COVID-19 vaccination in Vietnam
Date | March 8, 2021 | -present
---|---|
Location | Vietnam |
Cause | COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam |
Target | Immunization against COVID-19 |
Budget | 25.2 trillion VND ($1.1 billion USD)[1][2] |
Organised by | Vietnam's Ministry of Health |
Participants | 2,435,313 people with at least one dose administered of Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine.
133,843 people have been fully vaccinated with both doses of Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine.[3] |
Outcome | 2.5% of the Vietnamese population has received at least one dose.
0.14% of the Vietnamese population has received both doses. |
Deaths | 2 |
Part of a series on the |
COVID-19 pandemic |
---|
|
COVID-19 portal |
The COVID-19 vaccination in Vietnam is an ongoing immunization campaign against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), in response to the ongoing pandemic in the country. Following the approval of the Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine on 30 January 2021, vaccinations commenced on 8 March 2021, and will continue throughout the year with the goal of vaccinating 80% of the population by June 2022.[4] The Sputnik V was later approved for use on 23 March 2021.[5] Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine was approved for emergency use on 4 June 2021,[6] while Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine was approved on 12 June 2021.[7]
This is the country's ever-largest immunization campaign with over 150 million doses.[8] Although Vietnam is a success story in disease prevention and has kept outbreaks under control, the country's COVID-19 vaccination program is considered to be slower than other countries in the Asia-Pacific region.[9][10] As of 22 June 2021, Vietnam has administered 2,569,156 vaccine doses across the country.[3]
History[edit]
In August 2020, the Vietnamese government announced that they had signed up for 50 to 150 million doses of Sputnik V vaccine from Russia. The Russians will also donate a number of machines, biological products and equipment to Vietnam for COVID-19 prevention, including their vaccine. In the meantime, Vietnamese researchers will still continue developing the country's own vaccine.[11][12]
In February 2021, the Ministry of Health suggested the government to approve vaccine from AstraZeneca, Gamaleya, and Moderna for domestic inoculation. Minister Nguyen Thanh Long said the vaccine has been approved under emergent circumstances during the outbreak in Hải Dương and Quảng Ninh province.[13] AstraZeneca has pledged to provide Vietnam with around 30 million doses in 2021.[14][15][16]
Besides the deal with AstraZeneca, Vietnam is also stepping up negotiations with Pfizer, Moderna, CureVac, Johnson & Johnson and Gamaleya.[17][18]
National Deployment and Vaccination plan (NDVP) was signed off by Deputy Minister of Health on 9 February 2021. Vietnam will receive the feedback of the plan from NDVP review committee as one of the required steps to receive COVID-19 vaccines through COVAX Facility – a global mechanism for developing, manufacturing, supplying and procuring COVID-19 vaccines for all country, especially for low and middle-income economies.[19] Through COVAX, it is confirmed that Vietnam will receive 30 million doses of AstraZeneca vaccine in 2022.[20] The first batch of vaccines sourced via Covax mechanism, containing 811,200 doses, arrived in Hanoi's Noi Bai International Airport on 1 April 2021.[21]
On 7 May 2021, Vietnam recorded first death after administered AstraZeneca vaccine. She was a 35-year-old medical staff in An Giang Province.[22][23]
Vaccines on order[edit]
The government began to procure doses of COVID-19 vaccines from various sources:[24]
