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Covaxin

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This article is about Bharat Biotech's COVID-19 vaccine. For Novavax's vaccine, see Covovax. For the global vaccine alliance, see COVAX.

Covaxin
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Covaxin vial.jpg
A vial of Covaxin
Vaccine description
TargetSARS-CoV-2
Vaccine typeInactivated
Clinical data
Trade namesCovaxin
Routes of
administration		Intramuscular
ATC code
  • None
Legal status
Legal status
  • EUA : IND, IRN, ZWE, MU, NP, PY, MX, PH, MM, GT, NI, GY, VE, BW, CF, KM, AR
Identifiers
DrugBank
UNII
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COVID-19 pandemic
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Covaxin (codenamed as BBV152) is an inactivated virus-based COVID-19 vaccine developed by Bharat Biotech in collaboration with the Indian Council of Medical Research.

Technology

As an inactivated vaccine, Covaxin uses a more traditional technology that is similar to the inactivated polio vaccine. Initially, a sample of SARS-CoV-2 was isolated by India's National Institute of Virology and used to grow large quantities of the virus using vero cells. From then on, the viruses are soaked in beta-propiolactone, which deactivates them by binding to their genes, while leaving other viral particles intact. The resulting inactivated viruses are then mixed with an aluminium-based adjuvant.[1]

Clinical research

Phase I and II trials

In May 2020, Indian Council of Medical Research's (ICMR's) National Institute of Virology approved and provided the virus strains for developing a fully indigenous COVID-19 vaccine.[2][3] In June 2020, the company received permission to conduct Phase I and Phase II human trials of a developmental COVID-19 vaccine codenamed BBV152, from the Drugs Controller General of India (DCGI), Government of India.[4] A total of 12 sites were selected by the Indian Council for Medical Research for Phase I and II randomised, double-blind and placebo-controlled clinical trials of vaccine candidate.[5][6][7]

In January 2021, the company published Phase I trial results in The Lancet.[8] On March 8, 2021, Phase II results were published in The Lancet. The study showed that Phase II trials had a higher immune response and induced T-cell response due to the difference in dosing regime from Phase I. The doses in Phase II were given at 4 weeks interval as opposed to 2 weeks in Phase I. Neutralization response of the vaccine were found significantly higher in Phase II.[9]

Phase III trials

In November 2020, Covaxin received the approval to conduct Phase III human trials[10] after completion of Phase I and II.[11] A randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study among volunteers of age group 18 and above, it started on 25 November and involved around 26,000 volunteers from across 22 sites in India.[12][13][14] Refusal rate for Phase III trials was much higher than that for Phase I and Phase II. As a result, only 13,000 volunteers had been recruited by 22 December with the number increasing to 23,000 by 5 January.[15][16]

Multiple ethical breaches have been reported at one of their trial sites in Bhopal, potentially hampering the quality of overall data.[17][18][19][20]

In April 2021, Bharat Biotech reported via a press-release that efficacy is 78%, in its interim analysis of its phase 3 trial.[21][unreliable medical source?]

Trials on minors

In May 2021, Drugs Controller General of India (DCGI) approved clinical trials in the age group of 2 to 18 years.[22] The trails are conducted at AIIMS Delhi and Patna.[23] As many as 54 children had registered at the AIIMS Patna.[24]

Variants

Alpha variant (lineage B.1.1.7)

In December 2020, the Alpha variant or lineage B.1.1.7, was identified in the UK.[25] An in vitro study on this variant was carried out and preliminary results show Covaxin to be effective in neutralizing this strain.[26]

Lineage B.1.617

In April 2021, the Indian Council of Medical Research reported that the vaccine has shown promising results in neutralizing lineage B.1.617.[27][28]

Zeta variant (lineage P.2)

In May 2021, a joint investigation by the scientists of National Institute of Virology (NIV) India, found the vaccine effective in neutralizing the Zeta variant or lineage P.2 (previously known as B.1.1.28).[29]

Beta Variant (B.1.351) and Delta Variant (B.1.617.2)

In June 2021, a group of researchers at the National Institute of Virology (NIV) India, collected sera from recovered patients and people who had received the Covaxin. They found the vaccine to be effective in neutralizing the Delta (B.1.617.2) and Beta (B.1.351) variants.[30][31]

Manufacturing

The vaccine candidate is produced with Bharat Biotech's in-house vero cell manufacturing platform[32] that has the capacity to deliver about 300 million doses.[33] The company is in the process of setting up a second plant at its Genome Valley facility in Hyderabad to make Covaxin. The firm in collaboration with Government of Odisha is establishing another facility at Odisha Biotech Park in Bhubaneswar to commence Covaxin production by June 2022.[34][35] Besides this, they are also exploring global tie-ups for Covaxin manufacturing.[36]

In December 2020, Ocugen, Inc. entered into a partnership with Bharat Biotech to co-develop Covaxin for the U.S. market.[37][38] In January 2021, Precisa Med entered into an agreement with Bharat Biotech to supply Covaxin to Brazil.[39]

In May 2021, Haffkine Bio-Pharmaceutical Corporation Limited of Haffkine Institute entered into a memorandum of understanding with Bharat Biotech and announced that the production of Covaxin by them will commence after obtaining support from the Maharashtra state government and approval from the Indian government[40] whereas Indian Immunologicals Limited (IIL) has signed a commercial agreement with Bharat Biotech for producing the drug substance, a critical component of the vaccine[41] Bharat Immunologicals and Biologicals Corporation (BIBCOL) will also manufacture the vaccine.[42]

Usage Authorization

  Full authorization
  Emergency authorization
See also: List of COVID-19 vaccine authorizations § Covaxin, and COVID-19 vaccine § Trial and authorization status

India

On 6 December 2020, Bharat Biotech applied to the Drugs Controller General of India (DCGI), seeking emergency use authorization.[43] It was the third firm after Serum Institute of India and Pfizer to apply under such provision.[44]

On 2 January 2021, the Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) recommended permission,[45] which was granted the next day.[46] Covaxin was to be used in a "clinical trial mode" i.e. the public vaccination drive was to be an open-label, single-arm clinical trial in itself.[47] This emergency approval, granted without considering Phase III trial data concerning efficacy and safety, drew widespread criticism.[48][49][50]

Other Nations

The vaccine was also approved for emergency use in Iran and Zimbabwe.[51][52] Mauritius received its first commercial supply of Covaxin on March 18, 2021.[53] Nepal granted EUA for Covaxin on March 19, 2021.[54] On March 29, 2021, Paraguay received 100,000 doses of Covaxin.[55] On 7 April Mexico gave emergency authorization for Covaxin.[56] On 19 April 2021, Philippines granted EUA to Covaxin.[57] Additionally, Covaxin was granted EUA in Guatemala, Nicaragua, Guyana, Venezuela and Botswana.[58]

On 31 March, the Brazilian health regulator Anvisa rejected Bharat Biotech's application for supplying Covaxin in the country due to non-compliance with manufacturing norms. Bharat Biotech stated that they would re-apply after meeting the requirements.[59] On June 4, Anvisa approved exceptional imports of Covaxin, imposing conditions that restrict it mainly to healthy adults and limiting it to just 1% of the country's population to manage the risks through control and supervision of side effects. Anvisa cited as main concerns the incomplete phase III study, a short 45-day follow-up, which should be 60 days to meet the international consensus, and a novel imidazoquinoline adjuvant that may increase the chance of developing an autoimmune disease.[60][61][62]

Argentina has agreed to buy 10 million doses of Covaxin and administer them for their citizens.[63]

See also

References

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External links

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