Wikimedia list article
Worldwide laws regarding same-sex intercourse and freedom of expression and association
Same-sex intercourse legal
Marriage 1
Marriage recognized but not performed2
Civil unions
Limited domestic recognition (cohabitation)
Optional certification
Limited foreign recognition (residency)
Same-sex unions not recognized
Laws restricting freedom of expression and association Same-sex intercourse illegal
Unenforced penalty3
Limited imprisonment
Life imprisonment
Death penalty
Rings indicate areas where local judges have granted or denied marriages or imposed the death penalty in a jurisdiction where that is not otherwise the law or areas with a case-by-case application.
1 For some jurisdictions the law may not yet be in effect. 2 Jurisdictions in this category may perform other types of partnerships. 3 No arrests in the past three years or moratorium on law. LGBT rights at the United Nations
Support States which supported the LGBT rights declaration in the General Assembly or on the Human Rights Council in 2008 or 2011
Oppose States which supported an opposing declaration in 2008 and continued their opposition in 2011
Neither States which did not support either declaration
Subsequent member South Sudan, which was not a member of the United Nations in 2008
Non-member states States that are not voting members of the United Nations
Laws affecting lesbian , gay , bisexual , and transgender (LGBT ) people vary greatly by country or jurisdiction — encompassing everything from the legal recognition of same-sex marriage to the death penalty for homosexuality .
Laws that affect LGBT people include, but are not limited to, the following:
Notably, as of 2019[update] , 28 countries recognize same-sex marriage . By contrast, 14 countries or jurisdictions impose the death penalty for homosexuality . These include Afghanistan, Brunei, Iran, Mauritania, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Yemen, the United Arab Emirates, and parts of Nigeria, Somalia, Syria and Iraq.[4]
In 2011, the United Nations Human Rights Council passed its first resolution recognizing LGBT rights, following which the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights issued a report documenting violations of the rights of LGBT people, including hate crimes , criminalization of homosexual activity , and discrimination . Following the issuance of the report, the United Nations urged all countries which had not yet done so to enact laws protecting basic LGBT rights.[5] [6]
History of LGBT-related laws
Ancient Celts
According to Aristotle , although most "belligerent nations" were strongly influenced by their women, the Celts were unusual because their men openly preferred male lovers (Politics II 1269b).[7] [8] H. D. Rankin in Celts and the Classical World notes that "Athenaeus echoes this comment (603a) and so does Ammianus (30.9). It seems to be the general opinion of antiquity."[8] In book XIII of his Deipnosophists , the Roman Greek rhetorician and grammarian Athenaeus , repeating assertions made by Diodorus Siculus in the 1st century BC (Bibliotheca historica 5:32), wrote that Celtic women were beautiful but that the men preferred to sleep together. Diodorus went further, stating that "the young men will offer themselves to strangers and are insulted if the offer is refused". Rankin argues that the ultimate source of these assertions is likely to be Poseidonius and speculates that these authors may be recording "some kind of bonding ritual ... which requires abstinence from women at certain times".[8]
Ancient India
Throughout Hindu and Vedic texts, there are many descriptions of saints, demigods, and even the Supreme Lord transcending gender norms and manifesting multiple combinations of sex and gender.[9] Alka Pande says that alternate sexuality was an integral part of ancient India and homosexuality was considered to be a form of the sacred, drawing upon the examples of the hermaphrodite Shikhandi and Arjuna who became a eunuch. Ruth Vanita argues that ancient India was relatively tolerant and views on it were ambiguous, from acceptance to rejection.[10]
Some Hindu texts mention homosexuality and support them. The Kamasutra mentions homosexuality as a type of sexual pleasure. There are also legends of Hindu gods change gender or are hermaphrodites and engage in relations that would be considered homoerotic in the other case.[11] Homosexuality was also practiced in the royal families especially with servants[12] . Kamasutra also mentions the "svairini" who used to live by herself or with another woman.[13] The king Bhagiratha is described as being born of sexual union of two queens of the king Dilip, however there is also a patriarchal background represented as the king left no heir and his younger wife took on the role of a man.[14]
Ayoni or non-vaginal sex of all types are punishable in the Arthashastra . Homosexual acts are however treated as a smaller offence punishable by a fine while unlawful heterosexual sex have much harsher punishment. The Dharmsastras especially the later ones prescribed against non-vaginal sex like the Vashistha Dharmasutra . The Yājñavalkya Smṛti prescribes fines for such acts including those with other men. Manusmriti prescribes light punishments for such acts.[15] [16] Vanita states that the verses about punishment for a sex between female and a maiden is due to its strong emphasis on a maiden's sexual purity.[17]
The Narada Purana in 1.15.936 states that those who have non-vaginal intercourse will go to Retobhojana where they have to live on semen. Ruth Vanita states that the punishment in afterlife suggested by it is comical and befitting the act. The Skanda Purana states that those who indulge in such acts will acquire impotency.[18]
There are many tales in Hindu mythology interpreted as representing transsexual people, cross-dressers, bonding women and accounts interpreted to have elements of lesbian relations. These include Brihannala , Shikhandi , the goddess Mohini . Also in the Ramayana , Lord Shiva transforms into a woman to play with Parvati in the tale of Ila . The king Yuvanaswa is shown as giving birth to a boy. A few temples represent homosexual relations in their architecture. The most prominent example are that of Khajuraho .[19]
Ancient West Asia
Ancient Israel
The ancient Law of Moses (the Torah ) forbids men lying with men (intercourse) in Leviticus 18 and gives a story of attempted homosexual rape in Genesis in the story of Sodom and Gomorrah , the cities being soon destroyed after that. The death penalty was prescribed. In Deuteronomy 22:5, cross-dressing is condemned as being "abominable".
Ancient Persia
In Persia, homosexuality and homoerotic expressions were tolerated in numerous public places, from monasteries and seminaries to taverns, military camps, bathhouses, and coffee houses. In the early Safavid era (1501–1723), male houses of prostitution (amrad khane ) were legally recognized and paid taxes. Persian poets, such as Sa'di (d. 1291), Hafiz (d. 1389), and Jami (d. 1492), wrote poems replete with homoerotic allusions. The two most commonly documented forms were commercial sex with transgender young males or males enacting transgender roles exemplified by the köçeks and Sufi spiritual practices in which the practitioner admired the form of a beautiful boy in order to enter ecstatic states and glimpse the beauty of God.
Assyria
In Assyrian society, sex crimes were punished identically whether they were homosexual or heterosexual.[20] An individual faced no punishment for penetrating someone of equal social class , a cult prostitute, or with someone whose gender roles were not considered solidly masculine.[20] [21] Such sexual relations were even seen as good fortune , with an Akkadian tablet , the Šumma ālu , reading, "If a man copulates with his equal from the rear, he becomes the leader among his peers and brothers".[22] [23] However, homosexual relationships with fellow soldiers, slaves, royal attendants, or those where a social better was submissive or penetrated , were treated as bad omens .[24] [25]
Middle Assyrian Law Codes dating 1075 BC has a particularly harsh law for homosexuality in the military , which reads: "If a man have intercourse with his brother-in-arms, they shall turn him into a eunuch."[26] [27] [28] A similar law code reads, "If a seignior lay with his neighbor, when they have prosecuted him (and) convicted him, they shall lie with him (and) turn him into a eunuch ". This law code condemns a situation that involves homosexual rape . Any Assyrian male could visit a prostitute or lie with another male, just as long as false rumors or forced sex were not involved with another male.[29]
Ancient Rome
The "conquest mentality" of the ancient Romans shaped Roman homosexual practices .[30] In the Roman Republic , a citizen 's political liberty was defined in part by the right to preserve his body from physical compulsion or use by others;[31] for the male citizen to submit his body to the giving of pleasure was considered servile.[32] As long as a man played the penetrative role, it was socially acceptable and considered natural for him to have same-sex relations , without a perceived loss of his masculinity or social standing .[33] The bodies of citizen youths were strictly off-limits, and the Lex Scantinia imposed penalties on those who committed a sex crime (stuprum ) against a freeborn male minor .[34] Acceptable same-sex partners were males excluded from legal protections as citizens: slaves , male prostitutes , and the infames , entertainers or others who might be technically free but whose lifestyles set them outside the law.