Vaccine | Origin | Progress | Doses ordered | Doses arrived | Approval | Deployment | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Oxford–AstraZeneca | United Kingdom, Sweden | phase III clinical trials[25] | 30 million | 3,865,620[note 1] | 30 January 2021[26] | 8 March 2021[27] | 39.9 million additional doses donated by COVAX and Japan.[28][29] Produced by SK Bioscience and Catalent Biologics[30][31] |
Sputnik V | Russia | phase III clinical trials | 20 million[32][33][34] | 2,000 | 23 March 2021[35] | Pending | 2,000 doses donated by Russia.[36] In talks with manufacturer to obtain licence rights to produce in Vietnam[37] |
Sinopharm | China | phase III clinical trials | None[38] | 500,000[39] | 4 June 2021[40] | Pending | Although Vietnam has not ordered a single dose of Sinopharm vaccine, China has donated 500,000 doses of the vaccine.[38][39] These doses will be administered to Chinese nationals in Vietnam, those wishing to go to, study or work in China and those living in border areas with China.[39][41] |
Pfizer–BioNTech | Germany, United States | phase III clinical trials | 31 million[18][42] | None | 12 June 2021[43] | Pending | The first batch is expected to be delivered by July 2021.[44] |
Moderna | United States | phase III clinical trials | 5 million[45][46] | None | |||
Johnson & Johnson | United States, Netherlands | phase III clinical trials | Unknown | None | |||
Covaxin | India | phase III clinical trials | Unknown | None | Pending[47] | Pending | |
Nanocovax | Vietnam | phase III clinical trials[1] | Unknown | Pending[48] | Pending | ||
COVIVAC | Vietnam | phase I clinical trials[49] | Unknown | ||||
Vabiotech | Vietnam | phase I clinical trials[50] | Unknown |
- Even when the Chinese announced it would provide priority access to Sinovac and Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine,[51] Vietnam is the last ASEAN nation to publicly state if it will use this due to anti-China sentiment among the public.[52] It is also one of the last to approve a Chinese vaccine.[53]
- For locally produced COVID-19 vaccines, the MOH expects to have the first batch ready for use at the end of the third quarter of 2021. These vaccines can be put into the country's vaccination campaign in 2022 to ensure supply source and health security, overcome the difficulties when purchasing foreign vaccines.[20] The two locally produced vaccines, Nanocovax and COVIVAC, were put on trial on January to March 2021, respectively.[54][55]
Local production[edit]
Vaccine | Production Capacity | Manufacturer | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Nanocovax | 8-12 million doses a month[48] | Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology JSC | Able to increase capacity to 30-50 million doses a month[48] |
Covivac | 6-30 million doses a year[56] | Institute of Vaccines and Medical Biologicals |
Vaccines in trial stage[edit]
Vaccine candidates, developers, and sponsors |
Type (technology) | Current phase (participants) design |
Completed phase (participants) | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nanocovax Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology JSC |
Subunit (SARS‑CoV‑2 recombinant spike protein with aluminum adjuvant) | Phase III (13,000) Jun–Sep 2021, Vietnam |
Phase I–II (620) Phase I (60): Open label, dose escalation. Phase II (560): Randomization, double-blind, multicenter, placebo-controlled. Dec 2020 – Jun 2021, Vietnam |
[57][58][59][60][61] |
COVIVAC Institute of Vaccines and Medical Biologicals |
Viral vector/Egg-based, inactivated, whole chimeric Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) expressing membrane-anchored pre-fusion-stabilized trimeric SARS-CoV-2 S protein (Hexapro) + CpG 1018. | Phase I–II (420) Phase I-II (120-300):Randomized, placebo-controlled, observer-blind. Mar 2021 – May 2022, Vietnam |
Preclinical |
[62][63][64][65] |
Vabiotech COVID-19 vaccine Vaccine and Biological Production Company No. 1 (Vabiotech) |
Subunit | Preclinical Awaited for the conduct on Phase I trial |
