Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate

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Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate
Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate logo.svg
AbbreviationOMI
EstablishedJanuary 25, 1816; 205 years ago (1816-01-25)
FounderSaint Eugène de Mazenod
TypeMissionary religious congregation
HeadquartersVia Aurelia 290
Rome, Italy
Membership (2017)
3,856 (2,892 Priests)
Superior General
Rev. Fr. Louis Lougen, OMI
Mission
to bring the Good News of Christ to the poor.
AffiliationsRoman Catholic
WebsiteOMI
Formerly called
Missionaries of Provence

The Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate (OMI) is a missionary religious congregation in the Catholic Church. It was founded on January 25, 1816, by Saint Eugène de Mazenod, a French priest born in Aix-en-Provence in the south of France on August 1, 1782. The congregation was given recognition by Pope Leo XII on February 17, 1826. The congregation is composed of priests and brothers usually living in community; oblate means a person dedicated to God or God’s service. Their traditional salutation is Laudetur Iesus Christus ("Praised be Jesus Christ"), to which the response is Et Maria Immaculata ("And Mary Immaculate"). In 2016, there were 3,924 members.[1]

History and charism[edit]

St. Eugène de Mazenod
Main article: Eugène de Mazenod

The Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate were founded in 1816 in Aix-en-Provence by Eugene de Mazenod. Born into the French minor nobility, his family were forced to flee to Italy during the French Revolution. There he experienced years of family instability, poverty, and danger. The family was forced to flee successively to Turin, Venice, Naples, and Palermo. Returning to France as a young man, he entered the Seminary of St. Sulpice and was ordained in 1811.[2]

On January 25, 1816, Eugene de Mazenod and four companions came together to preach missions in Provençal. The first members of this society were known as "Missionaries of Provence". They received the title of "Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate" and approbation as a congregation under simple vows in a Brief of Leo XII dated 17 February 1826.[3]

The congregation was established to renew the Church in France after the French Revolution. Their focus was primarily to

(1) Revive the spirit of faith among rural and industrial populations by means of missions and retreats, in which devotion to the Sacred Heart and to Mary Immaculate is recommended as a supernatural means of regeneration. "He hath sent me to preach the Gospel to the poor," has been adopted as the device of the congregation.
(2) Care of young men's societies, Catholic clubs.
(3) Formation of clergy in seminaries.[3]

However, the work of the congregation soon developed, and the charism of the Oblates is that they "...are not specialised, except in facing urgent needs. ...It was enough for bishops to come to our Founder and say to him: "I do not have anybody" for him to act, re-examine his manpower, cut personnel here and there, and release 2 or 3 men for these new needs. And that continues today still. You see, it is a question of passion, of missionary concern.[4]

The ancient sanctuary of St. Martin of Tours was re-excavated and revived by Oblate Fathers under Cardinal Joseph-Hippolyte Guibert in 1862.[3]

Vows[edit]

As members of a religious congregation, the Oblates embrace the evangelical counsels, taking the three traditional religious vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience. Poverty means that all possessions are held in common and that no member may accumulate wealth. Chastity, abstaining from sexual activity, is intended to make the religious totally available for religious service.

Religious formation[edit]

The congregation’s Rule of 1853 makes a statement which still applies: "Whoever wishes to become one of us must have an ardent desire for his own perfection, and be enflamed with the love for Our Lord Jesus Christ and his Church and a burning zeal for the salvation of souls."[5]

In the initial stages, those interested in joining the congregation have several meetings with an OMI priest, usually with visits to a community. Young adults aged 18 and over meet regularly to share their experiences of God and what God may be calling them to become. During this time, the members of the congregation share what it is like to be a priest or religious brother. Those who are enquiring about entering the congregation are strongly encouraged to attend Mass as often as possible, to read the Sacred Scriptures especially the Gospel accounts, and to regularly spend time in prayer in order to better discern their vocation.

Postulancy/pre-novitiate[edit]

This is a 1-2-year experience of living in an OMI community, sharing in many aspects of the life of the congregation. During this time, the postulants participate in the prayer life of a community, share more deeply with others, and become involved in one or more of the congregation’s apostolates. Essentially, it is an extended period of discernment for the postulants and an opportunity for the congregation to assess the strengths of the candidates and possible areas requiring growth. For those straight out of high school it is possible, in some provinces, to begin working on an undergraduate degree.[6]

Novitiate[edit]

Next follows the novitiate which is the time for preparing to take the vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience. The novices are given the opportunity for longer periods of prayer and spiritual reading as well as silence in order to reflect on the vocation God is offering and nature of their response. The spiritual development of the novice is of particular focus, especially through spiritual direction. During the novitiate, the history and Constitutions of the Congregation are studied in depth. A simple profession is made at the end of the novitiate and the person officially becomes a member of the Congregation.