"Homosexual" and "heterosexual" were thus not categories of Roman sexuality , and no words exist in Latin that would precisely translate these concepts.[35] A male citizen who willingly performed oral sex or received anal sex was disparaged, but there is only limited evidence of legal penalties against these men, who were presumably "homosexual" in the modern sense.[36] In courtroom and political rhetoric, charges of effeminacy and passive sexual behaviors were directed particularly at "democratic" politicians (populares ) such as Julius Caesar and Mark Antony .[37]
Roman law addressed the rape of a male citizen as early as the 2nd century BC, when a ruling was issued in a case that may have involved a man of same-sex orientation. It was ruled that even a man who was "disreputable and questionable" had the same right as other citizens not to have his body subjected to forced sex.[38] A law probably dating to the dictatorship of Julius Caesar defined rape as forced sex against "boy, woman, or anyone"; the rapist was subject to execution, a rare penalty in Roman law.[39] A male classified as infamis , such as a prostitute or actor, could not as a matter of law be raped, nor could a slave, who was legally classified as property; the slave's owner, however, could prosecute the rapist for property damage.[40]
In the Roman army of the Republic, sex among fellow soldiers violated the decorum against intercourse with citizens and was subject to harsh penalties, including death,[41] as a violation of military discipline .[42] The Greek historian Polybius (2nd century BC) lists deserters , thieves, perjurers , and "those who in youth have abused their persons" as subject to the fustuarium , clubbing to death.[43] Ancient sources are most concerned with the effects of sexual harassment by officers, but the young soldier who brought an accusation against his superior needed to show that he had not willingly taken the passive role or prostituted himself.[44] Soldiers were free to have relations with their male slaves ;[45] the use of a fellow citizen-soldier's body was prohibited, not homosexual behaviors per se.[46] By the late Republic and throughout the Imperial period , there is increasing evidence that men whose lifestyle marked them as "homosexual" in the modern sense served openly.[47]
Although Roman law did not recognize marriage between men, and in general Romans regarded marriage as a heterosexual union with the primary purpose of producing children, in the early Imperial period some male couples were celebrating traditional marriage rites . Juvenal remarks with disapproval that his friends often attended such ceremonies.[48] The emperor Nero had two marriages to men, once as the bride (with a freedman Pythagoras ) and once as the groom. His consort Sporus appeared in public as Nero's wife wearing the regalia that was customary for the Roman empress.[49]
Apart from measures to protect the prerogatives of citizens, the prosecution of homosexuality as a general crime began in the 3rd century of the Christian era when male prostitution was banned by Philip the Arab . By the end of the 4th century, after the Roman Empire had come under Christian rule , passive homosexuality was punishable by burning .[50] "Death by sword" was the punishment for a "man coupling like a woman" under the Theodosian Code .[51] Under Justinian , all same-sex acts, passive or active, no matter who the partners, were declared contrary to nature and punishable by death.[52]
Congo
E. E. Evans-Pritchard recorded that in the past male Azande warriors in the northern Congo routinely took on young male lovers between the ages of twelve and twenty, who helped with household tasks and participated in intercrural sex with their older husbands. The practice had died out by the early 20th century, after Europeans had gained control of African countries, but was recounted to Evans-Pritchard by the elders to whom he spoke.[53]
Feudal Japan
In feudal Japan , homosexuality was recognized, between equals (bi-do), in terms of pederasty (wakashudo), and in terms of prostitution. The younger partner in a pederastic relationship often was expected to make the first move; the opposite was true in ancient Greece. In religious circles, same-sex love spread to the warrior (samurai ) class, where it was customary for a boy in the wakashū age category to undergo training in the martial arts by apprenticing to a more experienced adult man. The man was permitted, if the boy agreed, to take the boy as his lover until he came of age; this relationship, often formalized in a "brotherhood contract",[54] was expected to be exclusive, with both partners swearing to take no other (male) lovers. The Samurai period was one in which homosexuality was seen as particularly positive. Later when Japanese society became pacified, the middle classes adopted many of the practices of the warrior class.
Lesotho
Anthropologists Stephen Murray and Will Roscoe reported that women in Lesotho engaged in socially sanctioned "long term, erotic relationships" called motsoalle .[55]
Papua New Guinea
In Papua New Guinea , same-sex relationships were an integral part of the culture of certain tribes until the middle of the last century. The Etoro and Marind-anim for example, even viewed heterosexuality as wasteful and celebrated homosexuality instead. They believed that in sharing semen, they are sharing their life force, yet women simply wasted this force any time they didn't get pregnant after sex. In many traditional Melanesian cultures a prepubertal boy would be paired with an older adolescent who would become his mentor and who would "inseminate" him (orally, anally, or topically, depending on the tribe) over a number of years in order for the younger to also reach puberty.[56]
Global LGBT rights maps
Laws regarding same-sex sexuality by country or territory
Worldwide laws regarding same-sex intercourse and freedom of expression and association
Same-sex intercourse legal
Marriage 1
Marriage recognized but not performed2
Civil unions
Limited domestic recognition (cohabitation)
Optional certification
Limited foreign recognition (residency)
Same-sex unions not recognized
Laws restricting freedom of expression and association Same-sex intercourse illegal
Unenforced penalty3
Limited imprisonment
Life imprisonment
Death penalty
Rings indicate areas where local judges have granted or denied marriages or imposed the death penalty in a jurisdiction where that is not otherwise the law or areas with a case-by-case application.
1 For some jurisdictions the law may not yet be in effect. 2 Jurisdictions in this category may perform other types of partnerships. 3 No arrests in the past three years or moratorium on law.
Homosexual "propaganda" and "morality" laws by country or territory
Homosexual "propaganda" and "morality" laws by country or territory Countries or territories that don't have homosexual "propaganda" or "morality" laws
Unknown punishment
Imprisonment
Decriminalization of same-sex sexual intercourse by country or territory
1790–1799
1800–1819
1820–1829
1830–1839
1840–1859
1860–1869
1870–1879
1880–1889
1890–1909
1910–1919
1920–1929
1930–1939
1940–1949
1950–1959
1960–1969
1970–1979
1980–1989
1990–1999
2000–2009
2010–present
Unknown date of legalization of same-sex intercourse
Same-sex sexual intercourse always legal
Male same-sex sexual intercourse illegal
Same-sex sexual intercourse illegal
Legal status of same-sex marriage
Marriage open to same-sex couples (rings: individual cases)
Mixed jurisdiction: marriage recognized by the state but not by tribal government for residents who are members of the tribe
Legislation or binding domestic court ruling establishing same-sex marriage, but marriage is not yet provided for
Same-sex marriage recognized with full rights when performed in certain other jurisdictions
Judicial order for recognition not yet tested (Armenia)
Civil unions or domestic partnerships
Limited legal recognition (registered cohabitation)
Local certification without legal force
Limited recognition of marriage performed in certain other jurisdictions (residency rights for spouses)
Country subject to an international court ruling that recognizes same-sex marriage
Other countries where same-sex unions are not legally recognized
Employment discrimination laws by sexual orientation and/or gender identity by country or territory
Sexual orientation and gender identity: all employment
Sexual orientation with anti–employment discrimination ordinance and gender identity solely in public employment
Sexual orientation: all employment
Gender identity: all employment
Sexual orientation and gender identity: federal public employment and federal contractors
Sexual orientation and gender identity: public employment
Sexual orientation: public employment
No national-level employment laws covering sexual orientation and/or gender identity
Blood donation policies for men who have sex with men by country or territory
Men who have sex with men may donate blood; No deferral
Men who have sex with men may donate blood; No deferral, except for blood transfusions 1
Men who have sex with men may donate blood; Temporary deferral 1
Men who have sex with men may not donate blood; Permanent deferral 1
No Data
1 No restriction in Israel, Belgium and the United States of America if last MSM activity was before 1977.
Timeline
Decriminalization of homosexuality timeline
Countries/Territories/States
Never been illegal
List
Aruba, Netherlands Benin Burkina Faso Cambodia Central African Republic Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Australia Christmas Island, Australia Curaçao, Netherlands Democratic Republic of the Congo Djibouti Equatorial Guinea French Polynesia, France Gabon Indonesia [a] Ivory Coast Laos Madagascar Mali Mayotte, France Micronesia New Caledonia, France Niger North Korea Republic of the Congo Réunion, France Rwanda Sint Maarten, Netherlands South Korea Philippines Poland Taiwan Vietnam Wallis and Futuna, France
18th century
19th century
20th century
List
1924: Peru 1933: Denmark (includes Greenland and the Faroe Islands )1934: Uruguay 1940: Kingdom of Iceland 1942: Switzerland (nationwide)1944: Sweden 1951: Greece Jordan West Bank, Palestine 1956: Thailand 1961: Hungary 1962: Czecho slovakia Illinois, United States 1967: England and Wales, United Kingdom 1968: Bulgaria East Germany 1969: Canada West Germany1971: Austria Connecticut, United States Costa Rica Finland 1972: Colorado, United States Oregon, United States Norway 1973: Delaware, United States Hawaii, United States Malta North Dakota, United States 1974: Massachusetts, United States Ohio, United States 1975: East Timor New Hampshire, United States New Mexico, United States South Australia, Australia 1976: Australian Capital Territory, Australia Bahrain California, United States Indiana, United States Maine, United States Washington, United States West Virginia, United States 1977: Socialist Republic of Croatia Socialist Republic of Montengro Socialist Republic of Slovenia South Dakota, United States Vermont, United States Wyoming, United States 1978: Guam, United States Iowa, United States Nebraska, United States New Jersey, United States 1979: Cuba Spain 1980: American Samoa, United States New York, United States Pennsylvania, United States 1981: Colombia Scotland, United Kingdom Victoria, Australia 1982: Northern Ireland, United Kingdom 1983: Guernsey, United Kingdom Northern Mariana Islands, United States Northern Territory, Australia Portugal Wisconsin, United States 1984: New South Wales, Australia 1985: United States Virgin Islands, United States 1986: New Zealand 1988: Israel 1989: Falkland Islands, United Kingdom Liechtenstein 1990: Jersey, United Kingdom Western Australia, Australia 1991: Bahamas British Hong Kong Queensland, Australia Ukraine 1992: Estonia Isle of Man, United Kingdom Kentucky, United States Latvia 1993: District of Columbia, United States Gibraltar, United Kingdom Guinea Bissau Ireland Lithuania Mongolia Nevada, United States Norfolk Island, Australia Russia 1994: Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija Belarus Bermuda, United Kingdom Republic of Serbia 1995: Albania Moldova 1996: Federation of Bosnia and Herzgovina, Bosnia and Herzgovina Portuguese Macau North Macedonia Romania Tennessee, United States 1997: China Ecuador Montana, United States Tasmania, Australia Venezuela 1998: Cyprus Georgia, United States Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina Rhode Island, United States South Africa Tajikistan 1999: Chile Maryland, United States 2000: Akrotiri and Dhekelia, United Kingdom Azerbaijan Georgia
21st century
List
2001: Anguilla, United Kingdom Arizona, United States Brčko District, Bosnia and Herzegovina British Virgin Islands, United Kingdom Cayman Islands, United Kingdom Minnesota, United States Montserrat, United Kingdom Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, United Kingdom Pitcairn Islands, United Kingdom Turks and Caicos Islands, United Kingdom 2002: Arkansas, United States Transnistria 2003: Armenia United States (nationwide)2004: Cape Verde 2005: Marshall Islands 2007: Nepal Niue, New Zealand Tokelau, New Zealand Vanuatu 2008: Nicaragua Panama 2010: Fiji 2012: Lesotho São Tomé and Príncipe 2014: Northern Cyprus Palau 2015: Mozambique 2016: Belize Nauru Seychelles 2018: India Trinidad and Tobago 2019: Angola Botswana
Notes
Note that while this template lists several historical countries, such as the Kingdom of France, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, etc., for the sake of clarity, the flags shown are contemporary flags.
