over the age of 18 | +/- 22.5 Million People |
Vaccines On Order[edit]
South Africa has secured over 60 million doses of the vaccine, with 220 million doses to be manufactured locally for international and local distribution[10][11]
Vaccine name | Approval progress | Quantity | Doses arrived | Vaccine approved | Began administering |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Oxford–AstraZeneca | EUA Suspended | 1.5 million | 1,000,000 | Suspended | Suspended |
Johnson & Johnson Vaccine | EUA Approved | 30 million + 220 million | 500,000 + 1,100,000 | 31 March 2021 (Full Authorization) | 18 Feb 2021 (Phase III) |
Pfizer vaccine | EUA Approved | 40 million | 325,260 | 16 Mar 2021 | Not yet |
CoronaVac | EUA Pending | 5 Million (Offered) | None | Not yet | Not yet |
COVAX | EUA Pending | 9 million | None | Not yet | Not yet |
Vaccines in trial stage[edit]
On 17 March 2020, the South African Health Products Regulatory Authority announced that it would expedite review of treatments, vaccines and clinical trials.[12]
A team from 8 universities and 14 hospitals led by Helen Rees and Jeremy Nel from the University of the Witwatersrand participated in the World Health Organization Solidarity Clinical Trials that investigated medications.[13]
Vaccine | Type (technology) | Phase I | Phase II | Phase III |
---|---|---|---|---|
Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine | Viral vector | Completed | Completed | Completed |
Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine | RNA | Completed | Completed | Completed |
Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine | Viral vector | Completed | Completed | Completed |
Novavax COVID-19 vaccine | Subunit | Completed | Completed | Completed |
SCB-2019 | Subunit | Completed | In progress | In progress |
ImmunityBio COVID-19 vaccine | Viral vector | In progress | In progress | Not yet |
Johnson & Johnson (Ad26.COV2.S)[edit]
In January, Johnson & Johnson, which held trials for its Ad26.COV2.S vaccine in South Africa, reported the level of protection against moderate to severe COVID-19 infection was 72% in the United States, but 57% in South Africa.[14]
Oxford–AstraZeneca (AZD1222)[edit]
On 6 February 2021, The Financial Times reported that provisional trial data from a study undertaken by South Africa'sUniversity of the Witwatersrand in conjunction with Oxford University demonstrated reduced efficacy of the Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine against the 501.V2 variant. The study found that in a sample size of 2,000 the AZD1222 vaccine afforded only "minimal protection" in all but the most severe cases of COVID-19.[15]
On 7 February 2021, the Minister for Health for South Africa suspended the planned deployment of around 1 million doses of the vaccine whilst they examine the data and await advice on how to proceed.[16]
Pfizer–BioNTech (BNT162b2)[edit]
On 17 February 2021, Pfizer announced neutralization activity was reduced by two thirds for the 501.V2 variant, while stating no claims about the efficacy of the vaccine in preventing illness for this variant could yet be made.[17]
On 16 March 2021, The South African Health Products Regulatory Authority (SAHPRA) approved the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine for section 21 Emergency Use Authorisation.[18]
ImmunityBio (ImmunityBio)[edit]
The BioVac Institute, a state-backed South African vaccine company, plans to use a deal it won to manufacture coronavirus vaccines. The contract with American based ImmunityBio Inc is currently conducting phase 1 vaccine trials with their hAd5 vaccine in the United States and South Africa.[19]