Post-novitiate/scholasticate[edit]

After the novitiate, the new members of the congregation continue their studies. In the Philippines this normally involves a 4-year theology degree, followed by a missionary year abroad, although a student may make a request to study at the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome.[6] The theologate in the United States is takes place in San Antonio, Texas, at Oblate School of Theology. In Canada, studies are undertaken at Saint Paul University in Ottawa, Ontario. Scholastics from four provinces in Southern Africa (Central, Lesotho, Natal, and Northern) study at the congregation’s scholasticate in the small town of Hilton in KwaZulu-Natal or at the international scholasticate in Rome.[7]

Vows are renewed annually; after three years a member may request final vows. According to canon law, temporary vows may be renewed for a longer period but not exceeding nine years.[8]

Missions[edit]

Pope Pius XI (1857-1939) was so impressed by the courage of the Oblates that he referred to them as “specialists in the most difficult missions of the Church.”[9] Indeed, regarding their ministry the Oblates declare:

We fulfil our task in healing the world by understanding its evolutionary character, by critically engaging its contemporary spirit, and by meeting its new needs in new ways.

We seek out and immerse ourselves in the lives of the most abandoned in their many faces and voices, and struggle with those most affected by conflicts.

With Gospel values we dialogue with peoples of different cultures, faiths, and religions, in the search for an integral transformation of society; we work with others to safeguard human dignity, nurture family, foster harmony, promote a culture of peace, and respond to the calls of justice and integrity of creation.[10]

The Oblates work in parishes, Catholic schools, retreat centres, and among Indigenous peoples, emphasizing issues of justice and peace. The Oblates are active on five continents. They maintain a presence at a number of shrines to the Virgin Mary including Lourdes, Our Lady of Snows, in Belleville, Illinois, Notre-Dame de Pontmain, France, and in Loreto, Italy.

In the UK and Ireland, the Oblates work through parishes and Centres of Mission in London, Edinburgh, Anglesey and Dublin.[11]

Canadian mission[edit]

OMI's Canadian presence is currently administered in three geographic "provinces": Notre-Dame-du-Cap (French), housed at Notre-Dame-du-Cap Basilica in Trois-Rivières, Quebec, Lacombe (English), with offices in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, and Dominican University College in Ottawa, Ontario, and Assumption (Polish), based in Toronto, Ontario. Lacombe also administers OMI's missions to Kenya. As of July 2019, there were 282 Oblate priests working in Canada.[12]

Establishment and early growth (1841-1883)[edit]

In 1841, at the request of Bishop Ignace Bourget, OMI sent its first missionaries to Canada. Arriving first at St-Hilaire in Montérégie, the Oblates then settled in Montreal and Bytown (Ottawa). The Oblates began in parish missions and later, moved to parishes in poor areas. The Oblates expanded to Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Moose Factory, and Fort Albany in James Bay. In 1845, at the request of the Bishop of Saint Boniface, Norbert Provencher, the Oblates went to Rivière-Rouge, Manitoba. This was the beginning of their missions of Western and Northern Canada.

Alexandre-Antonin Taché[edit]

Arriving at the Métis Red River Colony in a birch bark canoe in 1845, Oblate Alexandre-Antonin Taché (1823-1894) was ordained by Bishop Provencher. Taché was elevated to Bishop of Saint Boniface in 1854, a year after Provencher's death. In 1857, Taché selected 13-year-old Louis Riel as a candidate for the priesthood and sent him to study at College de Montreal.[13] After Riel returned in 1857, he became increasingly involved in Métis leadership and led the Red River Rebellion. Taché acted as intermediary between Riel's provisional government and Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald's Cabinet and then worked to establish the terms of the Manitoba Act of 1870, which would join the colony to Canada. After the failure of rebellion, Taché unsuccessfully advocated for Riel's amnesty.[14]

The Indian Act[edit]