LGBT-related laws by country or territory
Africa
List of countries or territories by LGBT rights in Africa
Northern Africa
Western Africa
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB people allowed to serve openly in military
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Benin
Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country);[58] [86] Age of consent discrepancy[58]
Burkina Faso
Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country)[58]
Constitutional ban since 1991
Cape Verde
Legal since 2004 + UN decl. sign.[58]
Bans some anti-gay discrimination[58]
Gambia
Illegal since 1888 (as the Gambia Colony and Protectorate ) Penalty: Up to Iife imprisonment.[58] [87] [59]
Ghana
Male illegal since 1860s (as the Gold Coast ) Penalty: 10 years imprisonment or more. Female always legal[58] [88] [59]
Guinea
Illegal since 1988 Penalty: 6 months to 3 years imprisonment.[58]
Guinea-Bissau
Legal since 1993[58] + UN decl. sign.
Ivory Coast
Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country); Age of consent discrepancy[58]
Liberia
Illegal since 1976 Penalty: 1 year imprisonment.[58] [89]
Mali
Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country)[58]
Mauritania
Illegal: Islamic Sharia Law is applied Penalty: Capital punishment for men, (not enforced); prison and a fine for women.[58] [90]
Niger
Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country); Age of consent discrepancy[58]
Nigeria
Illegal under federal law since 1901 (as the Northern Nigeria Protectorate and the Southern Nigeria Protectorate ) Penalty: Up to 14 years imprisonment. Death in the states of Bauchi , Borno , Gombe , Jigawa , Kaduna , Kano , Katsina , Kebbi , Niger , Sokoto , Yobe , and Zamfara .[58] [91] [59]
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom )
Legal since 2001 + UN decl. sign.[58]
Legal since 2017
Legal since 2017 [92] [93]
Legal since 2017
UK responsible for defence
Bans all anti-gay on discrimination
Senegal
Illegal since 1966 Penalty: 1 to 5 years imprisonment.[58] [94]
Sierra Leone
Male illegal since 1861 (as the Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate ) Penalty: Up to life imprisonment (Not enforced). Female always legal + UN decl. sign.[58]
Togo
Illegal since 1884 (as Togoland ) Penalty: Fine and 3 years imprisonment.[58] [59]
Central Africa
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB people allowed to serve openly in military
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Cameroon
Illegal since 1972 Penalty: Fines to 5 years imprisonment.[58] [59]
Central African Republic
Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country) + UN decl. sign.[58]
Constitutional ban since 2016[95]
Chad
Illegal since 2017 Penalty: 3 months to 2 years imprisonment.
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country)[58]
Constitutional ban since 2005
Republic of the Congo
Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country); Age of consent discrepancy[58]
Equatorial Guinea
Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country)[58]
Gabon
Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country) + UN decl. sign.
São Tomé and Príncipe
Legal since 2012 + UN decl. sign.[58]
Southeast Africa
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB people allowed to serve openly in military
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Burundi
Illegal since 2009 Penalty: fine, and 3 months to 2 years imprisonment.[58] [96]
Constitutional ban since 2005
Kenya
Illegal since 1897 (as the East Africa Protectorate ) Penalty: up to 14 years imprisonment.[58] [59]
Constitutional ban since 2010[97]
Rwanda
Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country)[58] + UN decl. sign.
Constitutional ban since 2003
Tanzania
Illegal since 1864 (only Zanzibar ) Illegal since 1899 Penalty: Up to life imprisonment.[58] [59]
Uganda
Male illegal since 1894 Female illegal since 2000 Penalty: Life imprisonment. Beatings, torture, or vigilante execution are also common.[98]
Constitutional ban since 2005
Horn of Africa
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB people allowed to serve openly in military
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Djibouti
Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country)[58]
Eritrea
Illegal Penalty: Up to 3 years imprisonment.[58] [99]
Ethiopia
Illegal Penalty: Up to 15 years.[58]
Somalia
Illegal Penalty: Up to death.[100]
Somaliland (Disputed territory)
Illegal Penalty: Up to death.[100]
Indian Ocean states
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB people allowed to serve openly in military
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Comoros
Illegal Penalty: 5 years imprisonment and fines.[58] [101]
French Southern and Antarctic Lands (Overseas territory of France )
Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the territory)[58]
Civil solidarity pact since 1999
Legal since 2013
Legal since 2013
France responsible for defence
Bans all anti-gay discrimination
Under French law
Madagascar
Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country); Age of consent discrepancy[58]
Mauritius
Male illegal Penalty: Up to 5 years imprisonment. Female always legal[102] + UN decl. sign.[58] [103]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[104] [105]
Mayotte (Overseas region of France )
Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the region)[58]
Civil solidarity pact since 1999
Legal since 2013
Legal since 2013
France responsible for defence
Bans all anti-gay discrimination
Under French law
Réunion (Overseas region of France )
Legal since 1791[58]
Civil solidarity pact since 1999
Legal since 2013
Legal since 2013
France responsible for defence
Bans all anti-gay discrimination
Under French law
Seychelles
Legal since 2016[106] + UN decl. sign.
Bans some anti-gay discrimination[58]
Southern Africa
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB people allowed to serve openly in military
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Angola
Legal since 2019 (presidential signature pending)[107]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[108]
May possibly change gender under the Código do Registro Civil 2015 [109]
Botswana
Legal since 2019 [110]
Bans some anti-gay discrimination
Legal gender change recognized as a constitutional right since 2017[111]
Eswatini
Male illegal since the 1880s Female always legal[58] [59]
Lesotho
Male legal since 2012 Female always legal[58]
May possibly change gender under the National Identity Cards Act 9 of 2011 [112]
Malawi
Illegal since 1891 (as British Central Africa Protectorate )[113] Penalty: Up to 14 years imprisonment, with or without corporal punishment for men up to 5 years imprisonment for women (rarely enforced; suspending moratoruim legality disputed)[58] [114] [59]
Mozambique
Legal since 2015[115] [116]
Bans some anti-gay discrimination[58] [104]
Namibia
Male illegal since 1920 (not enforced; repeal proposed)[59] [117] Female always legal[58] [118] [119]
Under the Births, Marriages and Deaths Registration Act 81 of 1963 [120]
South Africa
Male legal since 1998 Female always legal + UN decl. sign.[58]
Limited recognition of unregistered partnerships since 1998; same-sex marriage since 2006
Legal since 2006
Legal since 2002
Since 1998
Bans all anti-gay discrimination
Anti-discrimination laws are interpreted to include gender identity; legal gender may be changed after surgical or medical treatment
Zambia
Illegal since 1911 (as part of the British South Africa Company rule of Rhodesia ) Penalty: up to 14 years imprisonment.[58] [59]
Zimbabwe
Male illegal since 1891 (as part of the British South Africa Company rule of Rhodesia ) Female legal[58] [59]
Constitutional ban since 2013
Americas
List of countries or territories by LGBT rights in the Americas
North America
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB people allowed to serve openly in military
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Bermuda (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom )
Legal since 1994; Age of consent discrepancy + UN decl. sign.[58]
Domestic partnerships since 2018[121]
Legal since November 2018 and between May 2017 and June 2018
Legal since 2015[122]
UK responsible for defence
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[123]
Canada
Legal since 1969 + UN decl. sign.[58] [124]
Domestic partnerships in Nova Scotia (2001);[125] Civil unions in Quebec (2002);[126] Adult interdependent relationships in Alberta (2003);[127] Common-law relationships in Manitoba (2004)[128]
Legal in some provinces and territories since 2003, nationwide since 2005 [129]
Legal in some provinces and territories since 1996, nationwide since 2011[130]
Since 1992[131]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination. Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal in Manitoba and Ontario since 2015, and Vancouver and Nova Scotia since 2018
Transgender people can change their gender and name without completion of medical intervention and human rights protections explicitly include gender identity or expression within all of Canada since 2017[132] [133] [134] [135]
Greenland (autonomous constituent country of the Kingdom of Denmark )
Legal since 1933 + UN decl. sign.[58]
Registered partnerships between 1996 and 2016 (Existing partnerships are still recognised.)[136]
Legal since 2016
Stepchild adoption since 2009;[137] joint adoption since 2016[138]
Since 1978 (Denmark responsible for defense )
Bans some anti-gay discrimination[58]
Mexico
Legal since 1871 + UN decl. sign.[58]
/ Civil unions in Mexico City (2007), Coahuila (2007),[139] Colima (between 2013 and 2016),[140] Campeche (2013),[141] Jalisco (between 2014 and 2018),[142] Michoacán (2015) and Tlaxcala (2017)
/ Legal in Mexico City (2010),[143] Quintana Roo (2012),[144] Coahuila (2014), Chihuahua (2015), Nayarit (2015), Jalisco (2016), Campeche (2016), Michoacán (2016), Colima (2016), Morelos (2016), Chiapas (2017), Puebla (2017), Baja California (2017), Nuevo León (2019), Aguascalientes (2019), San Luis Potosí (2019), Hidalgo (2019) and Baja California Sur (2019) All states are obliged to recognise same-sex marriages performed in states where it is legal.[143] [145] [146] The Supreme Court has declared that it is unconstitutional to deny marriage licenses to same-sex couples in all states,[147] but as state laws were not invalidated, individual injunctions must still be obtained from the courts[148] [149]
/ Legal in Mexico City (2010),[150] Coahuila (2014), Chihuahua (2015), Michoacán (2016), Colima (2016), Morelos (2016), Campeche (2016), Veracruz (2016), Baja California (2017), Querétaro (2017), Chiapas (2017), Puebla (2017),[151] [152] San Luis Potosí (2019)[153] and Hidalgo (2019)[154]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[155]
/ Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name in Mexico City (2008),[156] Michoacán (2017), Nayarit (2017), Coahuila (2018), Hidalgo (2019) and San Luis Potosí (2019)[157]
Saint Pierre and Miquelon (Overseas collectivity of France )
Legal since 1791 + UN decl. sign.[58]
Civil solidarity pact since 1999[158]
Legal since 2013[159]
Legal since 2013[160]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[69]
Under French law[161]
United States
Legal in some states since 1962, nationwide since 2003 + UN decl. sign.[58]
Domestic partnerships in California (1999),[162] the District of Columbia (2002),[163] Maine (2004),[164] Oregon (2008),[165] Maryland (2008),[166] and Nevada (2009);[167] Civil unions in New Jersey (2007),[168] Illinois (2011),[169] Hawaii (2012),[170] and Colorado (2013)[171]
Legal in some states since 2004, nationwide since 2015 [172]
Legal in some states since 1993, nationwide since 2016[173]
"Don't ask, don't tell " policy was abolished in 2011, meaning that since then LGB people have been allowed to serve openly in the military.[174] Most transgender people are banned from serving since April 12, 2019 (can only serve in basis of biological sex)[citation needed ] [175] [176] [177]
/ Federal executive order prohibiting discrimination based on sexual orientation for employees in the federal civilian workforce , along with government employment in the District of Columbia , and the United States Postal Service , since 1998 (see Executive Order 12968 and Executive Order 13087 ). Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation with minors by mental health professionals illegal in some states and territories .Included in the federal hate crime law since 2009 .Sexual orientation discrimination banned in public and private employment in 24 states + D.C.
