COVID-19 vaccination in the United States

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search

COVID-19 vaccination campaign in the United States
Covid-19 Vaccination Map of USA.png
United States. Percentage with at least one vaccination dose as of June 20, 2021.[1]
DateDecember 14, 2020 (2020-12-14) – present
Location United States
Compact of Free Association:[2][3]
 Palau
 Marshall Islands
 Micronesia
CauseCOVID-19 pandemic in the United States
Organized byCenter for Disease Control and Prevention
Participants177,342,954 people have received at least one dose administered of Pfizer–BioNTech, Moderna and Johnson & Johnson
(June 21, 2021)
150,046,006 people have been fully vaccinated (both doses of Pfizer–BioNTech or Moderna, or one dose of Johnson & Johnson)[4]
Outcome53% of the United States population has received at least one dose of a vaccine
WebsiteCOVID-19 Vaccine: CDC

The COVID-19 vaccination campaign in the United States is an ongoing mass immunization campaign for the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. The FDA's granted emergency use authorization of the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine on December 10, 2020;[5] mass vaccinations began on December 14, 2020. The Moderna COVID-19 vaccine was granted emergency use authorization on December 17, 2020,[6] and the Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine was granted emergency use authorization on February 27, 2021.[7] At this time, there are limited data to address whether the vaccine can prevent transmission of the virus from person to person. In addition, at this time, data are not available to determine how long the vaccine will provide protection.[8]

The U.S. government initiated the campaign under the presidency of Donald Trump with Operation Warp Speed, which later transitioned to Joe Biden, who became the new President of the United States on January 20, 2021. Biden began his term with an immediate goal of a hundred million shots in his first hundred days in office, signing an executive order which included increasing supplies for vaccination.[9][10][11] This goal was met on March 19, 2021.[12] On March 25, 2021, he announced he would increase the vaccination goal to 200 million shots being given within his first 100 days in office.[13] This goal was eventually reached on April 21, 2021.[14] On May 4, 2021, Biden announced a new goal of having 70% of U.S. adults vaccinated by July 4, 2021.[15]

By April 19, 2021, all U.S. states had made Americans aged 16 and older eligible for the vaccine.[16] On May 10, 2021, the FDA approved the Pfizer vaccine for adolescents aged 12 to 15.[17]

Vaccination program[edit]

Total number of people who have received vaccinations in the United States as of June 21, 2021

  Unvaccinated population: ~155.0 million people (46.65%)
  Population who have received only one dose of a two-dose vaccine: 27,296,948[4] (8.21%)
  Population who are fully vaccinated: 150,046,006[4] (45.14%)

Vaccines administered per pharmaceutical company as of June 20, 2021

  Pfizer–BioNTech (174,521,867) (54.89%)
  Moderna (131,213,452) (41.27%)
  Johnson & Johnson (11,986,595) (3.77%)
  Not Identified (244,494) (0.08%)

Vaccines were distributed to states on a population basis, with the vaccine rollouts being administered by each individual U.S. state. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention suggested that hospital workers and nursing home personnel be the first individuals vaccinated. The subsequent phases of the rollout are determined by each individual state agency.

Eligibility of non-citizens[edit]

On February 1, 2021, the Department of Homeland Security said it "fully support[s] equal access to the COVID-19 vaccines and vaccine distribution sites for undocumented immigrants" and that related federal agencies "will not conduct enforcement operations at or near vaccine distribution sites or clinics".[18]

States may have intended that vaccines be prioritized for their residents ahead of tourists, but there was some difficulty communicating and enforcing this. Some American adults have no driver's license,[19] and the United States does not automatically provide each citizen with identity documentation in a centralized system. Furthermore, when people did not show up for their vaccine appointments, many clinics vaccinated anyone else who happened to show up so that the doses would not be wasted. As a result, some tourists as well as undocumented immigrants were vaccinated.[20]

As of early February 2021, states including Florida, California, New York and Texas were specifically trying to restrict "vaccine tourism": brief visits to the US with the primary intention of obtaining a vaccine.[21] However, contrary to rumors that spread on social media, the United States did not have a policy of cancelling visas or imposing fines on tourists who sought vaccination. Diplomats pointed out that the B1/B2 tourist visa allows people to seek medical treatment while within the United States, even if they do not turn out to be eligible for the COVID-19 vaccine.[22]

As of May 13, 2021, according to the Colombian newspaper El Tiempo, the following U.S. states were not requiring foreigners to present proof of residency to receive the vaccine: Alabama, Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida, Iowa, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia and Wyoming.[23] Thousands of Latin Americans were booking travel to the United States and being vaccinated in the country. Vaccination centers in some U.S. states were accepting foreign passports as valid identification. Travel agencies were advertising "vaccination tourism," and the U.S. embassy in Peru, for example, advised that travelers to the United States could seek vaccination.[24][25]

