COVID-19 vaccination in Vietnam

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COVID-19 vaccination in Vietnam
COVID-19 Vaccination in Vietnam.svg
Number of available vaccine doses by locality (as of 4 June 2021):
  <10,000
  10,000-100,000
  100,001-500,000
  500,001-1 million
  >1 million
DateMarch 8, 2021 (2021-03-08)-present
Location Vietnam
CauseCOVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam
TargetImmunization against COVID-19
Budget25.2 trillion VND ($1.1 billion USD)[1][2]
Organised byVietnam's Ministry of Health
Participants2,300,960 people with at least one dose administered of Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine.
121,683 people have been fully vaccinated with both doses of Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine.[3]
Outcome2.36% of the Vietnamese population has received at least one dose.
0.12% of the Vietnamese population has received both doses.
Deaths2
Number of people who received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine in Vietnam
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The COVID-19 vaccination in Vietnam is an ongoing immunization campaign against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), in response to the ongoing pandemic in the country. Following the approval of the Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine on 30 January 2021, vaccinations commenced on 8 March 2021, and will continue throughout the year with the goal of vaccinating 80% of the population by June 2022.[4] The Sputnik V was later approved for use on 23 March 2021.[5] Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine was approved for emergency use on 4 June 2021,[6] while Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine was approved on 12 June 2021.[7]

This is the country's ever-largest immunization campaign with over 150 million doses.[8] Although Vietnam is a success story in disease prevention and has kept outbreaks under control, the country's COVID-19 vaccination program is considered to be slower than other countries in the Asia-Pacific region.[9][10] As of 20 June 2021, Vietnam has administered 2,422,643 vaccine doses across the country.[3]

History[edit]

The handover ceremony of COVID-19 vaccine for Vietnam from COVAX Facility in 2021.

In August 2020, the Vietnamese government announced that they had signed up for 50 to 150 million doses of Sputnik V vaccine from Russia. The Russians will also donate a number of machines, biological products and equipment to Vietnam for COVID-19 prevention, including their vaccine. In the meantime, Vietnamese researchers will still continue developing the country's own vaccine.[11][12]

In February 2021, the Ministry of Health suggested the government to approve vaccine from AstraZeneca, Gamaleya, and Moderna for domestic inoculation. Minister Nguyen Thanh Long said the vaccine has been approved under emergent circumstances during the outbreak in Hải Dương and Quảng Ninh province.[13] AstraZeneca has pledged to provide Vietnam with around 30 million doses in 2021.[14][15][16]

Besides the deal with AstraZeneca, Vietnam is also stepping up negotiations with Pfizer, Moderna, CureVac, Johnson & Johnson and Gamaleya.[17][18]

National Deployment and Vaccination plan (NDVP) was signed off by Deputy Minister of Health on 9 February 2021. Vietnam will receive the feedback of the plan from NDVP review committee as one of the required steps to receive COVID-19 vaccines through COVAX Facility – a global mechanism for developing, manufacturing, supplying and procuring COVID-19 vaccines for all country, especially for low and middle-income economies.[19] Through COVAX, it is confirmed that Vietnam will receive 30 million doses of AstraZeneca vaccine in 2022.[20] The first batch of vaccines sourced via Covax mechanism, containing 811,200 doses, arrived in Hanoi's Noi Bai International Airport on 1 April 2021.[21]

On 7 May 2021, Vietnam recorded first death after administered AstraZeneca vaccine. She was a 35-year-old medical staff in An Giang Province.[22][23]

Vaccines on order[edit]

The government began to procure doses of COVID-19 vaccines from various sources:[24]