? |
[66] |
Rollout schedule[edit]
VNVC – the company in charge of importing and storing vaccines in Vietnam, said it is ready to have staff and facilities to store up to 170 million doses of vaccine. It has 49 provincial separate vaccine warehouses, 2 cold conditions warehouses, and 3 deep negative conditions warehouses for storing vaccines at a temperature of -40 to -86°C. In February 2021, the VNVC system's service capacity is up to 100,000 customers per day and can increase capacity to serve up to 4 million doses of COVID-19 vaccines per month.[67]
Group | Total of people | Vaccination coverage (%) | Number of vaccinators |
---|---|---|---|
First quarter | |||
Medical staff | 500,000 | 95% | 475,000 |
People directly involved in pandemic prevention | 116,000 | 110,200 | |
Total | 616,000 | 585,200 | |
Second quarter | |||
Customs officers | 9,200 | 95% | 8,740 |
Diplomats | 4,080 | 3,876 | |
Military forces | 1,027,000 | 975,650 | |
Police forces | 304,000 | 288,800 | |
Teachers | 550,000 | 522,500 | |
Total | 1,894,280 | 1,799,566 | |
Third & fourth quarter | |||
Teachers | 750,000 | 95% | 712,500 |
Above 65 years old | 7,600,000 | 7,220,000 | |
Essential workers (aviation, transport, tourism staff, utility workers, etc.) | 1,930,000 | 1,833,500 | |
People with chronic health issues | 7,000,000 | 6,650,000 | |
Total | 17,280,000 | 16,416,000 |
According to Deputy Minister of Health Tran Van Thuan, to get protection for the majority of the population, Vietnam needs to diversify supplies of vaccines, which including locally manufactured vaccines and maximising the resources from the businesses and local administration's budgets in addition to the government's budget to get the vaccination programme running. The budget needed to give vaccine shots for 20% of the population is estimated at 6.739 trillion VND ($293.67 million USD), but over 90% of this cost is funded by the COVAX Facility. The government will contribute 24 billion VND, the remaining comes from municipal and provincial governments and private sources.[70]
Vaccine allocation plan by locality[edit]
|
|
|
Progress to date[edit]
Vaccination (as of 22 June 2021) | ||
---|---|---|
Doses administered[3] | 2,569,156 +107,772 | |
Total population [75] | 97,580,000 | |
At least one dose | Per 100 people | Fully vaccinated |
2,435,313 | 2.633 |
133,843 |
117,600 doses of AstraZeneca’s COVID-19 vaccine arrived at Tan Son Nhat international airport in Ho Chi Minh City on 24 February.[76] On 16 March, Vietnam received 1,000 doses of Sputnik V from Russian Security Council Secretary Nikolai Patrushev.[77] The first batch of vaccines sourced via Covax mechanism, containing 811,200 doses, arrived in Hanoi's Noi Bai International Airport on 1 April 2021.[21] Vietnam received the second shipment of vaccines sourced via Covax, containing nearly 1,682,400 AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine doses on 16 May.[78][79][80] Another batch of AstraZeneca Covid-19 vaccines containing 288,100 doses arrived at Tan Son Nhat Airport on 25 May.[78] This is the second batch under a contract for 30 million the Ministry of Health and the VNVC have struck with the company.[81] On 16 June 2021, Vietnam also received 966,320 doses of AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine donated by Japan.[82][83][84] In total, Vietnam has received 3.86562 million AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine doses.
It expected that a total of 120 million doses would be available by the end of 2021.[78][1]
Vietnam's COVID-19 vaccination programme began on 8 March 2021, administering the AstraZeneca vaccine to medical workers in Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City and Hải Dương province.[85] As of 22 June 2021, a total of 2,569,156 administered vaccination doses have been reported.[3]
By locality[edit]
Update as of 19 June 2021