ImmunityBio and BioVac plan to distribute the vaccines throughout South African and Africa.[20][21]
Johnson & Johnson Consignment (Phase III)[edit]
Consignment 1 | |||
---|---|---|---|
1 | 80,000 Doses | 17 February 2021 | Fully Used |
Consignment 2 | |||
2 | 80,000 Doses | 27 February 2021 | Fully Used |
Consignment 3 | |||
3 | 86,000 Doses | 7 March 2021 | Delivered |
3a | 40,000 Doses | 13 March 2021 | In Use |
3b | 66,000 Doses | 20 March 2021 | Delivered |
Consignment 4 | |||
4 | 200,000 Doses | 11 April 2021 | Delivered [22] |
Consignment 5 (May 2021) | |||
5 | 900,000 Doses | May 2021 | TBA |
Consignment 6 (June 2021) | |||
5 | 900,000 Doses | June 2021 | TBA |
Johnson & Johnson Consignment (Full Authorization)[edit]
Consignment 1 (Manufactured Locally) | |||
---|---|---|---|
1 | 1 099 200 Doses | Mid May | Stock Manufactured, Held for Safety Assessment[23] |
2 | 900 000 Doses | TBA (May) | In Manufacturing |
3 | 900 000 Doses | TBA (June) | |
Consignment 2 | |||
1 | 9 100 000 Doses | Q3 2021 [24] | |
Consignment 3 | |||
1 | 19 100 000 Doses | Q4 2021 [24] |
Oxford-AstraZeneca Consignment[edit]
Consignment 1 [25] | |||
---|---|---|---|
1a | 1,000,000 Doses | 1 February 2021 | Received |
1b | 500,000 Doses | 14 February 2021 | Canceled and Refunded |
1c | -1,000,000 Doses | 20 February 2021 | 1,000,000 Doses Sold |
Pfizer-BioNTech Consignment[edit]
Consignment 1 | |||
---|---|---|---|
1 | 325,260 Doses | 3 May 2021 | To Be Delivered |
2 | 325,260 Doses | 10 May 2021 | In Manufacturing |
3 | 325,260 Doses | 17 May 2021 | In Manufacturing |
4 | 325,260 Doses | 24 May 2021 | In Manufacturing |
Consignment 2 | |||
1 | 636,480 Doses | 31 May 2021 | In Manufacturing |
2 | 636,480 Doses | 7 June 2021 | In Manufacturing |
3 | 636,480 Doses | 14 June 2021 | In Manufacturing |
4 | 636,480 Doses | 21 June 2021 | In Manufacturing |
5 | 636,480 Doses | 28 June 2021 | In Manufacturing |
6 | 636,480 Doses | 5 July 2021 | In Manufacturing |
Consignment 3 [24] | |||
Initial | 8 519 940 Doses | Q3 2021 | |
Incremental | 8 000 460 Doses | ||
Consignment 4 [24] | |||
Initial | 6 996 600 Doses | Q4 2021 |
History[edit]
Timeline[edit]
February 2021[edit]
On 1 February 2021, 1 million doses of the Oxford AstraZeneca vaccine at O. R. Tambo International Airport sent by the Serum Institute of India.[26][27][28]
On 7 February 2021, it was announced that the Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine did not work well in protecting clinical trial participants from mild or moderate illness caused by the 501.V2 variant. The vaccination program was announced to be put on a hold.[29][30][31]
On 16 February 2021, South Africa received its first consignment of 80,000 doses of the Johnson & Johnson vaccine.[32]
On 17 February 2021, the national COVID vaccination program was officially rolled out, beginning at Khayelitsha District Hospital in the Western Cape Province where healthcare workers, the President Cyril Ramaphosa and Minister of Health Zweli Mkhize were given shots of the Johnson & Johnson/Janssen vaccine.[33][34][35]
On 27 February 2021, South Africa had received its second consignment of 80,000 doses of the Johnson & Johnson vaccine.[36][37]
March 2021[edit]
On 5 March 2021, the number of doses administered surpassed 100,000.[38]
On 13 March 2021, South Africa received Part 1 of its third consignment of 40,000 Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine.[39][40]