Background[edit]

From early 2020, more than seventy companies worldwide (with five or six operating primarily in the U.S.) began vaccine research.[26][27] The global competition had national security implications for various countries.[28]

In preparation for large-scale production, Congress set aside more than $3.5 billion for this purpose as part of the CARES Act.[29][27] Among the labs working on a vaccine is the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, which has previously studied other infectious diseases, such as HIV/AIDS, ebola, and MERS. By March 18, tests had begun with dozens of volunteers in Seattle, sponsored by the U.S. government, and similar safety trials were planned for other potential vaccines.[30] Bill Gates, whose foundation shifted its focus nearly entirely to the pandemic, anticipated in early 2020 that a vaccine could be ready by early 2021.[31]

On August 5, 2020, the United States agreed to pay Johnson and Johnson more than $1 billion to create a hundred million doses of COVID-19 vaccine. The deal gave the U.S. an option to order an additional two hundred million. The doses were supposed to be provided for free to Americans if they are used in a COVID-19 vaccination campaign.[32]

Senior citizens await COVID-19 vaccine at a Maryland pharmacy in January 2021.

BIO, a trade group of all coronavirus vaccine makers except AstraZeneca, tried to persuade Secretary Azar to publish strict FDA guidelines that would help ensure the safety and public uptake of the vaccine. Politics impacted scientific practice, however, when chief of staff Mark Meadows blocked the FDA when it was realized that the timing of the provisions would make it impossible for a vaccine to be authorized before the November election.[33][34] Ultimately, the guidelines emerged[35] from the Office of Management and Budget and were published on the FDA website.[36]

As of October 2020, 44 were in clinical trials on humans, and 91 pre-clinical vaccines were being tested on animals.[37] Most of these trials are currently underway. At this time, there are limited data to address whether the vaccine can prevent transmission of the virus from person to person. In addition, at this time, data are not available to determine how long the vaccine will provide protection.[8]

On November 20, 2020, the Pfizer–BioNTech partnership submitted a request for emergency use authorization to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA),[38][39] and the FDA announced that its Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee (VRBPAC) would review the request.[40][41] On December 11, the FDA granted emergency use authorization for the Pfizer–BioNTech vaccine.[42][43] An initial shipment of 2.9 million doses were scheduled to be distributed rapidly, and Pfizer promised to continue supplying the rest of the hundred million doses through March 2021.[44][45] Pfizer had adequate stocks available and began this distribution on December 17, 2020, but the federal government reduced the amount Pfizer was allowed to distribute.[46][47]

On December 18, 2020, the FDA granted the Moderna vaccine emergency use authorization,[48][49] which Moderna had requested on November 30, 2020.[50][51] The U.S. planned to rapidly distribute 5.9 million doses with more to come later.[52][53]

On February 27, 2021, the Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine was granted emergency use authorization by the FDA for use. However, this vaccine has faced backlash from some government officials, believing it to be not as effective as Pfizer or Moderna. On March 5, the mayor of Detroit, Mike Duggan, rejected a shipment of the Johnson & Johnson vaccine, saying, "Moderna and Pfizer are the best. And I am going to do everything I can to make sure the residents of the city of Detroit get the best."[54] After backlash, Duggan declared he would no longer decline the vaccine.[55]

On March 11, 2021, President Joe Biden announced that he would direct all states to make vaccines available to all adults no later than May 1.[56] On April 6 he said he would direct states to make all adults eligible for vaccination by April 19.[57] This deadline was met after several states opened up vaccination to everyone 16 and above the same day.[58]

As of May 2021, most experts thought the United States would be unable to achieve herd immunity, at least in the near term, given insufficient demand for the vaccine.[59] On that note, many sources are saying the new variants last longer than 14 days, such as those found at home and abroad.[60] According to an Evaluation of Available Effectiveness Data, the FDA reported on May 10, 2021: "At this time, there are limited data to address whether the vaccine can prevent transmission of the virus from person to person. In addition, at this time, data are not available to determine how long the vaccine will provide protection."[8]

Vaccines on order[edit]