Locality[note 2] | Population[86] | Administered doses | Doses administered per 100 people | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bắc Giang Province | 1,803,950 | 187,839 | 10.41 | [87] |
Bắc Kạn Province | 313,905 | 6,233 | 1.99 | [87] |
Cao Bằng Province | 530,341 | 8,059 | 1.52 | [88] |
Hà Giang Province | 854,679 | 27,945 | 3.27 | [87] |
Lạng Sơn Province | 781,655 | 27,733 | 3.55 | [87] |
Phú Thọ Province | 1,463,726 | 22,364 | 1.53 | [87] |
Quảng Ninh Province | 1,320,324 | 18,163 | 1.38 | [87] |
Thái Nguyên Province | 1,286,751 | 24,957 | 1.94 | [87] |
Tuyên Quang Province | 784,811 | 12,687 | 1.62 | [87] |
Lào Cai Province | 730,420 | 38,155 | 5.22 | [87] |
Yên Bái Province | 821,030 | 22,441 | 2.73 | [87] |
Điện Biên Province | 598,856 | 38,769 | 6.47 | [87] |
Hòa Bình Province | 854,131 | 22,808 | 2.67 | [87] |
Lai Châu Province | 460,196 | 18,937 | 4.11 | [87] |
Sơn La Province | 1,248,415 | 24,996 | 2 | [87] |
Bắc Ninh Province | 1,368,840 | 174,696 | 12.76 | [87] |
Hà Nam Province | 852,800 | 11,554 | 1.35 | [87] |
Hải Dương Province | 1,892,254 | 98,820 | 5.22 | [87] |
Hưng Yên Province | 1,252,731 | 19,025 | 1.52 | [87] |
Nam Định Province | 1,780,393 | 17,982 | 1.01 | [87] |
Ninh Bình Province | 982,487 | 15,174 | 1.54 | [87] |
Thái Bình Province | 1,860,447 | 27,145 | 1.46 | [87] |
Vĩnh Phúc Province | 1,151,154 | 14,111 | 1.23 | [87] |
Hà Nội | 8,053,663 | 143,751 | 1.78 | [87] |
Hải Phòng | 2,028,514 | 34,346 | 1.69 | [87] |
Hà Tĩnh Province | 1,288,866 | 17,282 | 1.34 | [87] |
Nghệ An Province | 3,327,791 | 24,490 | 0.74 | [87] |
Quảng Bình Province | 895,430 | 9,384 | 1.05 | [89] |
Quảng Trị Province | 632,375 | 15,742 | 2.49 | [87] |
Thanh Hóa Province | 3,640,128 | 97,550 | 2.68 | [87] |
Thừa Thiên-Huế Province | 1,128,620 | 32,094 | 2.84 | [87] |
Đắk Lắk Province | 1,869,322 | 23,222 | 1.24 | [87] |
Đắk Nông Province | 622,168 | 10,200 | 1.64 | [90] |
Gia Lai Province | 1,513,847 | 44,958 | 2.97 | [87] |
Kon Tum Province | 540,438 | 11,116 | 2.06 | [91] |
Lâm Đồng Province | 1,296,906 | ? | ? | |
Bình Định Province | 1,486,918 | 30,855 | 2.08 | [87] |
Bình Thuận Province | 1,230,808 | 26,571 | 2.16 | [87] |
Khánh Hòa Province | 1,231,107 | 31,428 | 2.55 | [87] |
Ninh Thuận Province | 590,467 | 13,282 | 2.25 | [87] |
Phú Yên Province | 872,964 | 23,325 | 2.67 | [87] |
Quảng Nam Province | 1,495,812 | 13,934 | 0.93 | [87] |
Quảng Ngãi Province | 1,231,697 | 10,256 | 0.83 | [87] |
Đà Nẵng | 1,134,310 | 45,648 | 4.02 | [87] |
Bà Rịa-Vũng Tàu Province | 1,148,313 | 29,615 | 2.58 | [87] |
Bình Dương Province | 2,426,561 | 45,874 | 1.89 | [87] |
Bình Phước Province | 994,679 | ? | ? | |
Đồng Nai Province | 3,097,107 | 23,173 | 0.75 | [87] |
Tây Ninh Province | 1,169,165 | 30,949 | 2.65 | [87] |
Hồ Chí Minh | 8,993,082 | 117,598 | 1.31 | [87] |
An Giang Province | 1,908,352 | 37,909 | 1.99 | [87] |
Bạc Liêu Province | 907,236 | 17,243 | 1.9 | [87] |
Bến Tre Province | 1,288,463 | 33,490 | 2.6 | [87] |
Cà Mau Province | 1,194,476 | 46,965 | 3.93 | [87] |
Đồng Tháp Province | 1,599,504 | 34,029 | 2.13 | [87] |
Hậu Giang Province | 733,017 | 6,500 | 0.89 | [92] |
Kiên Giang Province | 1,723,067 | 16,853 | 0.98 | [87] |
Long An Province | 1,688,547 | 61,486 | 3.64 | [87] |
Sóc Trăng Province | 1,199,653 | 32,518 | 2.71 | [87] |
Tiền Giang Province | 1,764,185 | 14,006 | 0.79 | [87] |
Trà Vinh Province | 1,009,168 | 35,959 | 3.56 | [87] |
Vĩnh Long Province | 1,022,791 | 37,678 | 3.68 | [87] |
Cần Thơ | 1,235,171 | 11,295 | 0.91 | [87] |
Adverse event following immunization[edit]