Vaccine Origin Progress Doses ordered Doses arrived Approval Deployment Notes
Oxford–AstraZeneca United Kingdom, Sweden phase III clinical trials[25] 30 million 3,865,620[note 1] Green check.svg 30 January 2021[26] Green check.svg 8 March 2021[27] 39.9 million additional doses donated by COVAX and Japan.[28][29] Produced by SK Bioscience and Catalent Biologics[30][31]
Sputnik V Russia phase III clinical trials 20 million[32][33][34] 2,000 Green check.svg 23 March 2021[35] Pending 2,000 doses donated by Russia.[36] In talks with manufacturer to obtain licence rights to produce in Vietnam[37]
Sinopharm China phase III clinical trials None[38] 500,000[39] Green check.svg 4 June 2021[40] Pending Although Vietnam has not ordered a single dose of Sinopharm vaccine, China has donated 500,000 doses of the vaccine.[38][39]
These doses will be administered to Chinese nationals in Vietnam, those wishing to go to, study or work in China and those living in border areas with China.[39][41]
Pfizer–BioNTech Germany, United States phase III clinical trials 31 million[18][42] None Green check.svg 12 June 2021[43] Pending The first batch is expected to be delivered by July 2021.[44]
Moderna United States phase III clinical trials 5 million[45][46] None
Johnson & Johnson United States, Netherlands phase III clinical trials Unknown None
Covaxin India phase III clinical trials Unknown None Pending[47] Pending
Nanocovax Vietnam phase III clinical trials[1] Unknown Pending[48] Pending
COVIVAC Vietnam phase I clinical trials[49] Unknown
Vabiotech Vietnam phase I clinical trials[50] Unknown
  • Even when the Chinese announced it would provide priority access to Sinovac and Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine,[51] Vietnam is the last ASEAN nation to publicly state if it will use this due to anti-China sentiment among the public.[52] It is also one of the last to approve a Chinese vaccine.[53]
  • For locally produced COVID-19 vaccines, the MOH expects to have the first batch ready for use at the end of the third quarter of 2021. These vaccines can be put into the country's vaccination campaign in 2022 to ensure supply source and health security, overcome the difficulties when purchasing foreign vaccines.[20] The two locally produced vaccines, Nanocovax and COVIVAC, were put on trial on January to March 2021, respectively.[54][55]

Local production[edit]

Vaccine Production Capacity Manufacturer Notes
Nanocovax 8-12 million doses a month[48] Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology JSC Able to increase capacity to 30-50 million doses a month[48]
Covivac 6-30 million doses a year[56] Institute of Vaccines and Medical Biologicals

Vaccines in trial stage[edit]

For broader coverage of this topic, see COVID-19 vaccine, Nanocovax, Covivac (Vietnam COVID-19 vaccine), and Vabiotech COVID-19 vaccine.
COVID‑19 candidate vaccines
Vaccine candidates,
developers, and sponsors 		Type (technology) Current phase (participants)
design 		Completed phase (participants) Ref
Nanocovax
Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology JSC 		Subunit (SARS‑CoV‑2 recombinant spike protein with aluminum adjuvant) Phase III (13,000)
Jun–Sep 2021, Vietnam 		Phase I–II (620)
Phase I (60): Open label, dose escalation.
Phase II (560): Randomization, double-blind, multicenter, placebo-controlled.
Dec 2020 – Jun 2021, Vietnam 		[57][58][59][60][61]
COVIVAC
Institute of Vaccines and Medical Biologicals 		Viral vector/Egg-based, inactivated, whole chimeric Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) expressing membrane-anchored pre-fusion-stabilized trimeric SARS-CoV-2 S protein (Hexapro) + CpG 1018. Phase I–II (420)
Phase I-II (120-300):Randomized, placebo-controlled, observer-blind.
Mar 2021 – May 2022, Vietnam 		Preclinical [62][63][64][65]
Vabiotech COVID-19 vaccine
Vaccine and Biological Production Company No. 1 (Vabiotech) 		Subunit Preclinical
Awaited for the conduct on Phase I trial 		? [66]

Rollout schedule[edit]

A medical staff prepares to inject the AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine for journalist at the Ho Chi Minh City Pasteur Institute.

VNVC – the company in charge of importing and storing vaccines in Vietnam, said it is ready to have staff and facilities to store up to 170 million doses of vaccine. It has 49 provincial separate vaccine warehouses, 2 cold conditions warehouses, and 3 deep negative conditions warehouses for storing vaccines at a temperature of -40 to -86°C. In February 2021, the VNVC system's service capacity is up to 100,000 customers per day and can increase capacity to serve up to 4 million doses of COVID-19 vaccines per month.[67]

Vietnam's vaccination plan for 2021[68][69]
Group Total of people Vaccination coverage (%) Number of vaccinators
First quarter
Medical staff 500,000 95% 475,000
People directly involved in pandemic prevention 116,000 110,200
Total 616,000 585,200
Second quarter
Customs officers 9,200 95% 8,740
Diplomats 4,080 3,876
Military forces 1,027,000 975,650
Police forces 304,000 288,800
Teachers 550,000 522,500
Total 1,894,280 1,799,566
Third & fourth quarter
Teachers 750,000 95% 712,500
Above 65 years old 7,600,000 7,220,000
Essential workers (aviation, transport, tourism staff, utility workers, etc.) 1,930,000 1,833,500
People with chronic health issues 7,000,000 6,650,000
Total 17,280,000 16,416,000