Vaccine Submitted (EUA) Emergency use Authorization Deployment Submitted (Full) Full Approval
Pfizer–BioNTech Green check.svg November 20, 2020 Green check.svg December 10, 2020 Green check.svg December 14, 2020 Green check.svg May 7, 2021 Pending
Moderna Green check.svg November 30, 2020 Green check.svg December 17, 2020 Green check.svg December 21, 2020 Green check.svg June 1, 2021 Pending
Johnson & Johnson Green check.svg February 4, 2021 Green check.svg February 27, 2021 Green check.svg March 1, 2021 Dark Red x.svg No Dark Red x.svg No
Oxford–AstraZeneca N/A N/A Dark Red x.svg No Dark Red x.svg No Dark Red x.svg No
Novavax TBA (third quarter of 2021) Dark Red x.svg No Dark Red x.svg No Dark Red x.svg No Dark Red x.svg No
Sanofi–GSK Dark Red x.svg No Dark Red x.svg No Dark Red x.svg No Dark Red x.svg No Dark Red x.svg No

Vaccine distribution[edit]

Listed in millions,

As of June 21, 2021[61][62]
50
100
150
200
250
300
  •   Pfizer–BioNTech
  •   Moderna
  •   Johnson & Johnson

Vaccines in trial stage[edit]

Vaccine Type (technology) Phase I Phase II Phase III
BNT162b2 RNA Green check.svg Completed Green check.svg Completed Green check.svg Completed
mRNA-1273 RNA Green check.svg Completed Green check.svg Completed Green check.svg Completed
Ad26.COV2.S Viral vector Green check.svg Completed Green check.svg Completed Green check.svg Completed
NVX-CoV2373 Subunit Green check.svg Completed Green check.svg Completed Green check.svg Completed
AZD1222 Viral vector Green check.svg Completed Green check.svg Completed Green check.svg Completed
INO-4800 DNA Green check.svg Completed Green check.svg Completed In progress
VAT00008 Subunit Green check.svg Completed Green check.svg Completed In progress
ARCT-021 (LUNAR-COV19) RNA Green check.svg Completed In progress Dark Red x.svg Not yet
KBP-201 Subunit Green check.svg Completed In progress Dark Red x.svg Not yet
hAd5 Viral vector In progress In progress Dark Red x.svg Not yet
NDV-HXP-S Viral vector In progress In progress Dark Red x.svg Not yet
MRT5500 RNA In progress In progress Dark Red x.svg Not yet
CoV2 SAM (LNP) RNA In progress Dark Red x.svg Not yet Dark Red x.svg Not yet
MV-014-212 Live-Attenuated In progress Dark Red x.svg Not yet Dark Red x.svg Not yet
COH04S1 Viral vector In progress Dark Red x.svg Not yet Dark Red x.svg Not yet
CORVax12 DNA In progress Dark Red x.svg Not yet Dark Red x.svg Not yet
ChAdV68-S (SAM-LNP-S) Viral vector In progress Dark Red x.svg Not yet Dark Red x.svg Not yet
AdCOVID Viral vector In progress Dark Red x.svg Not yet Dark Red x.svg Not yet
VXA-CoV2-1 Viral vector In progress Dark Red x.svg Not yet Dark Red x.svg Not yet
SpFN COVID-19 vaccine Subunit In progress Dark Red x.svg Not yet Dark Red x.svg Not yet
mRNA-1283 RNA In progress Dark Red x.svg Not yet Dark Red x.svg Not yet
V590 / V591 Viral vector

History[edit]

Timeline[edit]

Timeline of daily COVID-19 vaccine doses administered in the US.[63]
Timeline of daily COVID-19 vaccine doses administered in the US.svg
See the latest date on the timeline at the bottom.
Vice President Elect Kamala Harris, like many other public officials, was vaccinated on-camera.[64][65][66]
Drive-through vaccination site at the Larkspur Ferry Terminal in Larkspur, California

December 2020[edit]

On December 14, 2020, the first doses were administered. Sandra Lindsay of Queens, New York City was the first American to be administered an FDA-emergency authorized (not FDA approved) COVID-19 vaccine.[67][68]

March 2021[edit]

On March 12, 2021, the United States surpassed 100 million doses administered.[69]

Over the course of the month, seven states (AK,[70] MS,[71] OH,[72] CT, AZ, TX,[73] and GA[74]) made the vaccine available to all adults, following a period of selective vaccination for elderly and other vulnerable populations. California and Washington announced that all adults would be eligible for a vaccine starting April 15.[75] Indiana announced that it would make vaccines available to university students and would specifically facilitate the transfer of vaccines to university-based vaccine clinics, including one such clinic at the University of Notre Dame.[76]

April 2021[edit]

On April 3, 2021, more than four million doses of the COVID-19 vaccine were reported administered in the past 24 hours, setting a new record and bringing the seven-day average to more than three million a day.[77] As of April 11, more than 187 million vaccine doses have been administered.[78] On April 13, 2021, the CDC and FDA issued a statement recommending a pause in the use of the Johnson & Johnson vaccine "out of an abundance of caution" after six women aged 18 through 48 developed a rare and severe type of blood clot called cerebral venous sinus thrombosis; on April 23, the recommended pause was lifted.[79][80][81] By April 19, 2021, all U.S. states had made Americans aged 16 and older eligible for the vaccine, meeting the deadline previously set by President Joe Biden.[16]