Of the 69 medical staff at Gia Lai Field Hospital who administered AstraZeneca vaccine on 9 March 2021, eight had mild side effects and one female nurse had severe side effects. Five minutes after injection, this nurse (with a history of bronchial asthma) experienced symptoms of perioral numbness, vomiting, dizziness, chest tightness and difficulty breathing.[93] As of 17 March 2021, in 20,000 people were injected, 4,078 cases had common reactions like muscle pain, headaches, diarrhoea, fever or hives, five with anaphylaxis grade II and one grade III case, all of these case are in stable conditions. The health ministry has asked local health authorities which face serious post-injection reactions to set up a professional council to evaluate the causes.[94][95] There has not been a single case of severe blood clots reported in some European nations.[95]
On 7 May 2021, Vietnam recorded the first death of a person vaccinated with the AstraZeneca vaccine. She was a 35-year-old medical staff in An Giang Province. This female health worker was vaccinated with AstraZeneca vaccine in the morning of 6 May at the vaccination site in Tan Chau Regional General Hospital. Before the injection, she was screened and explained about post-injection reactions.[23][96] After the injection, she had anaphylactic shock reaction. According to the conclusion of the An Giang Department of Health, the cause of death is anaphylaxis on the basis of non-steroidal allergy (anti-inflammatory painkiller).[22]
On 21 June 2021, Vietnam recorded the second death of a person vaccinated with the AstraZeneca vaccine. He was a 26-year-old teacher in Hanoi. He was vaccinated at the medical center in Dong Anh District on 20 June, after having health checkup and being given eligibility for vaccination. He died at 23:15 on 21 June, 39 hours after getting vaccinated against COVID-19. The cause of death is not known. 100 people besides this man who got vaccinated at that center that day were all stable.[97][98]
Public opinion[edit]
A poll conducted from October to December 2020 found that Vietnam had one of the highest vaccine acceptance rate in the world. 98% of people surveyed responded they would definitely or probably get vaccinated when a COVID-19 vaccine becomes available.[99]
Notes[edit]
- ^ See Progress to date
- ^ Not include Ministry of Public Security, Ministry of Defense and central hospitals not under control of local government
References[edit]
- ^ a b c Tomoya Onishi (June 4, 2021). "Vietnam launches $1.1bn COVID vaccine fund: 5 things to know". Nikkei Asia.
- ^ "Cần hơn 25.000 tỷ đồng để mua vaccine COVID-19". VnExpress. May 20, 2021.
- ^ a b c d "Sáng 23/6: Cả nước có 55 ca mắc COVID-19, riêng TP Hồ Chí Minh đã 51 ca". Sức khỏe & Đời sống. June 23, 2021.
- ^ TOMOYA ONISHI (March 28, 2021). "Vietnam travel bubble with Japan loses fizz as execs shun tight rules". Nikkei Asia.
- ^ "Vietnam approves Russia's Sputnik V vaccine". France 24. March 23, 2021.
- ^ "Vietnam approves Sinopharm Covid vaccine for emergency use". VnExpress. Retrieved June 4, 2021.
- ^ Le, Nga (June 12, 2021). "Vietnam approves Pfizer Covid vaccine for emergency use". VnExpress.
- ^ "Chiến dịch tiêm chủng lớn nhất trong lịch sử với sự tham gia của y tế, quân đội, công an và các bộ, ngành". Ministry of Health (Vietnam). June 15, 2021.
- ^ Lê Phương; Thuỳ An; Lê Cầm (May 6, 2021). "Đợt dịch Covid-19 'bùng phát nhiều ổ, mất dấu F0, đa dạng biến chủng'". VnExpress (in Vietnamese).
- ^ "Vietnam calls for faster vaccine rollout before shots expire". Reuters. April 16, 2021.
- ^ Lan Anh; Bảo Anh (August 14, 2020). "Việt Nam đặt mua 50 - 150 triệu liều vắc xin ngừa COVID-19 của Nga". Tuổi Trẻ.
- ^ Nguyen, Phuong (August 14, 2020). "Vietnam to buy Russian COVID-19 vaccine". Reuters. Archived from the original on December 3, 2020.
- ^ "Đề xuất Bộ Y tế phê duyệt thêm 2 vaccine COVID-19 của Mỹ và Nga" (in Vietnamese). Ministry of Health (Vietnam). February 25, 2021. Retrieved February 25, 2021.
- ^ "Việt Nam announces COVID-19 vaccine delivery dates, warns of scams". Việt Nam News. March 11, 2021.
- ^ "Nóng: Bộ Y tế thông tin lịch trình cung ứng 60 triệu liều vắc xin phòng COVID-19 tại Việt Nam" (in Vietnamese). Sức khỏe & Đời sống. March 10, 2021.