On 17 March 2021, South African Health Products Regulatory Authority (SAHPRA) approved the Pfizer/BioNTech coronavirus vaccine for use.[41][42][43]
On 18 March 2021, South Africa received Part 2 of its third consignment of 66,000 Johnson & Johnson vaccine.[44][45]
On 19 March 2021, ImmunityBio announced that they will be conducting Phase 1 vaccine trials with their hAd5 vaccine in the United States and South Africa.[46][47]
On 21 March 2021, South Africa sold and began transporting its 1 million doses of Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine to other African Union Members. Concerns over the rollout of the vaccine in African countries have been raised, as the 501Y.V2 variant speeds through African countries, with South Africa Suspending the vaccine after a trial proved the vaccine to be ineffective.[48][49][50][51][25]
On 29 March 2020, the manufacturing of 220 million doses of the Johnson & Johnson vaccine was approved to begin at the Aspen Pharmacare manufacturing facility in Gqeberha, Eastern Cape.[52][53]
April 2021[edit]
On 6 April 2021, the government officially signed a deal with Pfizer for 20 million vaccines expected to begin arriving by the end of April.[54][55]
On 13 April 2021, Minister of Health Zweli Mkhize announced the suspension of Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine use following health concerns raised by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).[8][56][57]
On 16 April 2021, The EVDS platform opened for Phase 2, allowing essential workers and the elderly to register.[58][59][60]
On 17 April 2021, The government announced that the first batch of 325,260 Doses of Pfizer vaccines would arrive on 3 May 2021. From there the same amount of doses are expected to arrive weekly, until 31 May 2021, where the number of daily doses delivered will increase to 636,480 weekly.[7]
On 23 April 2021, 500,000 Doses of the Johnson and Johnson vaccine were delivered under the early access program (Sisonke Programme), with a further 1,000,000 million doses to arrive in April.[8][22]
On 24 April 2021, Aspen Pharmacare announced that 1.1 million doses of the Johnson & Johnson vaccine were due for release and to be used by South Africa.[61]
On 26 April 2021, the government announced that the use of the Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine would resume on Wednesday, 28 April 2021 with vaccination sites expanded to 95 sites countrywide.[22]
On 28 April 2021, the Johnson & Johnson vaccines suspension was lifted, and given the full approval for use by SAPRAH.[62][63][64]
May 2021[edit]
On 2 May 2021, the government announced that the first 1.1 million doses of the Johnson & Johnson vaccine would receive an extended safety assessment, in line with international regulators, and stock would be released in mid May. [23]
On 3 May 2021, the first batch of 325,260 Doses of the Pfizer vaccine arrived at O.R Tambo International Airport. The vaccines were then sent to the National Control Laboratory for quality assurance.[65][66][67]
Vaccine effectiveness[edit]
Many currently-available vaccines are less effective against the 501Y.V2 variant of the virus than they are against other variants.
Johnson & Johnson (Ad26.COV2.S)[edit]
In January, Johnson & Johnson, which held trials for its Ad26.COV2.S vaccine in South Africa, reported the level of protection against moderate to severe COVID-19 infection was 72% in the United States, but 57% in South Africa.[68]
After Phase III trails in South Africa completed, Johnson and Johnson is received Section 21 approval from SAHPRA on 31 March 2021.