In 1876, Canada established the Indian Act. The Act provided for Indigenous education at day schools built on reserves.[15]

Oblate Vital-Justin Grandin, Bishop of St. Albert advocated for Indigenous children "to become civilized" through residential schools.[16] In 1880, he wrote to Public Works Minister Hector-Louis Langevin, explaining that boarding schools were best to make Indigenous children "forget the customs, habits & language of their ancestors".[16]

Residential school administration (1884-1990)[edit]

See also: Canadian Indian residential school system

In 1884, the Indian Act was amended to allow the Governor in Council to "make regulations [committing] children of Indian blood under the age of sixteen years, to such industrial school or boarding school, there to be kept, cared for and educated [until age] eighteen”. The Act was further amended via The Indian Advancement Act, 1884, establishing that the denomination of teachers at reserve schools was determined by the dominant religion already present, but with provision for minority denominations to have a separate school with permission of the Governor in Council.[15] This allowed for churches to establish schools, not based on existing denominational presence, but to fulfil missionary work.[16]

A primary operator of Canadian Indian residential schools, the OMI maintained at least 57 (41%) of 139 total [17][18] schools funded by the Government of Canada, including Atlantic Canada's only residential school, the Shubenacadie Indian Residential School.[18]

In 1887, missionary physician, Nicolas Coccola, arrived at the site of the Saint-Eugene Jesuit mission to the Kootenay of British Columbia and established a residential school (1890) and silver mine (1895).

To facilitate their mission, after his installation as Titular bishop of Ibora in 1890, and ordination as Bishop of Athabaska in 1891, Émile Grouard instructed Oblates to construct of a fleet of steamboats. The Western Canadian steamships of the Oblate Order of Mary Immaculate consisted of at least four boats, including St. Alphonse[19] (built in 1894) and St. Charles (built in 1903). The boats also carried supplies for the North-West Mounted Police and Hudson's Bay Company.[20]

In 1920, the Indian Act was again amended, making it mandatory for all Indigenous children between age seven and sixteen to attend an Indian Residential School.[15] In 1933, principals of residential schools were conferred legal guardianship of the children attending the school via the Act.[15]

Treaty 11[edit]
See also: Numbered Treaties

In order to receive funding from the Canadian Government for the OMI mission to "civilize and Christianize" the Dene people, the area they served needed to be under treaty.[21] From 1909 to 1921, Oblate Gabriel-Joseph-Elie Breynat, Vicar Apostolic of Mackenzie and titular Bishop,[22] lobbied and negotiated so that the Dene would have such a treaty but reception from the Canadian government was lukewarm[23][21]. This changed in 1921 when, driven primarily by desire for rights to newly discovered oil,[23] Duncan Campbell Scott, Superintendent of Indian Affairs approached Breynat for his support to "insure the success" of treaty negotiations with the Dene.[23] Known for being part of the negotiations for Treaty 8,[21] Breynat accompanied treaty commissioner, Henry Anthony Conroy, through the negotiations, and witnessed Treaty 11, signing at eight out of nine commission visits across the territory. Conroy noted, "I was very glad to be accompanied by His Lordship Bishop Breynat, O.M.I., who has considerable influence with the Indians in the North, and would like here to express my appreciation of the help and hospitality accorded to me and my party in his missions..."[24] Meanwhile, Breynat noted, "I may say that I am responsible for the treaty having been signed at several places, especially at Fort Simpson."[23] The last of the Numbered Treaties, Treaty 11 bound the Slavey, Tłı̨chǫ (Dogrib), Gwichʼin, Sahtu (Hare), and other peoples in the vast 950,000 km2 area, which would become part of the Northwest Territories and Yukon under the Government of Canada's jurisdiction.

"Flying school buses"[edit]

On November 27, 1930, Breynat was a Commercial Airways passenger with the Mother Provincial of the Sisters of Charity (The Grey Nuns) traveling from Fort McMurray to Fort Chipewyan. On landing, the plane struck gasoline cans on the runway and collided into a group of children.[19] Four were killed, five injured, and the RCMP gave aid. As a result of the following RCMP inquest, the runway was re-made.[25] In 1937, Breynat purchased a Waco biplane (CF-BDY) to be flown by Louis Bisson CM, OBE.[19]

In 1938, "The Flying Priest", Oblate Paul Schulte (1896-1975) conducted a medical evacuation from Arctic Bay, transporting Oblate Julien Cochard to Chesterfield Inlet in a Stinson Reliant floatplane.[26][27]