As of April 28, 2021, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention reported an average of 2.7 million daily vaccinations over the past week.[82]

May 2021[edit]

On May 10, 2021, the FDA granted emergency use authorization for the Pfizer vaccine for use on adolescents aged 12–15, making the United States the second country in the world, after Canada, to grant emergency use authorization for the COVID-19 vaccine for adolescents. The CDC is expected to hold a meeting to recommend how the vaccine should be used on children aged 12–15; the vaccine can be administered once CDC Director Rochelle Walensky approves the recommendation.[17] The press FDA release "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Authorizes Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine for Emergency Use in Adolescents in Another Important Action in Fight Against Pandemic" dated May 10, 2021, reads "there are limited data to address whether the vaccine can prevent transmission of the virus from person to person. In addition, at this time, data are not available to determine how long the vaccine will provide protection."[8] Pfizer Inc. will "continue monitoring the safety of the vaccine as it is used under EUA. This plan has been updated to include the newly authorized adolescent population, and includes longer-term safety follow-up for participants enrolled in ongoing clinical trials, as well as other activities aimed at monitoring the safety of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine and ensuring that any safety concerns are identified and evaluated in a timely manner.

It is mandatory for Pfizer Inc. and vaccination providers to report the following to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System for Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine: all vaccine administration errors, serious adverse events, cases of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome and cases of COVID-19 that result in hospitalization or death."[8]

Vaccinations by state[edit]

CDC COVID-19 Vaccination Record Card.jpg
Covid-Vaccine-31 (50752381423).jpg
Covid-Vaccine-13 (50752382488).jpg
COVID-19 vaccination (2020) B.jpg
Number who have received at least one dose of a COVID-19 vaccine. Also, the percentage by state or territory.
As of June 10, 2021.[83]
State/Territory Vaccinated % of pop.
 Alabama 1,787,017 36.4
 Alaska 343,730 47.0
 Arizona 3,445,917 47.3
 Arkansas 1,218,544 40.4
 California 23,038,863 58.3
 Colorado 3,203,037 55.6
 Connecticut 2,306,716 64.7
 Delaware 544,590 55.9
 Florida 10,900,234 50.8
 Georgia 4,383,278 41.3
 Hawaii 962,100 68.0
 Idaho 685,025 38.3
 Illinois 7,170,000 56.6
 Indiana 2,870,859 42.6
 Iowa 1,579,875 50.1
 Kansas 1,387,300 47.6
 Kentucky 2,123,250 47.5
 Louisiana 1,702,116 36.6
 Maine 869,249 64.7
 Maryland 3,557,729 58.8
 Massachusetts 4,699,367 68.2
 Michigan 4,971,722 49.8
 Minnesota 3,124,967 55.4
 Mississippi 1,038,079 34.9
 Missouri 2,643,742 43.1
 Montana 495,488 46.4
 Nebraska 955,405 49.4
 Nevada 1,439,437 46.7
 New Hampshire 828,123 60.9
 New Jersey 5,504,682 62.0
 New Mexico 1,232,814 58.8
 New York 11,124,612 57.2
 North Carolina 4,621,880 44.1
 North Dakota 325,568 42.7
 Ohio 5,477,125 46.9
 Oklahoma 1,669,918 42.2
 Oregon 2,371,854 56.2
 Pennsylvania 7,691,157 60.1
 Rhode Island 659,532 62.3
 South Carolina 2,154,884 41.9
 South Dakota 433,174 49.0
 Tennessee 2,725,092 39.9
 Texas 13,224,910 45.6
 Utah 1,475,994 46.0
 Vermont 448,270 71.8
 Virginia 4,835,515 56.7
 Washington 4,437,000 58.3
 West Virginia 748,394 41.8
 Wisconsin 3,034,090 52.1
 Wyoming 219,120 37.9
50 states 168,691,344 51.5
 American Samoa 23,982 43.1
 District of Columbia 411,039 58.2
 Guam 94,357 56.9
 Northern Mariana Islands 27,247 47.9
 Puerto Rico 1,700,675 53.3
 US Virgin Islands 38,934 37.2
US territories 2,296,234 53.6
 United States 170,987,578 51.5
 Marshall Islands 16,893 28.9
 Micronesia 26,791 25.8
 Palau 13,802 77.1
Compact of Free Association 57,486 31.9
USA + CoFA 171,045,064 51.5