In a manufacturing deal, Johnson and Johnson has began to manufacture 220 million vaccines at the Aspen Pharmacare manufacturing facility in Gqeberha, Eastern Cape. They plan to distribute the vaccine to other African countries with 30 million to go to South Africa.[69][53][52]
Oxford–AstraZeneca (AZD1222)[edit]
On 6 February 2021, The Financial Times reported that provisional trial data from a study undertaken by South Africa's University of the Witwatersrand in conjunction with Oxford University demonstrated reduced efficacy of the Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine against the 501.V2 variant. The study found that in a sample size of 2,000 the AZD1222 vaccine afforded only "minimal protection" in all but the most severe cases of COVID-19.[51]
On 7 February 2021, the government suspended the planned deployment of around 1 million doses of the vaccine whilst they examined the data and awaited advice on how to proceed.[70] The South African government subsequently cancelled the use of the vaccine, selling its supply to other African countries, and switched its vaccination program to use the Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine.[71][72][73]
Sputnik V (Gam-COVID-Vac)[edit]
The South African Health Products Regulatory Authority (SAHPRA) has confirmed that it has received documentation for the vaccine developed by the Gamaleya Institute in Russia.[74]
Sputnik V is one of three Covid vaccines worldwide with an efficacy higher than 90% in symptomatic cases. They are still in the process of testing its effectiveness against the 501Y.V2 variant of the virus.[75]
Pfizer–BioNTech (BNT162b2)[edit]
On 17 February 2021, Pfizer announced neutralization activity was reduced by two thirds for the 501.V2 variant, while stating no claims about the efficacy of the vaccine in preventing illness for this variant could yet be made.[76]
On 16 March 2021, The South African Health Products Regulatory Authority (SAHPRA) approved the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine for section 21 Emergency Use Authorisation.[77]
A trial ending in March 2021 of the Pfizer-BioNTech's COVID-19 vaccine appeared to be 100% effective at preventing cases of the South African 501Y.V2 variant. The trial consisted of 800 people, with a total of 9 cases, all in the placebo group[78][79]
Moderna (mRNA-1273)[edit]
In February, Moderna reported that the current vaccine produced only one-sixth of the antibodies in response to the South African variant compared with the original virus. They have launched a trial of a new vaccine to tackle the South African 501.V2 variant.[80]
Sinopharm (BBIBP-CorV)[edit]
Other African countries have begun the roll out of the Sinopharm, with Morocco, Egypt, The Seychelles and Zimbabwe, have begun the mass rollout of the vaccine.[81] So far, it has proven resistant to the 501Y.V2 variant, as seen in Zimbabwe.[82]
CoronaVac (Sinovac)[edit]
CoronaVac is yet to be approved for use by the South African Health Products Regulatory Authority (SAHPRA).[83]
So far, Sinovac has offered to supply South Africa with 5 million doses of the vaccine.[84]
Covaxin (BBV152)[edit]
Bharat Biotech, producers of the Covaxin vaccine, have said that they can modify the vaccine against coronavirus South African variant within 15 days.[85]
CoviVac (КовиВак)[edit]
The CoviVac vaccine Information has not been delivered to the South African government yet.[86]
EpiVacCorona (EpiVacCorona)[edit]
The EpiVacCorona vaccine Information has not been delivered to the South African government yet.[87]
RBD-Dimer (ZF2001)[edit]
The RBD-Dimer vaccine Information is in the process of being delivered to the South African Government.
Novavax (V2373)[edit]