/ Gender identity discrimination in healthcare insurance banned since 2012.[178] [179] Allowed to change gender under various conditions in 47 states + D.C.Included in the federal hate crime law since 2009 .Gender identity discrimination banned in public and private employment in 23 states + D.C.
Central America
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB people allowed to serve openly in military
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Belize
Legal since 2016[180]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[181] [182] [183]
[184]
Costa Rica
Legal since 1971 + UN decl. sign.[58]
Unregistered cohabitation since 2014[185] [186]
/ To become legal by May 2020
To become legal by May 2020[187]
Has no military
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[58]
Transgender persons can change their legal gender without surgeries or judicial permission since 2018[188]
El Salvador
Legal since 1822 + UN decl. sign.[58]
[189] [190]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[189]
[191]
Guatemala
Legal since 1871 + UN decl. sign.[58]
Pending
Bans some anti-gay discrimination
[192]
Honduras
Legal since 1899 + UN decl. sign.[58]
Constitutional ban on de facto unions since 2005
Constitutional ban since 2005;[193] [194] court decision pending
Constitutional ban since 2005
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[195]
Nicaragua
Legal since 2008 + UN decl. sign.[58]
Bans some anti-gay discrimination[58]
Panama
Legal since 2008 + UN decl. sign.[58]
Court decision pending
Court decision pending
Court decision pending
Has no military
Bans some anti-gay discrimination[196] [197]
Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name after completion of medical intervention since 2006[198] [199]
Caribbean
South America
Asia
List of countries or territories by LGBT rights in Asia
Central Asia
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB people allowed to serve openly in military?
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Afghanistan
Illegal Penalty: Long imprisonment or death penalty (No known cases of death sentences have been handed out for same-sex sexual activity after the end of Taliban rule).[58]
Kyrgyzstan
Legal since 1998[58]
Constitutional ban since 2016[301]
Requires sex reassignment surgery[302] [303]
Tajikistan
Legal since 1998[58]
Requires sex reassignment surgery[304] [303]
Turkmenistan
Male illegal Penalty: up to 2 years imprisonment. Female always legal[58]
Uzbekistan
Male illegal Penalty: up to 3 years imprisonment. Female always legal[58]
Eurasia
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB people allowed to serve openly in military?
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Abkhazia (Disputed territory)
Legal after 1991
Akrotiri and Dhekelia (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom )
Legal since 2000 + UN decl. sign.[58]
Civil partnerships since 2005
Legal since 2014
UK responsible for defence
Bans some anti-gay discrimination[305]
Armenia
Legal since 2003 + UN decl. sign.[58]
/ Constitutional ban since 2015;[306] [307] same-sex marriages performed abroad recognized since 2017[308]
[309]
Artsakh (Disputed territory)
Legal since 2000
Constitutional ban since 2006[310]
Azerbaijan
Legal since 2000[58]
Cyprus
Legal since 1998 + UN decl. sign.[58]
Civil unions since 2015
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[311]
Georgia
Legal since 2000 + UN decl. sign.[58]
Constitutional ban passed but yet to take effect
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[312]
Requires sterilization and sex reassignment surgery for change[313]
Kazakhstan
Legal since 1998[58]
[314]
Requires sex reassignment surgry, sterilization, hormone therapy and medical examinations[303]
Northern Cyprus (Disputed territory)
Legal since 2014[315] [316] [58]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[315] [316]
Russia
Male legal since 1993 Female always legal[317] [58] Illegal in practice in Chechnya , where homosexuals are abducted and sent to concentration camps based on their perceived sexual orientation. See Gay concentration camps in Chechnya for more information.
Constitutional ban proposed[318]
[citation needed ]
Requires sterilization and sex reassignment surgery for change[313]
South Ossetia (Disputed territory)
Legal after 1991
Turkey
Legal since 1858[58]
Proposed[319] [failed verification ]
Proposed[319]
Requires sterilisation and sex reassignment surgery for change[320]
West Asia
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB people allowed to serve openly in military?
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Bahrain
Legal since 1976[58]
Iran
Illegal Penalty: 74 lashes for immature men and death penalty for mature men (although there are recorded cases of minors who were executed because of their sexual orientation).[321] For women, 50 lashes for women of mature sound mind and if consenting. Death penalty offense after fourth conviction.[58]
Legal gender recognition legal if accompanied by a medical intervention [322]
Iraq
Legal since 2003[323]
Israel
Legal since 1963 (de facto), 1988 (de jure)[324] + UN decl. sign.[58] [325]
Unregistered cohabitation since 1994.
/ Foreign same-sex marriages are recognized and recorded in the population registry
Since 2008[326]
Since 1993
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[327] [328] [329]
Full recognition of gender's ID without a surgery or medical intervention;[330] equal employment opportunity law bars discrimination based on gender identityCite error: The <ref>
tag has too many names (see the help page ).
[331]
Jordan
Legal since 1951[58]
Allowed since 2014[332]
Kuwait
Male illegal Penalty: Fines or up to 6-year prison sentence. Female always legal[58] [333]
Lebanon
Illegal under Article 534 of the Penal Code. Some judges have ruled not to prosecute individuals based on the law, however, this has not been settled by the Supreme Court and thus homosexuality is still illegal.[334]
Legal gender change allowed, but sex reassignment surgery required[335]
Oman
Illegal Penalty: Fines and prison sentence up to 3 years (Only enforced when dealing with "public scandal").[58]
Palestine (Disputed territory)
West Bank: Legal since 1951 (As part of Jordan )[58] Gaza: Male illegal Penalty: Up to 10 years imprisonment. Female always legal[58]
Qatar
Illegal Penalty: Fines, up to 7 years imprisonment,[58] or death penalty.[336]
Saudi Arabia
Illegal Penalty: Prison sentences of several months to life, fines and/or whipping/flogging, castration, torture or death can be sentenced on first conviction. A second conviction merits execution.[58]
Syria
Illegal Penalty: Up to 3 years imprisonment (Law de facto suspended)[337] [58]
Transgender people allowed to change legal gender
United Arab Emirates
Illegal under federal law Penalty: deportation, fines, prison sentences, torture, or death penalty.[336] Illegal in the emirate of Dubai Penalty: Up to 14 years imprisonment. Illegal in the emirate of Abu Dhabi Penalty: Up to 10 years imprisonment.[58]
In September 2016, the Government passed Federal Decree No 4, a series of changes to reduce doctors' criminal liability. The new law allows doctors to perform medical intervention on intersex people so as to "correct" their sex, effectively removing either the male or female genitalia. Sex reassignment surgery remains illegal. [338] [339] [340]
Yemen
Illegal Penalty: Unmarried men punished with 100 lashes of the whip or a maximum of one year of imprisonment, married men with death by stoning. Women punished up to three years of imprisonment; where the offense has been committed under duress, the punishment is up to seven years detention.[58]
South Asia
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB people allowed to serve openly in military?