Public opinion[edit]

A poll conducted May 20–21, 2020, found that 44% of Republicans and 19% of Democrats believed a debunked conspiracy theory that Bill Gates was plotting to use a COVID-19 vaccine to inject microchips into the population.[84]

In early December 2020, a majority of Black and Latino Americans were at least hesitant, if not opposed, to receiving the vaccine.[85] By late February 2021, hesitancy had dropped among Black and Latino people. During the same time period, however, anti-vaccine opinions held steady among white Republicans, one-quarter of whom remained firmly opposed to getting the vaccine.[86]

A Monmouth poll conducted April 8–12, 2021, found that two-thirds of Democratic voters had already been vaccinated but only one-third of Republican voters had done so.[87] A Quinnipiac poll conducted on the same dates found that 45% of Republicans said they did not plan to be vaccinated.[88] The New York Times wrote that the vaccination program was "hitting what appears to be a soft ceiling" as it moved to dealing with the demographic groups where vaccine hesitancy was stronger.[89]

As of April 9, 2021, the vaccine was optional for U.S. Marines, and 39% of those to whom the military offered it had refused it. The highest rate of declination was at Camp Lejeune in North Carolina, where 57% of Marines had refused the vaccine.[90] As of April 22, 2021, only a third of active U.S. military service members have received COVID-19 vaccinations, with the U.S. Navy with the highest percentage of active military personnel receiving one dose at 51%, with the Marines at 36%, the Air Force/Space Force at 34%, and the Army at 27%.[91] By late May at least 58% of active military service members have received at least one dose of the COVID-19 vaccine.[92]

A Frank Luntz poll in mid-April 2021 found a rise in vaccine confidence from the previous month, despite the pause of the Johnson and Johnson vaccine. 60% of Trump voters, and 72% of Biden voters said they agreed with the statement "The bottom line is COVID-19 vaccines save lives, and Americans should continue to get vaccinated as soon as possible."[93]