- ^ "Vaccination and surging confidence foster economic growth". Nhân Dân. March 10, 2021.
- ^ "Vietnam engages in negotiations to extend vaccine coverage". VOV. March 11, 2021.
- ^ a b Nguyen, Phuong (May 14, 2021). "Vietnam seeks 31 mln doses of Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine in 2021". Reuters.
- ^ "Vietnam included in Covax vaccine compensation program". VnExpress. February 23, 2021. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
- ^ a b "Lùi thời gian vaccine Covid-19 Covax về Việt Nam" (in Vietnamese). VnExpress. March 23, 2021. Retrieved March 23, 2021.
- ^ a b "811.000 liều vắc xin AstraZeneca về tới Việt Nam". Tuổi Trẻ. April 1, 2021. Retrieved April 1, 2021.
- ^ a b "Người đầu tiên tử vong sau tiêm vaccine Covid-19". VnExpress (in Vietnamese). May 7, 2021.
- ^ a b "Vietnam reports first death in patient who received AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine". Reuters. May 7, 2021.
- ^ "Bộ trưởng Y tế: 'Việt Nam không thiếu vaccine Covid-19'" (in Vietnamese). VnExpress. February 24, 2021. Retrieved February 24, 2021.
- ^ James Pearson; Khanh Vu (January 30, 2021). "Vietnam approves AstraZeneca vaccine, cuts short Communist Party congress". Reuters. Archived from the original on February 13, 2021.
- ^ "Coronavirus Vaccine Tracker". Nikkei Asia. March 8, 2021. Retrieved March 25, 2021.
- ^ Viết Tuân (April 27, 2021). "Covax cung ứng thêm gần 9 triệu liều vaccine cho Việt Nam". VnExpress.
- ^ "Nhật Bản hỗ trợ Việt Nam 1 triệu liều vaccine phòng chống COVID-19". Vietnam Government Portal. June 15, 2021.
- ^ "Vietnam's first batch of COVID-19 vaccine arrives from South Korea". Reuters. February 24, 2021.
- ^ "Việt Nam tiếp nhận lô vaccine COVID-19 thứ 2 từ cơ chế COVAX với hơn 1,682 triệu liều". Vietnam Television. May 16, 2021. Retrieved May 16, 2021.
- ^ Lan Anh (June 2, 2021). "Việt Nam mua 20 triệu liều vắc xin Sputnik V của Nga". Tuổi Trẻ.
- ^ Lê Nga (June 2, 2021). "Vietnam to receive 20 million Russian-made vaccine doses". VnExpress.
- ^ Khanh Vu (June 2, 2021). "Vietnam to buy 20 mln doses of Sputnik V vaccine this year". Reuters.
- ^ "Vietnam says approves Russia's Sputnik V vaccine for use". Reuters. March 23, 2021. Retrieved March 25, 2021.
- ^ "Việt Nam tiếp nhận 500.000 liều vaccine phòng COVID-19 của Sinopharm". VTV. June 20, 2021.
- ^ Thục Linh; Lê Nga (March 16, 2021). "Nga tặng vaccine Sputnik V cho Việt Nam". VnExpress.
- ^ a b "Bộ Y tế phê duyệt có điều kiện vắc xin ngừa COVID-19 của Trung Quốc". Tuổi Trẻ. June 4, 2021.
- ^ a b c "500.000 liều vaccine Covid-19 Sinopharm về Việt Nam". VnExpress. June 20, 2021. Retrieved June 20, 2021.
- ^ "Vietnam approves China's Sinopharm vaccine for use against COVID-19". Reuters. June 4, 2021. Retrieved June 4, 2021.
- ^ "3 nhóm ưu tiên được tiêm 500.000 liều vắc-xin Covid-19 Sinopharm của Trung Quốc". Người Lao Động. June 19, 2021.
- ^ Xuan Quynh Nguyen; Mai Ngoc Chau (May 14, 2021). "Vietnam to Get 31 Million Pfizer-BioNTech Vaccine Doses in 2021". Bloomberg News.
- ^ "Việt Nam phê duyệt vaccine Covid-19 Pfizer". VnExpress. June 12, 2021. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Tran, Thu (June 16, 2021). "Lô vaccine Pfizer đầu tiên sẽ về Việt Nam trong tháng sau". ZingNews.