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Bangladesh
Illegal Penalty: 10 years to life imprisonment.[58]
A third gender option (hijra ) besides male and female is available[341]
Bhutan
Illegal Penalty: Prison sentence up to 1 year (Not enforced).[58] (decriminalization pending)[342]
Proposed
British Indian Ocean Territory (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom )
Legal since 2001 + UN decl. sign.[58]
Civil partnerships since 2005
Legal since 2014
UK responsible for defense
India
Legal since 2018[343]
Proposed
Proposed
Proposed
Proposed[344]
Bans some anti-gay giscrimination (in state and government bodies only)
A third gender option (hijra ) besides male and female is available; transgender people have a constitutional right to change gender[345]
Maldives
Illegal Penalty: Up to 8 years imprisonment, house arrest, lashings and fines[346] Vigilante executions and attacks are also tolerated[347]
Nepal
Legal since 2007 + UN decl. sign.[58]
Proposed
Proposed
Proposed
Since 2007[citation needed ]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination
Gender change legal since 2007[348]
Pakistan
Illegal Penalty: 2 years to life sentence (Not enforced).[58]
Right to change gender; transgender and intersex citizens have legal protections from all discrimination and harassment[349]
Sri Lanka
(Ruled ruled unenforcable by the Supreme Court, various outlets report it as decriminalized under the Sri Lankan legal system)[350] [351]
[352] [353]
Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name after completion of medical intervention [354] [355]
East Asia
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of relationships
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB people allowed to serve openly in military?
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
China
Legal since 1997[58]
Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery
Hong Kong
Legal since 1991[58]
/ Same-sex marriages registered overseas for government benefits and taxation, and limited recognition of local cohabiting partners
LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[356]
China responsible for defence
Bans some anti-gay discrimination (government discrimination only)
Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery
Japan
Legal since 1880 + UN decl. sign.[58]
The Japan Self-Defense Forces allow gay people to enlist.[357]
/ No nationwide protections, but some cities ban some anti-gay discrimination[58]
Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery
Macau
Legal since 1996
China responsible for defence
Bans some anti-gay discrimination
Mongolia
Legal since 1961 + UN decl. sign.[58]
Bans some anti-gay discrimination
Transgender people allowed to change legal gender
North Korea
Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity has ever existed in North Korea)[58]
Unknown, although there are heavily obeyed gender roles for both male and female. See also: "Let's trim our hair in accordance with the socialist lifestyle "
South Korea
Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity has ever existed in South Korea) + UN decl. sign.[58]
/ Protection from discrimination varies by jurisdiction in some areas, including Seoul
Transgender people allowed to change legal gender
Taiwan
Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity has ever existed in the country)[358]
[359]
Legal since 2019[360] [361] [362]
/ Stepchild adoption only
Constitutionally bans all anti-gay discrimination
Transgender people allowed to change legal gender[363]
Southeast Asia
LGBT rights in
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of relationships
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB people allowed to serve openly in military?
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Brunei
Illegal Penalty: Death penalty (in abeyance), imprisonment and 100 lashes for men. Caning and 10 years prison for women.[364]
Cambodia
Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity has ever existed in the country)[58]
/ Partnerships recognized in certain cities
There has been at least one recorded case of a legally registered and recognized same-sex marriage; constitutional ban
/ Officially banned, but numerous same-sex adoptions have taken place
East Timor
Legal since 1975 + UN decl. sign.[58]
Indonesia
Legal nationwide, except; Illegal in the provinces of Aceh , South Sumatra , and the city of Palembang (Applies only to Muslims );[365] [366] [58] Age of consent discrepancy
[367]
Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery
Laos
Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity has ever existed in the country)[58]
Malaysia
Illegal Penalty: fines, prison sentence (2-20 years), or whippings.[58] [368]
A 2016 court ruling recognizes gender changes as fundamental constitutional rights[369]
Myanmar
Illegal Penalty: Up to life sentence (Not enforced).[58]
Philippines
Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity has ever existed in the country)[370] [58] [371]
Pending[370]
Pending[372]
LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[373]
Since 2009
/ In certain cities and provinces,[374] including Cebu City,[375] Quezon City, and Davao City;[376] [377] National bill pending
[378]
Singapore
Male illegal Penalty: up to 2 years prison sentence (Not enforced since 1999); Court decision pending. Female legal since 2007[58]
/ Due to conscription, but gays are not allowed to go to command school or serve in sensitive units
Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery
Thailand
Legal since 1956 + UN decl. sign.[58]
Pending[379]
Pending[380]
Since 2005
Bans all anti-gay discrimination
Transgender people allowed to change gender.[381] [382] Anti-discrimination protections for gender expression.[368]
Vietnam
Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity has ever existed in the country)[58] + UN decl. sign.[58]
Irrespective of one's sexual orientation
Gender changes recognized and officially practised since 2017;[383] [384] previously, gender changes were only allowed for persons of congenital sex defects and unidentifiable sex
Europe
List of countries or territories by LGBT rights in Europe
European Union
Main article: LGBT rights in the European Union
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB people allowed to serve openly in military
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
European Union
Legal in all 28 member states[385]
/ Legal in 22/28 member states
/ Legal in 14/28 member states
/ Stepchild adoption legal in 18/28 member states; joint adoption legal in 13/28 member states
Legal in all member states
Membership requires a state to ban anti-gay discrimination in employment. 3/28 states ban some anti-gay discrimination. 25/28 states ban all anti-gay discrimination
/ Legal in 27/28 member states[386]
Central Europe
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB people allowed to serve openly in military
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Austria
Legal since 1971[58] + UN decl. sign.
Registered partnerships since 2010[387]
Legal since 2019[388]
Stepchild adoption since 2013; joint adoption since 2016[389] [390] [391]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[64]
Transgender people allowed to change gender without undergoing surgery[313]
Croatia
Legal since 1977 (As part of Yugoslavia ) + UN decl. sign.[58]
Life partnerships since 2014[392]
Constitutional ban since 2013 [393]
/ Partner-guardianship since 2014 (parental responsibility and a permanent next-of-kins relationship between a life partner and their partner's child which is registered in the child's birth certificate)
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[64] [394]
Act on the elimination of discrimination bans all discrimination based on both gender identity and gender expression. Gender change is regulated by special policy issued by Ministry of Health.[395]
Czech Republic
Legal since 1962 (As part of Czechoslovakia ) + UN decl. sign.[58]
Registered partnerships since 2006[396]
Pending[397]
LGBT individuals in a registered partnership may adopt;[398] stepchild and joint adoption pending[399]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[64]
Legal recognition after sex reassignment surgery (with mandatory sterilisation)[400]
Germany
Legal in East Germany since 1968 Legal in West Germany since 1969 + UN decl. sign.[58] [401]
Registered life partnerships from 2001 to 2017 (existing partnerships and new foreign partnerships still recognised)[402] [403]
Legal since 2017[404]
Stepchild adoption since 2005; successive adoption since 2013; joint adoption legal since 2017[404]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[405] [406]
Gender change is legal; surgery not required[407]
Hungary
Legal since 1962 + UN decl. sign.[58]
Registered partnerships since 2009[408]
Constitutional ban since 2012[409] [410] [411] [412]
LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[410]
[citation needed ]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[64]
Transgender people allowed to change gender without undergoing surgery[400]
Liechtenstein
Legal since 1989 + UN decl. sign.[58]
Registered partnerships since 2011[413]
LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[414]
Has no military
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[64]
Gender change is not legal[400]
Poland
Legal since 1932 + UN decl. sign.[58]
/ Unregistered cohabitation since 2012; registered partnership proposed 2019
Constitutional ban since 1997[415] (Article 18 of the Constitution is generally interpreted as limiting marriage to opposite-sex couples [416] [417] [418] [419] [420] [421] )[b]
LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[424]
Bans some anti-gay discrimination[64]
Transgender people allowed to change gender but require undergoing medical treatment such as HRT or surgery. No provisions for nonbinary people.
Slovakia
Legal since 1962 (As part of Czechoslovakia ) + UN decl. sign.[58]
/ some limited rights for unregistered cohabiting same-sex couples since 2018; Limited residency rights for married same-sex couples since 2018
Constitutional ban since 2014[425]
LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[426]
[citation needed ]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[427] [428]
Requires sterilisation for change[400]
Slovenia
Legal since 1977 (As part of Yugoslavia ) + UN decl. sign.[58]
Registered partnerships since 2006[429] ; Registered cohabitation since 2017[430]
/ Stepchild adoption since 2011[431]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[64]
Gender change is legal[432]
Switzerland
Legal nationwide since 1942 Legal in the cantons of Geneva (as part of France ), Ticino , Valais , and Vaud since 1798 + UN decl. sign.[58] [433]
Registered partnerships in Geneva (2001),[434] Zürich (2003),[435] Neuchâtel (2004)[436] and Fribourg (2005)[436] Nationwide since 2007[437]
(Pending)[438]
/ Stepchild adoption since 2018[439] joint adoption pending
Bans some anti-gay discrimination Banning all anti-gay discrimination pending[440]
Legal documents can be issued based on a person's new gender identity. Sterilisation is technically required but has not been enforced since 2012. A registered partnership can become a marriage between the new opposite-sex couple.[441]
Eastern Europe
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB people allowed to serve openly in military
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Abkhazia (Disputed territory)
Legal after 1991
Armenia
Legal since 2003 + UN decl. sign.[58]
/ Constitutional ban since 2015;[442] [443] all marriages performed abroad recognized since 2017[444]
[445]
Artsakh (Disputed territory)
Legal since 2000
Constitutional ban since 2006[446]
Azerbaijan
Legal since 2000[58]
Belarus
Legal since 1994[58]
Constitutional ban since 1994[447]
/ Banned from military service during peacetime, but during wartime homosexuals are permitted to enlist as partially able[448]
Georgia
Legal since 2000 + UN decl. sign.[58]
Constitutional ban since 2018
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[449]
Requires sterilisation and surgery for change[400]
Kazakhstan
Legal since 1998[58]
[450]
Moldova
Legal since 1995 + UN decl. sign.[58]
Constitutional ban since 1994[451]
[citation needed ]
Bans some anti-gay discrimination[64]
No longer requires sterilisation or surgery for change since 2017[400]
Romania
Legal since 1996 + UN decl. sign.[58]
/ Limited residency rights for married same-sex couples since 2018;[452]
Constitutional ban rejected
LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[453]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[64]
Legal recognition after sex reassignment surgery (sterilisation mandatory)[400]
Russia
Male legal since 1993 Female always legal[454] [58] Illegal in practice in Chechnya , where homosexuals are abducted and sent to concentration camps based on their perceived sexual orientation. See Anti-gay purges in Chechnya for more information.