According to an FDA press release dated May 10, 2021: "At this time, there are limited data to address whether the vaccine can prevent transmission of the virus from person to person. In addition, at this time, data are not available to determine how long the vaccine will provide protection."[8]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ USA COVID-19 Vaccine Tracker: States Map. By George Karabassis. Click the "1M" button on the bottom right of the map area. When it is blue that means the map is based on percentages vaccinated by state. Also, click the "1x" button to get the percentage with at least one vaccination dose. Hover over any state to get the numbers. Expand the map full screen in your browser, and take a screenshot. Below the map there is a table with the data. The data column sorting does not work well, so find data by alphabetical order of the states.
  2. ^ "Interior Applauds Inclusion of Insular Areas through Operation Warp Speed to Receive COVID-19 Vaccines" (Press release). United States Department of the Interior (DOI). December 12, 2020. Retrieved January 13, 2021. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  3. ^ Dorman B (January 6, 2021). "Asia Minute: Palau Administers Vaccines to Keep Country Free of COVID". Hawaii Public Radio. Retrieved January 13, 2021.
  4. ^ a b c CDC (March 28, 2020). "COVID Data Tracker". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved April 23, 2021.
  5. ^ Thomas, Katie; Weiland, Noah; LaFraniere, Sharon (December 10, 2020). "F.D.A. Advisory Panel Gives Green Light to Pfizer Vaccine" – via NYTimes.com.
  6. ^ Jr, Berkeley Lovelace (December 19, 2020). "FDA approves second Covid vaccine for emergency use as it clears Moderna's for U.S. distribution". CNBC.
  7. ^ Machemer, Theresa. "FDA Approves Johnson & Johnson Vaccine, Another Valuable Tool Against Covid-19". Smithsonian Magazine.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Commissioner, Office of the (May 13, 2021). "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Authorizes Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine for Emergency Use in Adolescents in Another Important Action in Fight Against Pandemic". FDA. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
  9. ^ Betsy Klein, Veronica Stracqualursi and Kate Sullivan. "Biden unveils Covid-19 plan based on 'science not politics' as he signs new initiatives". CNN. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
  10. ^ "COVID-19: US president Joe Biden signs 10 executive orders to curb spread of coronavirus". Sky News. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
  11. ^ "100 Million Shots In 100 Days: Is Biden's COVID-19 Vaccination Goal Achievable?". NPR.org. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
  12. ^ "Biden Eyes New Goal After US Clears 100M Shots Since Jan. 20". HuffPost. March 20, 2021.
  13. ^ Dan Mangan, Berkeley Lovelace Jr. (March 25, 2021). "Biden sets new Covid vaccine goal of 200 million shots within his first 100 days: 'I believe we can do it'". CNBC. Retrieved March 27, 2021.
  14. ^ Pettypiece, Shannon; Shabad, Rebecca (April 21, 2021). "'We did it': Biden celebrates U.S. hitting milestone of 200 million doses in his first 100 days". NBCNews.com. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
  15. ^ "Biden announces new goal: 70 percent of U.S. adults vaccinated by July 4". news.yahoo.com. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
  16. ^ a b Anthes, Emily; Ngo, Madeleine; Sullivan, Eileen (April 19, 2021). "Adults in all U.S. states are now eligible for vaccination, hitting Biden's target. Half have had at least one dose". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
  17. ^ a b Johnson, Carolyn Y. (May 10, 2021). "FDA authorizes Pfizer coronavirus vaccine for adolescents 12 to 15 years old". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 10, 2021 – via MSN.
  18. ^ "DHS Statement on Equal Access to COVID-19 Vaccines and Vaccine Distribution Sites". Department of Homeland Security. February 1, 2021. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
  19. ^ "Licensed Drivers | Bureau of Transportation Statistics". www.bts.gov. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
  20. ^ "Verdades y mentiras sobre la supuesta vacuna para turistas en EE. UU". El Tiempo (in Spanish). April 27, 2021. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
  21. ^ "Coronavirus: las medidas en EE. UU. contra el 'turismo de vacunas'". El Tiempo (in Spanish). February 2, 2021. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
  22. ^ "Estados Unidos no les canceló visas a latinos que viajaron a vacunarse". El Tiempo (in Spanish). April 16, 2021. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
  23. ^ "Así vacunan a extranjeros en las principales ciudades de EE. UU". El Tiempo (in Spanish). May 13, 2021. Retrieved May 17, 2021.
  24. ^ Aquino, Marco; Esposito, Anthony; Garrison, Cassandra (May 11, 2021). "'Want the COVID-19 vaccine? Have a U.S. visa?' Latinos travel north for the shot". Reuters. Retrieved May 17, 2021.
  25. ^ Honan, Katie (May 6, 2021). "New York City to Offer Covid-19 Vaccines to Tourists". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved May 17, 2021.
  26. ^ "COVID-19 (coronavirus) vaccine: Get the facts". Mayo Clinic. April 22, 2020.
  27. ^ a b Gottlieb, Scott (April 26, 2020). "America Needs to Win the Coronavirus Vaccine Race". The Wall Street Journal.
  28. ^ Sanger, David E.; Kirkpatrick, David D.; Wee, Sui-Lee; Bennhold, Katrin (March 19, 2020). "Search for Coronavirus Vaccine Becomes a Global Competition". The New York Times. Retrieved August 15, 2020.
  29. ^ "Guide to the Cares Act". United States Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship. Retrieved August 15, 2020.