- ^ "Toàn cảnh đàm phán và các hợp đồng cung cấp vaccine ngừa COVID-19 cho Việt Nam trong năm 2021" (in Vietnamese). Vietnam Television. June 2, 2021. Retrieved June 2, 2021.
- ^ "Bộ Y tế đàm phán mua vaccine Covid-19 Johnson & Johnson". VnExpress. June 4, 2021.
- ^ "Việt Nam sẽ rút ngắn thủ tục cấp phép vaccine Covid-19". VnEconomy. March 31, 2021.
- ^ a b c "Nanogen xin cấp phép khẩn cấp vaccine Covid-19 Nanocovax". VnExpress. June 22, 2021.
- ^ "Vietnam kicks off trials for second homegrown vaccine candidate". Nikkei Asia. March 19, 2021. Retrieved March 25, 2021.
- ^ "Dự kiến cuối quý 3-2021, Việt Nam sẽ có vaccine phòng Covid-19 đầu tiên". Nhân Dân. March 22, 2021. Retrieved March 25, 2021.
- ^ "China promises Mekong neighbours access to Chinese Covid-19 vaccine". South China Morning Post. August 24, 2020. Retrieved August 24, 2020.
- ^ "Vietnam begins Covid-19 vaccination drive without China-made shots". SCMP. March 7, 2021. Retrieved March 8, 2021.
- ^ "Source information country by country". Our World in Data. Retrieved June 4, 2021.
- ^ VIR, Vietnam Investment Review- (February 28, 2021). "First Vietnamese COVID-19 vaccine Nano Covax enters second phase of human trials". Vietnam Investment Review - VIR.
- ^ https://moh.gov.vn/tin-noi-bat/-/asset_publisher/3Yst7YhbkA5j/content/6-tinh-nguyen-vien-tiem-thu-nghiem-vac-xin-covivac-phong-covid-19-cua-viet-nam
- ^ "Human trials of second homegrown COVID-19 vaccine begin". Vietnam News. January 22, 2021. Retrieved March 25, 2021.
- ^ "VN starts injection of homegrown COVID-19 vaccine in first-stage human trial". Viet Nam News. December 17, 2020.
- ^ "Draft landscape and tracker of COVID-19 candidate vaccines". WHO. February 26, 2021.
- ^ "How much does first Made-in Vietnam COVID-19 vaccine cost?". Voice of Vietnam. December 11, 2020.
- ^ Local Nanocovax vaccine's phase 3 trial to begin next week
- ^ Le C, Thu A (February 26, 2021). "Vietnam enters second phase of Covid-19 vaccine trials". VnExpress.
- ^ "Second Việt Nam-produced COVID-19 vaccine to enter human trials this month". Vietnam News. January 5, 2021.
- ^ "Draft landscape and tracker of COVID-19 candidate vaccines". WHO. March 30, 2021.
- ^ "Human trials start on second Vietnam-produced COVID-19 vaccine". Nhân Dân. March 15, 2021.
- ^ "A Phase 1/2 Safety and Immunogenicity Trial of COVID-19 Vaccine COVIVAC". clinicaltrials.gov. United States National Library of Medicine. Retrieved April 13, 2021.
- ^ "Dự kiến cuối quý 3-2021, Việt Nam sẽ có vaccine phòng Covid-19 đầu tiên". Nhân Dân. March 22, 2021. Retrieved March 25, 2021.
- ^ "Việt Nam chuẩn bị đủ kho siêu lạnh để nhập vaccine Covid-19". VnExpress (in Vietnamese). February 22, 2021. Retrieved February 24, 2021.
- ^ "Vietnam details priorities for first phase of COVID-19 vaccinations". Retrieved February 24, 2021 – via Channel News Asia.
- ^ "Lịch trình tiêm vaccine COVID-19 cho 18 triệu người Việt Nam đầu tiên". Vietnam Television. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
- ^ "VN's health ministry details COVID-19 vaccine rollout plan, lists priority groups to receive the shots". Vietnam News. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
- ^ https://m.thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/the-thao-y-te/quyet-dinh-1821-qd-byt-2021-thuc-hien-phan-bo-vac-xin-phong-covid-19-dot-2-470079.aspx
- ^ https://ncov.moh.gov.vn/web/guest/-/6847426-2382
- ^ https://m.thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/the-thao-y-te/quyet-dinh-2499-qd-byt-2021-phan-bo-vac-xin-phong-covid-19-dot-3-474913.aspx
- ^ https://luatvietnam.vn/y-te/quyet-dinh-2971-qd-byt-2021-phan-bo-vac-xin-covid-19-dot-5-203788-d1.html
- ^ "Dân số và tổng điều tra dân số Việt Nam 2020". VTV.