According to Deputy Minister of Health Tran Van Thuan, to get protection for the majority of the population, Vietnam needs to diversify supplies of vaccines, which including locally manufactured vaccines and maximising the resources from the businesses and local administration's budgets in addition to the government's budget to get the vaccination programme running. The budget needed to give vaccine shots for 20% of the population is estimated at 6.739 trillion VND ($293.67 million USD), but over 90% of this cost is funded by the COVAX Facility. The government will contribute 24 billion VND, the remaining comes from municipal and provincial governments and private sources.[70]

Vaccine allocation plan by locality[edit]

Vaccine allocation plan by city & province in Vietnam[71][72][73][74]

Progress to date[edit]

Vaccination (as of 20 June 2021)
Doses administered[3] 2,422,643
+60,955
Total population [75] 97,580,000
At least one dose Per 100 people Fully vaccinated
2,300,960 2.483

   

121,683
Vietnam vaccinations (cumulative)
  First dose   Second dose
Vietnam vaccinations (per half-month)
  First dose   Second dose


117,600 doses of AstraZeneca’s COVID-19 vaccine arrived at Tan Son Nhat international airport in Ho Chi Minh City on 24 February.[76] On 16 March, Vietnam received 1,000 doses of Sputnik V from Russian Security Council Secretary Nikolai Patrushev.[77] The first batch of vaccines sourced via Covax mechanism, containing 811,200 doses, arrived in Hanoi's Noi Bai International Airport on 1 April 2021.[21] Vietnam received the second shipment of vaccines sourced via Covax, containing nearly 1,682,400 AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine doses on 16 May.[78][79][80] Another batch of AstraZeneca Covid-19 vaccines containing 288,100 doses arrived at Tan Son Nhat Airport on 25 May.[78] This is the second batch under a contract for 30 million the Ministry of Health and the VNVC have struck with the company.[81] On 16 June 2021, Vietnam also received 966,320 doses of AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine donated by Japan.[82][83][84] In total, Vietnam has received 3.86562 million AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine doses.

It expected that a total of 120 million doses would be available by the end of 2021.[78][1]

Vietnam's COVID-19 vaccination programme began on 8 March 2021, administering the AstraZeneca vaccine to medical workers in Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City and Hải Dương province.[85] As of 20 June 2021, a total of 2,422,643 administered vaccination doses have been reported.[3]

By locality[edit]