  30. ^ Gutierrez, Gabe; Seidman, Joel (March 21, 2020). "Walter Reed researchers join global search for coronavirus vaccine". NBC News. Retrieved December 10, 2020.
  31. ^ De Paoli, Lucca (April 26, 2020). "Bill Gates's Coronavirus Vaccine Could Be Ready in 12 Months". Bloomberg News. Retrieved December 7, 2020.
  32. ^ "Johnson & Johnson reaches deal with U.S. for 100 million doses of coronavirus vaccine at more than $1 billion". CNBC. Retrieved August 5, 2020.
  33. ^ LaFraniere, Sharon; Weiland, Noah (October 5, 2020). "White House Blocks New Coronavirus Vaccine Guidelines". The New York Times. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
  34. ^ Armstrong, Drew; LaVito, Angelica (October 6, 2020). "FDA Sets Goals That May Put Vaccine Out of Reach Before Election". Bloomberg News.
  35. ^ Zimmer, Carl (October 6, 2020). "The F.D.A. has released stricter guidelines for vaccine developers after a holdup at White House". The New York Times. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
  36. ^ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: Food and Drug Administration: Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (June 2020). "Development and Licensure of Vaccines to Prevent COVID-19 Guidance for Industry". FDA. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
  37. ^ Corum, Jonathan; Wee, Sui-Lee; Zimmer, Carl (October 2020). "Coronavirus Vaccine Tracker". The New York Times. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
  38. ^ "Pfizer and BioNTech to Submit Emergency Use Authorization Request Today to the U.S. FDA for COVID-19 Vaccine". Pfizer (Press release). November 20, 2020. Retrieved November 20, 2020.
  39. ^ Park A (November 20, 2020). "Exclusive: Pfizer CEO Discusses Submitting the First COVID-19 Vaccine Clearance Request to the FDA". Time. Retrieved November 20, 2020.
  40. ^ "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Announces Advisory Committee Meeting to Discuss COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Press release). Retrieved November 20, 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  41. ^ "Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee December 10, 2020 Meeting Announcement". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Retrieved November 30, 2020.
  42. ^ "FDA Takes Key Action in Fight Against COVID-19 By Issuing Emergency Use Authorization for First COVID-19 Vaccine" (Press release). U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). December 11, 2020. Retrieved December 11, 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  43. ^ Oliver SE, Gargano JW, Marin M, Wallace M, Curran KG, Chamberland M, et al. (December 2020). "The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices' Interim Recommendation for Use of Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine – United States, December 2020" (PDF). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 69 (50): 1922–24. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6950e2. PMC 7745957. PMID 33332292.
  44. ^ Thomas, Katie; LaFraniere, Sharon; Weiland, Noah; Goodnough, Abby; Haberman, Maggie (December 12, 2020). "F.D.A. Clears Pfizer Vaccine, and Millions of Doses Will Be Shipped Right Away". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 12, 2020.
  45. ^ Maxouris, Christina (December 12, 2020). "FDA's Covid-19 vaccine authorization is a 'monumental moment', expert says. It came on the deadliest day of the pandemic". CNN. Retrieved December 12, 2020.
  46. ^ Stanley-Becker I, Abutaleb Y, Sun LH, Dawsey J (December 17, 2020). "States report confusion as government reduces vaccine shipments, while Pfizer says it has 'millions' of unclaimed doses". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 19, 2020.
  47. ^ ""We are not perfect": General apologizes for "miscommunication" over vaccine shipments". Axios. December 19, 2020. Retrieved December 19, 2020.
  48. ^ "FDA Takes Additional Action in Fight Against COVID-19 By Issuing Emergency Use Authorization for Second COVID-19 Vaccine". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Press release). Retrieved December 18, 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  49. ^ Oliver SE, Gargano JW, Marin M, Wallace M, Curran KG, Chamberland M, et al. (December 2020). "The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices' Interim Recommendation for Use of Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine – United States, December 2020" (PDF). MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 69 (5152): 1653–1656. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm695152e1. PMID 33382675. S2CID 229945697.
  50. ^ "Moderna Applies for Emergency F.D.A. Approval for Its Coronavirus Vaccine". The New York Times. November 30, 2020. Retrieved November 30, 2020.
  51. ^ "Moderna Announces Primary Efficacy Analysis in Phase 3 COVE Study for Its COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate and Filing Today with U.S. FDA for Emergency Use Authorization". Moderna, Inc. (Press release). November 30, 2020. Retrieved November 30, 2020.
  52. ^ Lovelace Jr., Berkeley (December 19, 2020). "FDA approves second Covid vaccine for emergency use as it clears Moderna's for U.S. distribution". CNBC. Retrieved December 19, 2020.
  53. ^ "Trump Administration purchases additional 100 million doses of COVID-19 investigational vaccine from Moderna". U.S. Health and Human Services (HHS). December 11, 2020. Retrieved December 18, 2020.
  54. ^ "Detroit mayor declines Johnson & Johnson allotment, saying the other vaccines are better". KTVZ. March 5, 2021. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
  55. ^ Frank, Annalise (March 5, 2021). "Detroit Mayor Duggan walks back comments, now says he'll welcome Johnson & Johnson vaccine". Crain's Detroit Business. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