- ^ "Việt Nam có 117.600 liều vắc xin đầu tiên: Ưu tiên trước cho lực lượng tuyến đầu". Tuổi Trẻ. February 25, 2021.
- ^ "Russia gifts Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine to Vietnam". VOV. March 16, 2021.
- ^ a b c "Lịch trình hơn 120 triệu liều vắc xin COVID-19 sẽ về Việt Nam". Tuổi Trẻ. June 3, 2021.
- ^ "Nearly 1.7 million doses of AstraZeneca vaccine arrive in Vietnam". VietnamPlus. May 16, 2021.
- ^ "Vietnam's daily COVID-19 cases hit new record with 187 infections". Reuters. May 16, 2021.
- ^ Thư Anh (May 25, 2021). "288.000 liều vaccine AstraZeneca về đến Việt Nam trong đêm". VnExpress.
- ^ "Nhật Bản hỗ trợ Việt Nam 1 triệu liều vaccine phòng chống COVID-19". Vietnam Government Portal. June 15, 2021.
- ^ "Japan to ship 1 mln COVID-19 vaccines to Vietnam on Wednesday". Reuters. June 15, 2021.
- ^ "Gần một triệu liều vaccine Covid-19 từ Nhật về Việt Nam". VnExpress. June 17, 2021.
- ^ "Người Việt Nam đầu tiên tiêm vaccine COVID-19: Không có gì phải lo sợ!" (in Vietnamese). VTV. March 8, 2021. Retrieved March 8, 2021.
- ^ General Statistics Office of Vietnam (2019). "Completed Results of the 2019 Viet Nam Population and Housing Census" (PDF). Statistical Publishing House (Vietnam). ISBN 978-604-75-1532-5.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd "Thống kê dịch COVID 19". Vietnam News Agency. Retrieved June 21, 2021.
- ^ "Cao Bằng: 8.059 người được tiêm chủng vắc xin phòng COVID-19". suckhoedoisong.vn. May 12, 2021.
- ^ "Gần 10.000 người ở Quảng Bình được tiêm vắc-xin Covid-19". Người Lao Động. May 16, 2021.
- ^ "Đắk Nông hoàn thành tiêm vaccine Covid-19 đợt 1 an toàn". VOV. May 21, 2021.
- ^ "Kon Tum: Đã có 11.116 người được tiêm vắc xin AstraZeneca phòng COVID-19 trong đợt 1". CÔNG AN TỈNH KON TUM. May 12, 2021.
- ^ "Hậu Giang tổ chức tiêm vaccine COVID-19 đợt II năm 2021". VOV. June 10, 2021.
- ^ "9 người ở Gia Lai bị phản ứng phụ sau tiêm vaccine Covid-19". VnExpress.
- ^ "Việt Nam sẽ tiếp tục tiêm phòng COVID-19 bằng vaccine AstraZeneca". VTV.
- ^ a b "Vietnam continues AstraZeneca rollout despite blood clot concern". VnExpress. March 12, 2021.
- ^ "After lull, cases spread in Vietnam's cities, provinces". Associated Press. May 8, 2021.
- ^ "Hà Nội thông báo về trường hợp tử vong sau tiêm vắc xin phòng COVID-19". Sức khỏe & Đời sống. June 22, 2021.
- ^ Le, Nga (June 22, 2022). "Hanoi man dies 39 hours after getting Covid-19 vaccine". VnExpress.
- ^ Wouters, Olivier J; Shadlen, Kenneth C; Salcher-Konrad, Maximilian; Pollard, Andrew J; Larson, Heidi J; Teerawattananon, Yot; Jit, Mark (February 12, 2021). "Challenges in ensuring global access to COVID-19 vaccines: production, affordability, allocation, and deployment". Health Policy. 397 (10278): 1023–1034. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00306-8. PMC 7906643. PMID 33587887.