[citation needed ]
No longer requires sterilisation or surgery for change since 2018[400]
South Ossetia (Disputed territory)
Legal after 1991
Transnistria (Disputed territory)
Legal since 2002[455]
Ukraine
Legal since 1991 + UN decl. sign.[58]
Constitutional ban since 1996[456]
LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[457]
[458] [failed verification ]
Bans some anti-gay discrimination[459]
No longer requires sterilisation or surgery for change since 2016
Northern Europe
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB people allowed to serve openly in military
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Denmark
Legal since 1933 + UN decl. sign.[58]
Registered partnerships from 1989 to 2012 (existing partnerships are still recognised)[460]
Legal since 2012[461] [462]
Stepchild adoption since 1999; joint adoption since 2010[463] [464]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[64]
Legal gender change and recognition possible without surgery or hormone therapy[465]
Estonia
Legal since 1992 + UN decl. sign.[58]
Cohabitation agreement since 2016[466]
Marriage performed abroad was recognized between 2016 and 2019[467]
/ Stepchild adoption since 2016; couples where both partners are infertile may also jointly adopt non-biological children since 2016
[citation needed ]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[64]
Gender reassignment legal; surgery not required[400]
Faroe Islands (Constituent country of the Kingdom of Denmark )
Legal since 1933 + UN decl. sign.[58]
Legal since 2017[468] [469]
Legal since 2017
Denmark responsible for defence
Bans some anti-gay discrimination[470] [471]
[472]
Finland (includes Åland Islands )
Legal since 1971 + UN decl. sign.[58]
Registered partnerships from 2002 to 2017 (existing partnerships are still recognised)[473]
Legal since 2017[474]
Stepchild adoption since 2009; joint adoption since 2017
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[64]
Legal change and recognition is possible only with sterilisation [475]
Iceland
Legal since 1940 (As part of Denmark ) + UN decl. sign.[58]
Registered cohabitation since 2006;[476] Registered partnerships from 1996 to 2010 (existing partnerships are still recognised)[477]
Legal since 2010[478] [479]
Legal since 2006[480] [481]
Has no military
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[64]
Documents can be amended to the recognised gender, sterilisation not required[482] [400]
Latvia
Legal since 1992 + UN decl. sign.[58]
Constitutional ban since 2006[483]
LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[484]
[citation needed ]
Bans some anti-gay discrimination[64]
Documents are amended accordingly, no medical intervention required[485]
Lithuania
Legal since 1993 + UN decl. sign.[58]
/ Limited residency rights for married same-sex couples since 2018; Cohabitation agreement pending [486]
Constitutional ban since 1992[487]
Only married couples can adopt[488]
[citation needed ]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[64]
Gender change legal; surgery required[489]
Norway
Legal since 1972 + UN decl. sign.[58]
Registered partnerships from 1993 to 2009 (existing partnerships are still recognised)[490]
Legal since 2009[491] [492]
Stepchild adoption since 2002; joint adoption since 2009[493] [494]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[64]
All documents can be amended to the recognised gender[313]
Sweden
Legal since 1944 + UN decl. sign.[58]
Registered partnerships from 1995 to 2009 (existing partnerships are still recognised)[495]
Legal since 2009[496]
Legal since 2003[497] [498]
[499]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[64]
[500]
Southern Europe
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB people allowed to serve openly in military
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Akrotiri and Dhekelia (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom )
Legal since 2000 + UN decl. sign.[58] [501] [502]
Since 2005, for members of the British Armed Forces[503]
Since 2014, for members of the British Armed Forces[504]
UK responsible for defence
Bans some anti-gay discrimination[505]
Albania
Legal since 1995 + UN decl. sign.[58]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[64]
No legal recognition[400]
Andorra
Legal since 1990 + UN decl. sign.[58]
Stable unions since 2005[506] ; Civil unions since 2014[507]
Legal since 2014[508] [507] [509]
Has no military
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[64]
No legal recognition[400]
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Legal since 1996 in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina , in Republika Srpska since 1998, and in Brčko District since 2003 + UN decl. sign.[58]
[citation needed ]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[64]
Requires surgery for change[510]
Bulgaria
Legal since 1968 + UN decl. sign.[58]
/ Limited residency rights for married same-sex couples since 2018
Constitutional ban since 1991[511]
LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[512]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[64]
Requires sterilisation and surgery for change[513] [514]
Cyprus
Legal since 1998 + UN decl. sign.[58]
Civil cohabitation since 2015[515]
[516]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[64]
Forbids discrimination based on gender identity.[517]
Gender change is not legal.
Gibraltar (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom )
Legal since 1993 + UN decl. sign.[58]
Civil partnerships since 2014[518]
Legal since 2016[519]
Legal since 2014
UK responsible for defence
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[520]
Forbids discrimination on the grounds of gender reassignment[520]
Greece
Legal since 1951 + UN decl. sign.[58]
Cohabitation agreements since 2015[521]
Same-sex couples in a civil partnership may become foster parents;[522] LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[64]
Under the Legal Gender Recognition Act 2017 [523] [524]
Italy
Legal since 1890 + UN decl. sign.[58]
Civil unions since 2016[525] [526]
/ One same-sex marriage was recognized in 2017[527]
/ Stepchild adoption admitted by the Court of Cassation since 2016[528] [529]
Bans some anti-gay discrimination[64]
Legal recognition and documents can be amended to the recognised gender, sterilisation not required[530] [531]
Kosovo (Disputed territory)
Legal since 1994 (as part of Yugoslavia )[58]
[532]
LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[533] [534]
[citation needed ]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[535]
No legal recognition[400]
Malta
Legal since 1973 + UN decl. sign.[58]
Civil unions since 2014[536]
Legal since 2017
Legal since 2014
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[64] Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2016
Transgender people allowed to change gender; surgery not required since 2015[537]
Montenegro
Legal since 1977 (As part of Yugoslavia ) + UN decl. sign.[58]
Proposed
Constitutional ban since 2007[538] [539]
[citation needed ]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[64]
Requires sterilisation and surgery for change[313] [400]
North Macedonia
Legal since 1996 + UN decl. sign.[58]
[citation needed ]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination
Northern Cyprus (Disputed territory)
Legal since 2014[540] [541] [58]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[540] [541]
Portugal
Legal since 1983 + UN decl. sign.[58]
De facto unions since 2001 [542] [543]
Legal since 2010[544]
Legal since 2016[545] [546] [547]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[64]
All documents can be amended to the recognised gender since 2011[548]
San Marino
Legal since 1865 + UN decl. sign.[58]
Civil unions since 2019
/ Stepchild adoption legal since 2019
Bans all anti-gay discrimination
No legal recognition[313]
Serbia
Legal from 1858, when nominally a vassal of the Ottoman Empire to 1860,[549] and again since 1994 (As part of Yugoslavia ) + UN decl. sign.[58]
Constitutional ban since 2006[550]
LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[64]
Legal after 1 year of hormone therapy, surgery no longer required since 2019[551]
Spain
Legal since 1979 + UN decl. sign.[58]
De facto unions in Catalonia (1998),[60] Aragon (1999),[60] Navarre (2000),[60] Castile-La Mancha (2000),[60] Valencia (2001),[552] the Balearic Islands (2001),[553] Madrid (2001),[60] Asturias (2002),[554] Castile and León (2002),[555] Andalusia (2002),[60] the Canary Islands (2003),[60] Extremadura (2003),[60] Basque Country (2003),[60] Cantabria (2005),[556] Galicia (2008)[557] La Rioja (2010),[558] and Murcia (2018),[559] [560] and in both autonomous cities; Ceuta (1998)[561] and Melilla (2008).[562]
Legal since 2005[563]
Legal since 2005[564] [565]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[64] Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal in Andalusia, Madrid, Murcia and Valencia
Since 2007, all documents can be amended to the recognised gender[566]
Turkey
Legal since 1858[58]
Legal since 1988, requires sterilisation and surgery for change[567]
Vatican City
Legal since 1890 (As part of Italy )[58]
Has no military
Western Europe
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB people allowed to serve openly in military
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Belgium
Legal nationwide since 1795 + UN decl. sign.[58]
Legal cohabitation since 2000[568]
Legal since 2003[569] [570] [571]
Legal since 2006[572] [573]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[64]
Since 2018, sex changes do not require sterilisation and surgery[574]
France
Legal nationwide since 1791 Legal in Savoy since 1792 + UN decl. sign.[58]
Civil solidarity pact since 1999[575]
Legal since 2013[576]
Legal since 2013[577]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[64]
Since 2017, sex changes no longer requires sterilisation and surgery[578]
Guernsey (Crown dependency of the United Kingdom )
Legal since 1983 + UN decl. sign.[579] [580] [58]
/ Civil partnerships performed in the UK abroad recognised for succession purposes in inheritance and other matters respecting interests in property since 2012[581] [582] [583]
Legal since 2017 in Guernsey and since 2018 in Alderney[584] Not legal in Sark
Legal since 2017[585]
UK responsible for defence
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[586]
Legal gender changes since 2007[586] [587]
Ireland
Male legal since 1993 Female always legal + UN decl. sign.[58]
Civil partnerships from 2011 to 2015 (existing partnerships are still recognised)[588]
Legal since 2015 after a constitutional referendum [589]
Legal since 2017[590] [591] [592] [593] [594] [595]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[596] [597] [598]
Under the Gender Recognition Act 2015 [599]
Isle of Man (Crown dependency of the United Kingdom )
Legal since 1992 + UN decl. sign.[58]
Civil partnerships since 2011[600]
Legal since 2016[601]
Legal since 2011
UK responsible for defence
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[602]
Transgender people are allowed to change their legal gender and to have their new gender recognised as a result of the Gender Recognition Act 2009 (c.11) [603] [604]
Jersey (Crown dependency of the United Kingdom )
Legal since 1990 + UN decl. sign.[58]
Civil partnerships since 2012[605]
Legal since 2018[606] [607]
Legal since 2012
UK responsible for defence
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[608]
Under the Gender Recognition (Jersey) Law 2010 [609]
Luxembourg
Legal since 1795 + UN decl. sign.[58]
Registered partnerships since 2004[610]
Legal since 2015[611] [612]
Legal since 2015[613]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[614]
No divorce, sterilization and/or surgery legally required since September 2018 for change of gender[615] [400]
Monaco
Legal since 1793 + UN decl. sign.[58]
Pending[616]
France responsible for defence
Bans some anti-gay discrimination[58]
Netherlands
Legal since 1811 + UN decl. sign.[58]
Registered partnership since 1998[617]
Legal since 2001[618]
Legal since 2001[619] [620]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[621]
Since 2014, sex changes do not require sterilisation and surgery[622] [623]
United Kingdom
Male legal in England and Wales since 1967, in Scotland since 1981, and in Northern Ireland since 1982 Female always legal + UN decl. sign.[58]
Civil partnerships since 2005[624]
Legal in England and Wales since 2013, and Scotland since 2014[625] [625] By January 2020 in Northern Ireland[626]
Legal in England and Wales since 2005, in Scotland since 2009 and Northern Ireland since 2013[627] [628] [629]
Since 2000
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[630] [58] but the UK Public Order Act 1986 under section 29JA “Protection of freedom of expression (sexual orientation)” still discriminates LGBT+ persons providing unfair advantages to anti-LGBT offenders[631]
Under the Gender Recognition Act 2004
Oceania
List of countries or territories by LGBT rights in Oceania
Australasia
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB people allowed to serve openly in military?