Bishop Jean-Antoine Trocellier purchased a Noorduyn Norseman bush plane (CF-GTM) in February 1952 and based it in Fort Smith.[28] In 1954, the OMI began taking children to schools from their communities by the "Artic Wings" airplane, which resulted in a reduction in police escort records from that period.[18] Oblate William A. Leising shuttled the children to residential schools, calling his plane the "flying school bus", picking them up from their communities and landing at Chesterfield Inlet, Nunavut, Aklavik, Northwest Territories, and Churchill, Manitoba.[29]

The Norseman aircraft operated until 1957 when it was sold and replaced by a de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver (CF-OMI).[28]

Revelations, reconciliation, and the contemporary ministry (1991-Present)[edit]

On March 15, 1991, after its National Meeting on Indian Residential Schools, the Catholic Church recognized that the "negative experiences in the Residential Schools cannot be considered in isolation from the root causes of the indignities and injustices suffered by aboriginal peoples."[30] This was followed by a statement from Oblate Conference of Canada President Douglas Crosby, on July 24, 1991, stating an apology on "certain aspects" of its ministry. Noting that the Oblate was soon to celebrate its 150th anniversary of ministering to Native peoples of Canada, Crosby wrote that the OMI recognized that they were a "key player" in the "implementation of cultural, ethnic, linguistic, and religious imperialism" that "threatened the cultural, linguistic, and religious traditions of native peoples". Crosby also noted that sexual and physical abuse had occurred at the residential schools, and that the instances were "inexcusable, intolerable, and a betrayal of trust." Further, Crosby noted that the OMI renewed its commitment to work with Native peoples in a renewed relationship seeking to "move past mistakes to a new level of respect and mutuality."[31]

Hubert O'Connor[edit]

In 1991, Oblate Hubert O'Connor (1928-2007),[32] Bishop of Prince George was charged with sex crimes and resigned his see. Initially convicted in 1996 of rape and indecent assault on two Indigenous women, O'Connor was sentenced to two-and-a-half years in prison. By affidavit, O'Connor admitted only to consensual relationships with the women, and that he had fathered a child that was placed for adoption. On appeal of the conviction, O'Connor's charges were dismissed. He retained his titles and honours in the church.[33]

St. Anne's Indian Residential School[edit]

St. Anne's Indian Residential School was run by the OMI and the Grey Nuns of the Cross through Canadian Government funding from 1902 to 1976. Investigations into allegations of abuse at St. Anne's Residential School began in November 1992. Over seven years, Ontario Provincial Police interviewed approximately 700 survivors and witnesses, collecting approximately 900 statements about abuses at the school from 1941 to 1972.[34][35]

Request for government financial help[edit]

In July 2000, OMI Superior, Jean-Paul Isabelle requested government financial help with approximately 2,000 lawsuits related to its residential schools. Noting that Saskatchewan alone had 900 claims, with two settling for $100,000 CDN each, Isabelle feared that the order would go bankrupt in Canada.[36]

Order of Canada protest[edit]

In December 2008, representatives of Assumption OMI returned two Order of Canada medals to the office of the Governor General of Canada in protest over the honour being bestowed to Henry Morgentaler, noted Canadian abortion rights advocate. While the medals themselves were returned, the honours, given in 1979 to Oblate Michael J. Smith (1911-2002) for "his success in integrating war refugees into new surroundings and of his deep concern for the Polish community at large"[37] and in 1971 to Oblate Anthony Sylla, for his "dedicated services for over sixty years as an Oblate missionary to immigrant settlers in Western Canada", are still valid.[38][39]

Alexis Joveneau[edit]

Beginning November 2017, specific accusations of physical, sexual, psychological, and financial abuse were levied against Alexis Joveneau, a missionary of the order stationed at Unamenshipit and in remote Innu communities of Quebec along the St. Lawrence River shore from the 1950s until his death in 1992, were revealed as part of the Canada's National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls (MMIWG). Survivors, many children at the time of the events, noted their fear of speaking out against Joveneau, with one saying, "I could not talk about it; he was like a god." Joveneau was also noted for his part in the forced displacement of families from Pakuashipi to Unamenshipit in the 1960s, and deliberate removal of benefits for those that returned.[40]