Update as of 19 June 2021

Locality[note 2] Population[86] Administered doses Doses administered per 100 people Ref.
Bắc Giang Province 1,803,950 187,839 10.41 [87]
Bắc Kạn Province 313,905 6,233 1.99 [87]
Cao Bằng Province 530,341 8,059 1.52 [88]
Hà Giang Province 854,679 27,945 3.27 [87]
Lạng Sơn Province 781,655 27,733 3.55 [87]
Phú Thọ Province 1,463,726 22,364 1.53 [87]
Quảng Ninh Province 1,320,324 18,163 1.38 [87]
Thái Nguyên Province 1,286,751 24,957 1.94 [87]
Tuyên Quang Province 784,811 12,687 1.62 [87]
Lào Cai Province 730,420 38,155 5.22 [87]
Yên Bái Province 821,030 22,441 2.73 [87]
Điện Biên Province 598,856 38,769 6.47 [87]
Hòa Bình Province 854,131 22,808 2.67 [87]
Lai Châu Province 460,196 18,937 4.11 [87]
Sơn La Province 1,248,415 24,996 2 [87]
Bắc Ninh Province 1,368,840 174,696 12.76 [87]
Hà Nam Province 852,800 11,554 1.35 [87]
Hải Dương Province 1,892,254 98,820 5.22 [87]
Hưng Yên Province 1,252,731 19,025 1.52 [87]
Nam Định Province 1,780,393 17,982 1.01 [87]
Ninh Bình Province 982,487 15,174 1.54 [87]
Thái Bình Province 1,860,447 27,145 1.46 [87]
Vĩnh Phúc Province 1,151,154 14,111 1.23 [87]
Hà Nội 8,053,663 143,751 1.78 [87]
Hải Phòng 2,028,514 34,346 1.69 [87]
Hà Tĩnh Province 1,288,866 17,282 1.34 [87]
Nghệ An Province 3,327,791 24,490 0.74 [87]
Quảng Bình Province 895,430 9,384 1.05 [89]
Quảng Trị Province 632,375 15,742 2.49 [87]
Thanh Hóa Province 3,640,128 97,550 2.68 [87]
Thừa Thiên-Huế Province 1,128,620 32,094 2.84 [87]
Đắk Lắk Province 1,869,322 23,222 1.24 [87]
Đắk Nông Province 622,168 10,200 1.64 [90]
Gia Lai Province 1,513,847 44,958 2.97 [87]
Kon Tum Province 540,438 11,116 2.06 [91]
Lâm Đồng Province 1,296,906 ? ?
Bình Định Province 1,486,918 30,855 2.08 [87]
Bình Thuận Province 1,230,808 26,571 2.16 [87]
Khánh Hòa Province 1,231,107 31,428 2.55 [87]
Ninh Thuận Province 590,467 13,282 2.25 [87]
Phú Yên Province 872,964 23,325 2.67 [87]
Quảng Nam Province 1,495,812 13,934 0.93 [87]
Quảng Ngãi Province 1,231,697 10,256 0.83 [87]
Đà Nẵng 1,134,310 45,648 4.02 [87]
Bà Rịa-Vũng Tàu Province 1,148,313 29,615 2.58 [87]
Bình Dương Province 2,426,561 45,874 1.89 [87]
Bình Phước Province 994,679 ? ?
Đồng Nai Province 3,097,107 23,173 0.75 [87]
Tây Ninh Province 1,169,165 30,949 2.65 [87]
Hồ Chí Minh 8,993,082 117,598 1.31 [87]
An Giang Province 1,908,352 37,909 1.99 [87]
Bạc Liêu Province 907,236 17,243 1.9 [87]
Bến Tre Province 1,288,463 33,490 2.6 [87]
Cà Mau Province 1,194,476 46,965 3.93 [87]
Đồng Tháp Province 1,599,504 34,029 2.13 [87]
Hậu Giang Province 733,017 6,500 0.89 [92]
Kiên Giang Province 1,723,067 16,853 0.98 [87]
Long An Province 1,688,547 61,486 3.64 [87]
Sóc Trăng Province 1,199,653 32,518 2.71 [87]
Tiền Giang Province 1,764,185 14,006 0.79 [87]
Trà Vinh Province 1,009,168 35,959 3.56 [87]
Vĩnh Long Province 1,022,791 37,678 3.68 [87]
Cần Thơ 1,235,171 11,295 0.91 [87]

Adverse event following immunization[edit]

Of the 69 medical staff at Gia Lai Field Hospital who administered AstraZeneca vaccine on 9 March 2021, eight had mild side effects and one female nurse had severe side effects. Five minutes after injection, this nurse (with a history of bronchial asthma) experienced symptoms of perioral numbness, vomiting, dizziness, chest tightness and difficulty breathing.[93] As of 17 March 2021, in 20,000 people were injected, 4,078 cases had common reactions like muscle pain, headaches, diarrhoea, fever or hives, five with anaphylaxis grade II and one grade III case, all of these case are in stable conditions. The health ministry has asked local health authorities which face serious post-injection reactions to set up a professional council to evaluate the causes.[94][95] There has not been a single case of severe blood clots reported in some European nations.[95]

On 7 May 2021, Vietnam recorded the first death of a person vaccinated with the AstraZeneca vaccine. She was a 35-year-old medical staff in An Giang Province. This female health worker was vaccinated with AstraZeneca vaccine in the morning of 6 May at the vaccination site in Tan Chau Regional General Hospital. Before the injection, she was screened and explained about post-injection reactions.[23][96] After the injection, she had anaphylactic shock reaction. According to the conclusion of the An Giang Department of Health, the cause of death is anaphylaxis on the basis of non-steroidal allergy (anti-inflammatory painkiller).[22]

On 21 June 2021, Vietnam recorded the second death of a person vaccinated with the AstraZeneca vaccine. He was a 26-year-old teacher in Hanoi. He was vaccinated at the medical center in Dong Anh District on 20 June, after having health checkup and being given eligibility for vaccination. He died at 23:15 on 21 June, 39 hours after getting vaccinated against COVID-19. The cause of death is not known. 100 people besides this man who got vaccinated at that center that day were all stable.[97][98]

Public opinion[edit]

A poll conducted from October to December 2020 found that Vietnam had one of the highest vaccine acceptance rate in the world. 98% of people surveyed responded they would definitely or probably get vaccinated when a COVID-19 vaccine becomes available.[99]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ See Progress to date
  2. ^ Not include Ministry of Public Security, Ministry of Defense and central hospitals not under control of local government

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