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Australia (including territories of Christmas Island , Cocos (Keeling) Islands and Norfolk Island )
Legal in some states and territories since 1975, nationwide since 1997 + UN decl. sign.[58]
Unregistered cohabitation nationally since 2009;Domestic partnerships in Tasmania (2004),[632] South Australia (2007),[633] Victoria (2008),[634] New South Wales (2010),[635] and Queensland (2012);[636] Civil unions in the Australian Capital Territory (2012)[637]
Legal since 2017[638]
Legal in some states and territories since 2002, nationwide since 2018
Since 1992[639]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination.[640]
Under state/territory laws. The ACT, NT, SA, WA and TAS (from 5 September 2019) do not require sex reassignment surgery to change sex/gender on birth certificates ; however, NSW, QLD and VIC do require it[641] [642] [640]
New Zealand
Legal since 1986 + UN decl. sign.[58]
Unregistered cohabitation since 2002;Civil unions since 2005
Legal since 2013[643]
Legal since 2013[643]
Since 1993
Bans all anti-gay discrimination
Covered under the "sex discrimination" provision of the Human Rights Act 1993
Melanesia
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB people allowed to serve openly in military?
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Fiji
Legal since 2010 + UN decl. sign.[644] [58]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[58]
New Caledonia (Special collectivity of France )
Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity has ever existed in the collectivity) + UN decl. sign.[58]
Civil solidarity pact since 2009[645]
Legal since 2013
Legal since 2013
France responsible for defence
Bans all anti-gay discrimination
Under French law
Papua New Guinea
Male illegal Penalty: 3 to 14 years imprisonment (Not enforced). Female always legal[58]
Solomon Islands
Illegal Penalty: Up to 14 years imprisonment (Not enforced).[58]
Has no military
[646]
Vanuatu
Legal since 2007 + UN decl. sign.[58]
Bans some anti-gay discrimination
Micronesia
Polynesia
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB people allowed to serve openly in military?
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
American Samoa (Unincorporated territory of the United States ) [654]
Legal since 1980
[655]
United States responsible for defense[174] [647]
[656]
Easter Island (Special territory of Chile )
Legal since 1999; Age of consent discrepancy + UN decl. sign.[58]
Civil unions since 2015
Pending
Pending
Chile responsible for defence
Bans all anti-gay discrimination
Since 2007
Cook Islands (Part of the Realm of New Zealand )
Male illegal Penalty: 5-14 years imprisonment (Not enforced). Legalization pending[657] Female legal + UN decl. sign.[58]
New Zealand responsible for defence
Bans some anti-gay discrimination[658]
French Polynesia (Overseas collectivity of France )
Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity has ever existed in the collectivity) + UN decl. sign.[58]
Since 2013
Legal since 2013
Legal since 2013
France responsible for defence
Bans all anti-gay discrimination
Under French law
Niue (Part of the Realm of New Zealand )
Legal since 2007 + UN decl. sign.[58]
New Zealand responsible for defence
Pitcairn Islands (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom )
Legal since 2001 + UN decl. sign.[58]
Since 2015
Legal since 2015[659]
Legal since 2015[660]
UK responsible for defence
Constitutional ban on all anti-gay discrimination[661]
Samoa
Male illegal Penalty: 5-7 years imprisonment (Not enforced). Female always legal + UN decl. sign.[58]
Has no military
Bans some anti-gay discrimination[662]
Samoa has a large transgender or "third-gender" community called the fa'afafine . They are a recognized part of traditional Samoan customs.
Tokelau (Part of the Realm of New Zealand )
Legal since 2007 + UN decl. sign.[58]
New Zealand responsible for defence
Tonga
Male illegal Penalty: Up to 10 years imprisonment (Not enforced). Female always legal[58]
Tuvalu
Male illegal Penalty: Up to 14 years imprisonment (Not enforced). Female legal + UN decl. sign.[58]
Has no military
Wallis and Futuna (Overseas collectivity of France )
Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity has ever existed in the collectivity) + UN decl. sign.[58]
Civil solidarity pact since 2009
Legal since 2013
Legal since 2013
France responsible for defence
Bans all anti-gay discrimination
Under French law
See also
Notes
^ Legal nationwide, except the provinces of Aceh and for Muslims in the city of Palembang in South Sumatra .
^ In January 2019, a lower administrative court in Warsaw ruled that the language in Article 18 of the Constitution does not explicitly ban same-sex marriage.[422] The justification of the ruling regarding the meaning of Article 18 is not binding. The sentence is binding only on the parties in the proceedings.[423]
References
^ Julia Goicichea (16 August 2017). "Why New York City Is a Major Destination for LGBT Travelers" . The Culture Trip. Retrieved 2 February 2019 .
^ Eli Rosenberg (24 June 2016). "Stonewall Inn Named National Monument, a First for the Gay Rights Movement" . The New York Times . Retrieved 25 June 2016 .
^ "Workforce Diversity The Stonewall Inn, National Historic Landmark National Register Number: 99000562" . National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved 21 April 2016 .
^ "Brunei not the only place LGBTQI can be killed for who they love" . The New Daily . 4 April 2019.
^ Jill Dougherty (17 June 2011). "U.N. council passes gay rights resolution" . CNN . Retrieved 20 September 2018 .
^ "UN issues first report on human rights of gay and lesbian people" . United Nations . 15 December 2011. Retrieved 20 September 2018 .
^ Percy, William A. (1996). Pederasty and Pedagogy in Archaic Greece . University of Illinois Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-252-06740-2 . Retrieved 18 September 2009 .
^ a b c Rankin, David; Ranking, H.D. (1996). Celts and the Classical World . Psychology Press. pp. 55 and 78. ISBN 978-0-4151-5090-3 .
^ Tritiya-Prakriti: People of the Third Sex, p. 40
^ "What went wrong for gays in India?" . 19 March 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2015 .
^ Jeffrey S. Siker, p.10, Homosexuality and Religion: An Encyclopedia
^ Ruth Vanita, p. 27 Same-Sex Love in India: Readings from Literature and History
^ Ruth Vanita, p. 27 Encyclopedia of Love in World Religions, Volume 1
^ Giti Thadani, p. 27 Encyclopedia of Love in World Religions, Volume 1
^ p. 50-51, Sexual Diversity in Asia, c. 600 - 1950 , edited by Raquel A.G. Reyes, William Gervase Clarence-Smith
^ Same-Sex Love in India , edited by Ruth Vanita
^ p. 32, Love’s Rite: Same-Sex Marriage in India and the West , by Ruth Vanita
^ Same-Sex Love in India , edited by Ruth Vanita
^ Pramod K. Nayar, p. 180-181 Literature: An Introduction
^ a b Homoeroticism in the Biblical World: A Historical Perspective, by Martti Nissinen, Fortress Press, 2004, p. 24–28
^ The Origins and Role of Same-Sex Relations in Human Societies, by James Neill, McFarland, 27 Oct 2008, p.83
^ Greenberg, David F. (15 August 1990). The Construction of Homosexuality . University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226306285 – via Google Books.
^ "Homosexuality in the Ancient Near East, beyond Egypt by Bruce Gerig in the Ancient Near East, beyond Egypt" . epistle.us .
^ Pritchard, p. 181.
^ Gay Rights Or Wrongs: A Christian's Guide to Homosexual Issues and Ministry, by Mike Mazzalonga, 1996, p.11
^ Halsall, Paul. "The Code of the Assura" . Internet History Sourcebooks Project . Fordham University . Archived from the original on 11 September 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2015 .