In March 2018, in a statement in response to the testimonies, Oblate Fathers noted they were "deeply concerned" following the testimonies and "fiercely hoped" that the members of the community would find peace.[40] In March 2018 the order opened a hotline for abuse victims.[41]

A participant in five National Film Board of Canada (NFB) documentaries from 1960 to 1985, including three by Québécois director Pierre Perrault, Joveneau was a public face of the OMI mission in Canada. The synopsis of the NFB films, including Attiuk (1960), featuring Joveneau have been edited to include note of his alleged abuse.[42]

Sexual abuse lawsuit[edit]

A class-action lawsuit had been launched against the OMI in March 2018.[43] Despite the OMI initially seeking a settlement,[44] as of 2021, the lawsuit had grown to include 190 Indigenous and non-Indigenous persons from Quebec. Allegations include Oblate attempts to "silence repeated sexual assaults it was well aware of" [45] and include reference to Oblate Alexis Joveneau, Oblate Raynald Coture, and others.

In October 2018, a Radio Canada Enquête investigative report by Quebec journalist Anne Panasuk,[46] unveiled accusations against ten additional Oblate missionaries, including Oblate Raynald Couture, who had served in Wemotaci, a Atikamekw community from 1981 to 1991. After sexual abuse accusations surfaced in the 1980s, Couture was relocated to France by the OMI, and in 2000, after eight Atikamekws filed a formal complaint of sexual assault, Couture was convicted in 2004 and sentenced to 15 months in prison. Couture now admits his crimes, saying that he sought help from the church, but none came.[44] The report included accusations that Oblate Archbisop of Labrador City-Schefferville Peter Sutton was aware of the accusations in 1974.[47] In response to the Enquête report, Cardinal Marc Ouellet of Quebec City thanked Anne Panasuk, stating "The Church must never again be silent."[44]

Kamloops Indian Residential School[edit]

Starting in 1893 (three years after its inception) until 1977, the Canadian government charged the Oblates of Mary Immaculate with running the Kamloops Indian Residential School in British Columbia on the traditional territory of the Secwépemcúl'ecw (Secwepemc).[48] Hundreds of Secwépemcúl'ecw children attended the school, many forcibly removed from their homes following the promulgation of mandatory attendance laws in the 1920s. Peaking at 500 students the 1950s, it became Canada's largest residential school.[48] As a matter of policy, the administration forbade children who attended the school from speaking their native Secwepemctsin language or practicing their traditional spirituality.[49]

In May 2021, with the assistance of a ground-penetrating radar specialist, Indigenous investigators discovered the buried remains of 215 children on the site of the school.[49][50] Tk’emlups te Secwépemcúl'ecw First Nation Chief Rosanne Casimir said that the deaths were believed to be undocumented, and that work was underway to determine if the Royal British Columbia Museum holds related records.[49] Because the scanning task is ongoing, she said she expects more discoveries to be made.[51]

In a statement released by the First Nations Health Authority, CEO Richard Jock said, "That this situation exists is sadly not a surprise and illustrates the damaging and lasting impacts that the residential school system continues to have on First Nations people, their families and communities."[50] Premier of British Columbia John Horgan said he was "horrified and heartbroken" at the discovery, and that he supported further efforts to bring to "light the full extent of this loss."[51] Federal Minister of Indigenous Services Marc Miller also offered his support.[50] Highlighting the national importance of the discovery, flags were lowered in communities across Canada. In Halifax, Mayor Mike Savage noted the flag lowering was "to honour the children found in Kamloops and all others who lost their lives to the residential schools system."[52]

On May 30, 2021, Ken Thorson of Lacombe OMI issued a media release acknowledging discovery of the children's remains:[53]

Statement For Media Release, May 30, 2021 ‐ Regarding news from the Tk’emlúps te Secwépemc Nation (Kamloops Indian Band) of the discovery of the remains of 215 children at the Kamloops Indian Residential School.

On behalf of the Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate, I wish to express my heartfelt sadness and sincere regret for the deep pain and distress the discovery of the remains of children buried on the grounds of Kamloops Indian Residential School brings to the Tk’emlúps te Secwépemc First Nation, and other affected Indigenous communities, especially family members of the deceased. I appreciate the sensitive and respectful way in which this difficult work is being carried out. This heart‐breaking discovery brings the tragedy of the residential school system into the light once again and demands that we continue to confront its legacy.