A study on the NVX-CoV2373 Novavax vaccine showed 60% efficacy (for HIV-negative participants) in South Africa, compared to 90% efficacy in Britain.[88][89]
ImmunityBio (ImmunityBio)[edit]
The BioVac Institute, a state-backed South African vaccine company, plans to use a deal it won to manufacture coronavirus vaccines. The contract with American based ImmunityBio Inc is currently conducting phase 1 vaccine trials with their hAd5 vaccine in the United States and South Africa.[90]
ImmunityBio and BioVac plan to distribute the vaccines throughout South African and Africa.[91][92]
Progress[edit]
Vaccines distribution[edit]
- As of 2 May 2021 18:00
- Johnson&Johnson
- Pfizer–BioNTech
- Moderna
- Oxford-AstraZeneca
Cumulative vaccinations in South Africa[edit]
Graph of cumulative doses administered across the country
Total vaccination doses administered across the country vaccinated (1st dose only) Fully vaccinated[a]
Date | Doses Administered | Vaccinated (1 Dose) | Fully Vaccinated | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
17 February 2021 | 0 | 0 | 0 | [93] |
18 February 2021 | 2260 | 0 | 2260 | [94] |
19 February 2021 | 6524 | 0 | 6524 | [95] |
20 February 2021 | 10414 | 0 | 10414 | [96] |
21 February 2021 | 15388 | 0 | 15388 | [97] |
22 February 2021 | 23059 | 0 | 23059 | [98] |
23 February 2021 | 32315 | 0 | 32315 | [99] |
24 February 2021 | 41809 | 0 | 41809 | [100] |
25 February 2021 | 52647 | 0 | 52647 | [101] |
26 February 2021 | 63648 | 0 | 63648 | [102] |
27 February 2021 | 67303 | 0 | 67303 | [103] |
28 February 2021 | 70527 | 0 | 70527 | [104] |
1 March 2021 | 73047 | 0 | 73047 | [105] |
2 March 2021 | 76037 | 0 | 76037 | [106] |
3 March 2021 | 83570 | 0 | 83570 | [107] |
4 March 2021 | 92029 | 0 | 92029 | [108] |
5 March 2021 | 100108 | 0 | 100108 | [109] |
6 March 2021 | 101573 | 0 | 101573 | [110] |
7 March 2021 | 101841 | 0 | 101841 | [111] |
8 March 2021 | 107054 | 0 | 107054 | [112] |
9 March 2021 | 118247 | 0 | 118247 | [113] |
10 March 2021 | 128887 | 0 | 128887 | [114] |
11 March 2021 | 138014 | 0 | 138014 | [115] |
12 March 2021 | 145215 | 0 | 145215 | [116] |
13 March 2021 | 145544 | 0 | 145544 | [117] |
14 March 2021 | 145544 | 0 | 145544 | [118] |
15 March 2021 | 147753 | 0 | 147753 | [119] |
16 March 2021 | 157286 | 0 | 157286 | [120] |
17 March 2021 | 168413 | 0 | 168413 | [121] |
18 March 2021 | 177275 | 0 | 177275 | [122] |
19 March 2021 | 182983 | 0 | 182983 | [123] |
20 March 2021 | 182983 | 0 | 182983 | [124] |
21 March 2021 | 182983 | 0 | 182983 | [125] |
22 March 2021 | 182983 | 0 | 182983 | [126] |
23 March 2021 | 194257 | 0 | 194257 | [127] |
24 March 2021 | 207808 | 0 | 207808 | [128] |
25 March 2021 | 220129 | 0 | 220129 | [129] |
26 March 2021 | 231002 | 0 | 231002 | [130] |
27 March 2021 | 231605 | 0 | 231605 | [131] |
28 March 2021 | 239665 | 0 | 239665 | [132] |
29 March 2021 | 251707 | 0 | 251707 | [133] |
30 March 2021 | 263878 | 0 | 263878 | [134] |
31 March 2021 | 269102 | 0 | 269102 | [135] |
1 April 2021 | 269102 | 0 | 269102 | [136] |
2 April 2021 | 269102 | 0 | 269102 | [137] |
3 April 2021 | 269102 | 0 | 269102 | [138] |
4 April 2021 | 269102 | 0 | 269102 | [139] |
5 April 2021 | 269102 | 0 | 269102 | [140] |
6 April 2021 | 272438 | 0 | 272438 | [141] |
7 April 2021 | 278909 | 0 | 278909 | [142] |
8 April 2021 | 283629 | 0 | 283629 | [143] |
9 April 2021 | 288368 | 0 | 288368 | [144] |
10 April 2021 | 288406 | 0 | 288406 | [145] |
11 April 2021 | 288406 | 0 | 288406 | [146] |
12 April 2021 | 289787 | 0 | 289787 | [147] |
13 April 2021 | 292623 | 0 | 292623 | [148] |
14 April 2021 | 292623 | 0 | 292623 | [149] |
15 April 2021 | 292623 | 0 | 292623 | [150] |
16 April 2021 | 292623 | 0 | 292623 | [151] |
17 April 2021 | 292623 | 0 | 292623 | [152] |
18 April 2021 | 292623 | 0 | 292623 | [153] |