  56. ^ Sullivan, Sean. "Biden directs states to make all adults eligible for vaccine by May 1". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
  57. ^ Collins, Kaitlan; Sullivan, Kate; Vazquez, Maegan. "Biden moves deadline for all US adults to be eligible for Covid vaccine to April 19". CNN.
  58. ^ Allassan, Fadel. "All U.S. adults now eligible for COVID-19 vaccine, meeting Biden's April 19 deadline". Axios. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
  59. ^ Mandavilli, Apoorva (May 3, 2021). "Reaching 'Herd Immunity' Is Unlikely in the U.S., Experts Now Believe". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
  60. ^ CDC (February 11, 2020). "Healthcare Workers". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
  61. ^ "National Weekly Pfizer Allocations". data.cdc.gov. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
  62. ^ "National Weekly Moderna Allocation". data.cdc.gov. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
  63. ^ Timeline of daily COVID-19 vaccine doses administered in the US. Click on the chart tab. Then click the download tab, and then the SVG link to get the SVG file. The table tab has a table of the data by date. The sources tab says the data is from the COVID-19 Data Repository by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University. The graph on the chart tab at the source is interactive and provides more detail. For example, run your cursor over the graph to see the date and the number vaccinated that day. The actual number may be higher or lower since a rolling 7-day average is used.
  64. ^ The Straits Times staff (December 30, 2020). "Kamala Harris vaccinated on camera, urges public to trust process". The Straits Times. Retrieved February 3, 2021.
  65. ^ Bekiempis, Victoria (December 21, 2020). "'I'm ready': Joe Biden receives coronavirus vaccine live on TV". The Guardian. Retrieved February 3, 2021.
  66. ^ Aratani, Lauren (December 18, 2020). "Mike Pence receives Covid-19 vaccine on live TV: 'I didn't feel a thing'". The Guardian. Retrieved February 3, 2021.
  67. ^ Pereira, Ivan (December 14, 2020). "US administers 1st doses of Pfizer coronavirus vaccine". ABC News. Retrieved March 6, 2021.
  68. ^ url=https://www.fda.gov/media/142749/download |access-date=May 20, 2021
  69. ^ "U.S. surpasses 100 million COVID-19 vaccines administered". www.pharmacist.com. Retrieved March 18, 2021.
  70. ^ "Dunleavy Announces COVID-19 Vaccine Available to All Alaskans". Archived from the original on March 23, 2021.
  71. ^ "UPDATE: Mississippi State extends vaccine distribution criteria in accordance with Gov. Reeves' announcement". Archived from the original on March 16, 2021.
  72. ^ "Everyone 16+ in Ohio can now schedule for COVID-19 vaccine if slots are available, Gov. Mike DeWine announces". Archived from the original on March 24, 2021.
  73. ^ "Texas COVID-19 vaccine available for all adults starting March 29". Archived from the original on March 24, 2021.
  74. ^ Staff, WSBTV com News. "All Georgians over age of 16 eligible to receive COVID-19 vaccines starting Thursday". WGAU.
  75. ^ "All California adults can get COVID-19 vaccine next month". Archived from the original on March 28, 2021.
  76. ^ "ISDH to give Notre Dame enough COVID-19 shots to fully vaccinate all students". WTHR. March 30, 2021.
  77. ^ Madeline Holcombe and Ray Sanchez. "US hits 4 million Covid-19 vaccine doses in a day for a new record". CNN. Retrieved April 4, 2021.
  78. ^ "COVID-19 Vaccinations in the United States". CDC.
  79. ^ Neuman, Scott (April 13, 2021). "U.S. Recommends Pausing Use of Johnson & Johnson Vaccine Over Blood Clot Concerns". NPR.
  80. ^ Weiland, Noah; LaFraniere, Sharon; Zimmer, Carl (April 13, 2021). "U.S. Calls for Pause on Johnson & Johnson Vaccine After Clotting Cases". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 13, 2021.
  81. ^ Commissioner, Office of the (April 26, 2021). "FDA and CDC Lift Recommended Pause on Johnson & Johnson (Janssen) COVID-19 Vaccine Use Following Thorough Safety Review". FDA. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
  82. ^ CDC (March 28, 2020). "COVID Data Tracker". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
  83. ^ https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#vaccinations
  84. ^ Romano, Andrew (May 22, 2020). "New Yahoo News/YouGov poll shows coronavirus conspiracy theories spreading on the right may hamper vaccine efforts". Yahoo News. Retrieved May 25, 2020.
  85. ^ 2021 (February 26, 2021). "KFF COVID-19 Vaccine Monitor: February 2021". KFF. Retrieved March 21, 2021.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  86. ^ Luntz, Frank; Castrucci, Brian (March 19, 2021). "Trump can't get his supporters to take the vaccine. But doctors can". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 21, 2021.
  87. ^ Murray, Patrick (April 14, 2021). "NATIONAL: ONE IN FIVE STILL SHUN VACCINE". Monmouth University. Retrieved April 18, 2021.
  88. ^ Quinnipiac University (April 14, 2021). "QU Poll Release Detail". QU Poll. Retrieved April 19, 2021.
  89. ^ Stolberg, Sheryl Gay; Karni, Annie (April 21, 2021). "Nation Faces 'Hand-to-Hand Combat' to Get Reluctant Americans Vaccinated". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 23, 2021.
  90. ^ Liebermann, Oren; Kaufman, Ellie; Cole, Devan (April 10, 2021). "Nearly 40% of Marines have declined Covid-19 vaccine". CNN. Retrieved April 11, 2021.
  91. ^ Kime, Patricia (April 22, 2021). "Navy Pulls Way Ahead of the Other Military Services in Race to 100% Vaccination". Military.com.
  92. ^ https://www.defense.gov/Explore/News/Article/Article/2626257/dod-seeing-encouraging-covid-19-vaccination-rates-health-leaders-say/
  93. ^ "Johnson & Johnson". de Beaumont Foundation. Retrieved April 23, 2021.

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_United_States&oldid=1029857551"