The Missionary Oblates were administrators and teachers at the Kamloops Indian Residential School. Through our own ongoing reflection, and the work of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, we are growing into a deepening awareness of the damage caused to Indigenous peoples, the enduring harm caused by colonization and the part our religious order played in it through the residential school system.

This growing awareness leads us to an increased desire to listen deeply and learn from Indigenous communities where Oblates continue to live and minister. The Oblates remain committed to humbly participating in ongoing efforts towards reconciliation and healing for our role in this painful part of our shared history.[53]

— Father Ken Thorson, Provincial, OMI Lacombe Canada

On May 31, 2021, The University of British Columbia indicated that it would review the honourary degree it had granted to Oblate John Fergus O'Grady (1908-1998), Bishop of Prince George, in 1986. O'Grady had been Principal of St. Mary's Indian Residential School in Mission, BC from 1936-1939, Kamloops Indian Residential School from 1938-1952, and Cariboo Indian Residential School, Williams Lake, BC in 1952.[54]

Sri Lankan Mission[edit]

Arriving in 1847, Oblates landed in Colombo, British Ceylon. OMI's Sri Lankan mission is currently administered as Colombo Province. As of June 2021, there were 106 Oblates attached to Colombo's seven districts.[55] Colombo also administers OMI's delegations to Japan, Korea, Bangladesh, and Pakistan.

Australian Mission[edit]

Begun in 1894, OMI's Australian presence is currently administered in one geographic province based in Camberwell, Victoria and includes nine parishes and four schools. As of 2017, there were 42 Oblate priests working in Australia. Australia also administers OMI's delegation to China and Hong Kong.[56]

Notable oblates[edit]

Superiors General[edit]

Candidates for sainthood[edit]

Beatified[edit]

Venerable[edit]

Servant of God[edit]

Cardinals[edit]

Cardinal Guibert, co-founder of Sacré-Cœur, Paris

Bishops[edit]

Priests and religious[edit]

  • Carl Kabat (born 1933), American priest and peace activist
  • Albert Lacombe (1827–1916), French-Canadian missionary during the formation of Canada, broker of peace between the Cree and Blackfoot tribes
  • Lucien-Antoine Lagier (1814-1874), Canadian priest.
  • Adrien-Gabriel Morice (1859–1938), linguist, cartographer, and ethnologist
  • Émile Petitot (1838–1916), French cartographer and ethnologist
  • Alexis Joveneau (1926-1992), Belgian missionary priest, participant in five National Film Board of Canada documentaries on the Innu, accused of abuse of Innu congregants during his tenure in Northern Quebec.
  • Guy Mary-Rousselière (1913–1994) French-Canadian missionary priest, anthropologist and photographer, whose career was spent mostly in the Canadian Arctic.
  • Ronald Rolheiser (born 1947), Canadian-born author of several spiritual books
  • Larry Rosebaugh (1935–2009), American priest and activist
  • Constantine Scollen (1841–1902), Irish-born missionary priest among the Blackfoot, Cree and Métis peoples of Canada and US.

Institutions[edit]

Americas[edit]

Canadian Indian residential schools[edit]

As part of its mission in Canada, the OMI ran at least 57[17][59] [18] residential schools with locations in seven provinces and territories.

British Columbia[edit]

OMI residential schools in British Columbia included locations in Cranbrook, Kakawis (Meares Island), Kamloops, North Vancouver, and Williams Lake.[18][60]

Alberta[edit]

OMI residential schools in Alberta included locations in Brocket, Cardston, Cluny, Wabasca (Desmarais), Dunbow (High River), Fort Vermilion, Maskwacis (Hobbema), Joussard, St. Albert, and St. Paul.[18]

  • Lac La Biche Residential School, Lac La Biche (1853-1898)[62]
  • Erminiskin School, Hobbema
  • Crowfoot School
Saskatchewan[edit]

OMI residential schools in Saskatchewan included locations in Beauval, Delmas, Duck Lake, Lebret, Marieval, Sturgeon Landing, and Onion Lake Cree Nation.[18]

Manitoba[edit]

OMI residential schools in Manitoba included locations in Cross Lake, Sagkeeng First Nation (Fort Alexander), Pine Creek First Nation, The Pas, Sandy Bay, and Winnipeg.[18]

  • Pine Creek School, Camperville
  • Cross Lake
Ontario[edit]