19 April 2021 | 292623 | 0 | 292623 | [154] |
20 April 2021 | 292623 | 0 | 292623 | [155] |
21 April 2021 | 292623 | 0 | 292623 | [156] |
22 April 2021 | 292623 | 0 | 292623 | [157] |
23 April 2021 | 292623 | 0 | 292623 | [158] |
24 April 2021 | 292623 | 0 | 292623 | [159] |
25 April 2021 | 292623 | 0 | 292623 | [160] |
26 April 2021 | 292623 | 0 | 292623 | [161] |
27 April 2021 | 292623 | 0 | 292623 | [162] |
28 April 2021 | 298153 | 0 | 298153 | [163] |
29 April 2021 | 307591 | 0 | 307591 | [164] |
30 April 2021 | 317656 | 0 | 317656 | [165] |
1 May 2021 | 318670 | 0 | 318670 | [166] |
2 May 2021 | 318670 | 0 | 318670 | [167] |
3 May 2021 | 329098 | 0 | 329098 | [168] |
4 May 2021 | 339655 | 0 | 339655 | [169] |
Daily vaccinations chart of South Africa[edit]
Distribution locations[edit]
The Covid-19 Vaccine can be obtained at 96 different hospitals nation-wide, with it to increase to over 1,000 locations, as Phase II progress ramps up.[170][171][b]
So far it’s planed that all Click’s and Dischem’s aswell as all pharmacies and hospitals nation wide in South Africa will be used to distribute vaccines.
Hospitals (Currently In Use)[edit]
Eastern Cape[edit]
- Livingston Hospital
- Nelson Mandela Academic Hospital
- Frere Hospital
- Netcare Greenacres Hospital
Free State[edit]
- Universitas (C) Hospital
- Pelonomi Hospital
- Life Rosepark Hospital
- Fezi Ngumbentombi
- Bongani Hospital
Gauteng[edit]
- Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital
- Steve Biko Academic Hospital
- Ahmed Kathrada Private Hospital
- Charlotte Maxeke Hospital
- Dr George Mukhari Hospital
- Netcare Milpark Hospital
KwaZulu-Natal[edit]
- Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital
- Prince Mshiyeni Memorial Hospital
- General Justice Gizenga Mpanza
- Edendale Hospital
- Madadeni Hospital
- Netcare St. Augustine's Hospital
Limpopo[edit]
- Pietersburg Hospital
- Mankweng Hosptial
- Tshilidzini Hospital
- Donald Fraser Hospital
- Malamulele Hospital
- Mediclinic Polokwane
- Netcare Pholoso Hospital
- St. Rita's Hospital
Mpumalanga[edit]
- Rob Ferreira Hospital
- Witbank Hospital
- Ermelo Hospital
- Life Cosmos Hospital
- Mediclinic Nelspruit
- Mapulaneng Hospital
North West[edit]
- Klerksdorp-Tshepong Tertiary Hospital
- Job Shimankana Tabane Hospital
Northern Cape[edit]
- Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe Hospital
- Mediclinic Upington
Western Cape[edit]
- Groote Schuur Hospital
- Tygerberg Hospital
- Khayelitsha District Hospital
- Gatesville Melomed
- George Hospital
- Karl Bremmer Hospital
- Paarl Hospital
- Worcester Hospital
Notes[edit]
External links[edit]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
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- ^ "COVID-19 Coronavirus vaccine strategy | South African Government". www.gov.za. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
- ^ Writer, Staff. "South Africa sets aside extra R4 billion for Covid-19 vaccines and grants". Retrieved 4 May 2021.
- ^ "Budget 2021: R10 billion allocated for Covid-19 vaccines". www.iol.co.za. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
- ^ "Update On Covid-19 (28th April 2021) - SA Corona Virus Online Portal". SA Corona Virus Online Portal. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
- ^ "SA's COVID-19 Vaccination Rollout Kicks Off In Khayelitsha - SA Corona Virus Online Portal". SA Corona Virus Online Portal. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
- ^ a b Felix, Jason. "First batch of Pfizer Covid-19 vaccine set to arrive in May, Mkhize tells Parliament". News24. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
- ^ a b c Writer, Staff. "South Africa suspends rollout of Johnson & Johnson Covid vaccine". Retrieved 15 April 2021.