OMI residential schools in Ontario included locations in Fort Albany First Nation, Fort Frances, McIntosh and Spanish.[18]

Quebec[edit]

OMI residential schools in Quebec included locations in Amos, Mashteuiatsh (Pointe-Bleue), and Sept-Îles.[18]

Nova Scotia[edit]
Northwest Territories[edit]

OMI residential schools in the Northwest Territories included locations in Chesterfield Inlet, Fort Chipewyan, and Fort Resolution.[18]

  • Aklavik

Australia[edit]

Philippines[edit]

Hong Kong[edit]

RD Congo[edit]

Nigeria[edit]

  • College De Mazenod Kihang, Bassa - Jos

South Africa[edit]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Annuario Pontificio (2017)
  2. ^ Morice, Adrian. "Charles Joseph Eugene de Mazenod." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 10. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 30 July 2018 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  3. ^ a b c  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Blanchin, François (1911). "Oblates of Mary Immaculate". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
  4. ^ "Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate Australia > Charism & History > Oblate Charism". www.oblates.com.au. Retrieved 2017-07-17.
  5. ^ "Who are We? The Inspiration", Oblate Communications
  6. ^ a b "Oblates of Mary Immaculate > Join Us > Formation to Oblate Life". www.omiphil.org. Retrieved 2017-07-17.
  7. ^ Natal Province: Formation
  8. ^ "Code of Canon Law - IntraText". www.vatican.va. Archived from the original on 2017-07-06. Retrieved 2017-07-17.
  9. ^ "Oblates of Mary Immaculate > About Us > The Mission Today". www.omiphil.org. Retrieved 2017-07-17.
  10. ^ "Oblates of Mary Immaculate > About Us". www.omiphil.org. Retrieved 2017-07-17.
  11. ^ "The Oblate Parishes in the UK and Ireland". Retrieved 2017-10-28.
  12. ^ Greenham, Kyle (July 25, 2019). "Oblates leaving another parish". Canadian Catholic News. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  13. ^ "Louis Riel". Canada: A People's History. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
  14. ^ "Memorable Manitobans: Alexandre-Antonin Taché (1823-1894)". Manitoba Historical Society. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
  15. ^ a b c d "Consolidation of Indian Legislation, Volume II: Indian Acts and Amendments, 1868-1975" (PDF). Department of Indian and Northern Affairs. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  16. ^ a b c Canada's Residential Schools: The History, Part 1 Origins to 1939: Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada Volume 1". McGill-Queen's University Press. 2015.
  17. ^ a b Babych, Art; Gonzalez, Ramon (12 June 2000). "Oblates face bankruptcy". Western Catholic Reporter. Retrieved May 31, 2021.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Eugène LeBeuf, Marcel (2011). The Role of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police During the Indian Residential School System.
  19. ^ a b c Breynat, Gabriel (OMI) (1955). Bishop Of The Winds: Fifty Years In The Arctic Regions (PDF). New York: P. J. Kendedy & Sons. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  20. ^ Downs, Art (1975–1979). Pioneer Days in British Columbia Volume 2. Heritage House and main author Harold Fryer. p. 120. ISBN 0-919214-68-1.
  21. ^ a b c Lamothe, Rene M.J. (April 1996). ""It Was Only A Treaty": Treaty 11 according to the Dene of the Mackenzie Valley". The Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
  22. ^ Dorval, André (October 6, 2017). "The Great Provider of the missions". Retrieved 2 June 2021.
  23. ^ a b c d Fumoleau, Rene (2004). As Long As This Land Shall Last : A History of Treaty 8 and Treaty 11, 1870-1939. University of Calgary Press.
  24. ^ "Treaty Texts - Treaty No. 11". Government of Canada - Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
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References[edit]

Coordinates: 38°33′39.5″N 90°4′56.36″W / 38.560972°N 90.0823222°W / 38.560972; -90.0823222

  • Carrière, Gaston (1957), Histoire documentaire de la congrégation des Missionnaires Oblats de Marie-Immaculée dans l'Est du Canada. Vol. 1., Ottawa, Ontario: Éditions de l’Université d’Ottawa
  • Carrière, Gaston (1957), Dictionnaire biographique des Oblats de Marie-Immaculée au Canada. Vol. 1-3., Ottawa, Ontario: Éditions de l’Université d’Ottawa

External links[edit]


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