- ^ Kobedi, Puseletso (2 February 2021). "COVID-19 Vaccine Rollout Strategy FAQ". NICD. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
- ^ "SA has secured more than 40 million Covid-19 vaccine doses - Ramaphosa". www.iol.co.za. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
- ^ "South Africa has secured 51 million vaccine doses - Mkhize". www.iol.co.za. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
- ^ "SAHPRA responds to coronavirus (COVID-19): Medicines/medical devices supply challenges" (PDF). South African Health Products Regulatory Authority. 17 March 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
- ^ Baleta, Adele (1 April 2020). "COVID-19: SA to start enrolling patients in landmark WHO trial". Spotlight. Archived from the original on 29 June 2020. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
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- ^ Booth, William; Johnson, Carolyn Y. (7 February 2021). "South Africa suspends Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine rollout after researchers report 'minimal' protection against coronavirus variant". The Washington Post. London. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
South Africa will suspend use of the coronavirus vaccine being developed by Oxford University and AstraZeneca after researchers found it provided "minimal protection" against mild to moderate coronavirus infections caused by the new variant first detected in that country.
- ^ "Covid: South Africa halts AstraZeneca vaccine rollout over new variant". BBC News. 8 February 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
- ^ Liu, Yang; Liu, Jianying; Xia, Hongjie; Zhang, Xianwen; Fontes-Garfias, Camila R.; Swanson, Kena A.; Cai, Hui; Sarkar, Ritu; Chen, Wei; Cutler, Mark; Cooper, David; Weaver, Scott C.; Muik, Alexander; Sahin, Ugur; Jansen, Kathrin U.; Xie, Xuping; Dormitzer, Philip R.; Shi, Pei-Yong (17 February 2021). "Neutralizing Activity of BNT162b2-Elicited Serum — Preliminary Report". New England Journal of Medicine. doi:10.1056/nejmc2102017. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
- ^ Writer, Staff. "South Africa approves Pfizer Covid-19 vaccine for emergency use". Retrieved 19 March 2021.
- ^ "Covid-19 to Serve as Platform for South African Vaccine Industry". Bloomberg.com. 19 March 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
- ^ Fisher, Shamiela. "Nzimande excited about vaccine partnership between Biovac & ImmunityBio". ewn.co.za. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
- ^ Sguazzin, Antony. "SA's BioVac to use deal with US-based ImmunityBio to boost local vaccine creation, CEO says". Fin24. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
- ^ a b c "Health on the status of Coronavirus COVID-19 vaccine rollout in South Africa | South African Government". www.gov.za. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
- ^ a b "Media Statement: Update on Status of Delivery of Market Doses of Pfizer and Johnson and Johnson. @DrZweliMkhize". Twitter. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
- ^ a b c d "Minister Zweli Mkhize confirms total of 1 567 513 cases of Coronavirus COVID-19 | South African Government". www.gov.za. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
- ^ a b "South Africa in shock after AstraZeneca vaccine rollout halted". BBC News. 9 February 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
- ^ "FULL SPEECH | Ramaphosa drops alcohol sales ban, opens beaches and eases curfew. Here are 12 takeouts". News24. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
- ^ News, Eyewitness. "GALLERY: The arrival of hope as vaccines land in SA". ewn.co.za. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
- ^ Lindeque, Mia. "7 things you need to know about the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine". ewn.co.za. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
- ^ Mueller, Benjamin; Robbins, Rebecca; Chutel, Lynsey (7 February 2021). "AstraZeneca's Vaccine Does Not Work Well Against Virus Variant in South Africa". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
- ^ Mueller, Benjamin; Robbins, Rebecca; Chutel, Lynsey (7 February 2021). "South Africa says AstraZeneca's vaccine doesn't work well against a variant". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
- ^ Ray, Siladitya. "Report: South Africa Asks Indian Maker Of AstraZeneca Vaccine To Take Back One Million Doses". Forbes. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
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