^ The Nature Of Homosexuality, Erik Holland, page 334, 2004
^ Wilhelm, Amara Das (18 May 2010). Tritiya-Prakriti: People of the Third Sex . ISBN 9781453503164 .
^ G. R. Driver and J. C. Miles, The Assyrian Laws (Oxford, Clarendon Press [1935]), 71.
^ Eva Cantarella , Bisexuality in the Ancient World (Yale University Press, 1992, 2002, originally published 1988 in Italian), p. xi; Marilyn B. Skinner, introduction to Roman Sexualities (Princeton University Press, 1997), p. 11.
^ Thomas A.J. McGinn, Prostitution, Sexuality and the Law in Ancient Rome (Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 326.
^ Catharine Edwards, "Unspeakable Professions: Public Performance and Prostitution in Ancient Rome," in Roman Sexualities , pp. 67–68.
^ Amy Richlin, The Garden of Priapus: Sexuality and Aggression in Roman Humor (Oxford University Press, 1983, 1992), p. 225, and "Not before Homosexuality: The Materiality of the cinaedus and the Roman Law against Love between Men," Journal of the History of Sexuality 3.4 (1993), p. 525.
^ Plutarch , Moralia 288a; Thomas Habinek, "The Invention of Sexuality in the World-City of Rome," in The Roman Cultural Revolution (Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 39; Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," pp. 545–546. Scholars disagree as to whether the Lex Scantinia imposed the death penalty or a hefty fine.
^ Craig Williams, Roman Homosexuality (Oxford University Press, 1999, 2010), p. 304, citing Saara Lilja, Homosexuality in Republican and Augustan Rome (Societas Scientiarum Fennica, 1983), p. 122.
^ Williams, Roman Homosexuality , pp. 214–215; Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," passim .
^ Catharine Edwards, The Politics of Immorality in Ancient Rome (Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp. 63–64.
^ As recorded in a fragment of the speech De Re Floria by Cato the Elder (frg. 57 Jordan = Aulus Gellius 9.12.7), noted and discussed by Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," p. 561.
^ Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," pp. 562–563. See also Digest 48.5.35 [34] on legal definitions of rape that included boys.
^ Under the Lex Aquilia . See McGinn, Prostitution, Sexuality, and the Law in Ancient Rome , p. 314.
^ McGinn, Prostitution, Sexuality and the Law in Ancient Rome , p. 40.
^ Sara Elise Phang, Roman Military Service: Ideologies of Discipline in the Late Republic and Early Principate (Cambridge University Press, 2008), p. 93.
^ Polybius , Histories 6.37.9 (translated as bastinado ).
^ Phang, The Marriage of Roman Soldiers , pp. 280–285.
^ Phang, The Marriage of Roman Soldiers , p. 3.
^ Williams, Roman Homosexuality , p. 112 et passim .
^ Phang, The Marriage of Roman Soldiers , pp. 285–292.
^ Juvenal, Satire 2; Williams, Roman Homosexuality , p. 28.
^ Suetonius Life of Nero 28–29; Williams, Roman Homosexuality , p. 279ff.
^ Michael Groneberg, "Reasons for Homophobia: Three Types of Explanation," in Combatting Homophobia: Experiences and Analyses Pertinent to Education (LIT Verlag, 2011), p. 193.
^ Codex Theodosianus 9.7.3 (4 December 342), introduced by the sons of Constantine in 342.
^ Groneberg, "Reasons for Homophobia," p. 193.
^ Evans-Pritchard, E. E. (1970). "Sexual Inversion among the Azande". American Anthropologist . New Series. 72 (6): 1428–1434. doi :10.1525/aa.1970.72.6.02a00170 .
^ Leupp, Gary P. (1999). Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan . University of California Press. pp. 53–54. ISBN 978-0-520-20909-1 .
^ Murray, Stephen (ed.) ; Roscoe, Will (ed.) (1998). Boy Wives and Female Husbands: Studies of African Homosexualities . New York: St. Martin's Press . ISBN 978-0-312-23829-2 .CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link )
^ Herdt, Gilbert H. (1984), Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia , University of California Press, pp. 128–136, ISBN 978-0-520-08096-6
^ In the Russian law "for the Purpose of Protecting Children from Information Advocating for a Denial of Traditional Family Values ", foreigners may be arrested and detained for up to 15 days then deported, or fined up to 5,000 rubles and deported.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs ft fu fv fw fx fy fz ga gb gc gd ge gf gg gh gi gj gk gl gm gn go gp gq gr gs gt gu gv gw gx gy gz ha hb hc hd he hf hg hh hi hj hk hl hm hn ho hp hq hr hs ht hu hv hw hx hy hz ia ib ic id ie if ig ih ii ij ik il im in io ip "State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition" (PDF) . International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association . 17 May 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2016 .
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Where is it illegal to be gay? - BBC News" . Bbc.com. Retrieved 29 September 2015 .
^ a b c d e f g h i j Galán, José Ignacio Pichardo. "Same-sex couples in Spain. Historical, contextual and symbolic factors" (PDF) . Institut national d'études démographiques. Retrieved 30 December 2012 .
^ "Spain approves liberal gay marriage law" . St. Petersburg Times . 1 July 2005. Retrieved 8 January 2007 .
^ "Spain - Intercountry Adoption" . travel.state.gov .
^ (in Spanish) Boletín Oficial del Estado Ley 14/2006, de 26 de mayo, sobre técnicas de reproducción humana asistida (see Article 7)
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag "ILGA-Europe" (PDF) . ilga-europe.org .
^ a b c (in Spanish) Ley 3/2007, de 15 de marzo, reguladora de la rectificación registral de la mención relativa al sexo de las personas
^ (in Spanish) Reglamento regulador del Registro de Uniones de Hecho
^ a b "Spain approves liberal gay marriage law" . St. Petersburg Times . 1 July 2005. Retrieved 8 January 2007 .
^ a b "Adoption in Spain" . Intercountry Adoption. Retrieved 18 October 2015 .
^ a b c d e f g h "ILGA-Europe" . ilga-europe.org .
^ "Egypt (Law) - ILGA" . ilga.org . ILGA . Archived from the original on 11 July 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2015 .
^ "Libyan 'Gay' Men Face Torture, Death By Militia: Report (GRAPHIC)" . 26 November 2012 – via Huff Post.
^ "The situation of homosexuals in Libya is getting worse" .
^ (in Portuguese) Law no. 7/2001, from 11 May (specifically Article 1, no. 1).
^ (in Portuguese) AR altera lei das uniões de facto
^ Law no. 9/2010, from 30th May .
^ (in Portuguese) Lei 17/2016 de 20 de junho
^ (in Portuguese) Lei que alarga a procriação medicamente assistida publicada em Diário da República
^ (in Portuguese) Todas as mulheres com acesso à PMA a 1 de Agosto
^ "MEPs welcome new gender change law in Portugal; concerned about Lithuania - The European Parliament Intergroup on LGBTI Rights" . www.lgbt-ep.eu .
^ "REGLAMENTO REGULADOR DEL REGISTRO DE PAREJAS DE HECHO DE LA CIUDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MELILLA" [REGULATORY REGULATION OF THE REGISTER OF COUPLES IN FACT OF THE CIUDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MELILLA] (PDF) (in Spanish). 1 February 2008. Retrieved 23 May 2019 .
^ "Morocco (Law)" . ilga.org . ILGA . Archived from the original on 24 July 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2015 .
^ "Encyclopedia of Lesbian and Gay Histories and Cultures: An Encyclopedia. Gay histories and cultures. Vol. 2" . Taylor & Francis. 8 November 2017 – via Google Books.
^ "La junta de protección a la infancia de Barcelona: Aproximación histórica y guía de su archivo" (PDF) . Retrieved 20 January 2011 .
^ "Tunisia (Law)" . ilga.org . ILGA . Archived from the original on 4 July 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2015 .
^ "Tunisian presidential committee recommends decriminalizing homosexuality" . NBC News . Retrieved 19 June 2018 .
^ "Benin (Law)" . ilga.org . ILGA . Archived from the original on 3 July 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2015 .
^ "The Gambia passes bill imposing life sentences for some homosexual acts | World news" . The Guardian. Retrieved 29 September 2015 .
^ "Ghana (Law)" . ilga.org . ILGA . Archived from the original on 3 July 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2015 .
^ "LGBT Rights in Liberia - Equaldex" . www.equaldex.com .
^ "LGBT Rights in Mauritania - Equaldex" . www.equaldex.com .
^ "Nigeria (Law)" . ilga.org . ILGA . Archived from the original on 3 July 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2015 .
^ "Marriage (Ascension) Ordinance, 2016" (PDF) .
^ "This tiny island just passed same-sex marriage" .
^ "LGBT Rights in Senegal - Equaldex" . www.equaldex.com .
^ "Décret n° 160218 du 30 mars 2016 portant promulgation de la Constitution de la République centrafricaine" (PDF) . ilo.org .
^ "Everything you need to know about human rights. | Amnesty International" . Amnesty.org. 25 September 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2015 .
^ "Laws of Kenya ; The Constitution of Kenya" (PDF) . Kenyaembassy.com. Retrieved 29 September 2015 .
^ Gettleman, Jeffrey (8 November 2017). "David Kato, Gay Rights Activist, Is Killed in Uganda" – via www.nytimes.com.
^ "LGBT Rights in Eritrea - Equaldex" . www.equaldex.com .
^ a b Noor Ali (7 July 2013). "Gay Somali refugees face death threats" . www.aljazeera.com .
^ "LGBT Rights in Comoros - Equaldex" . www.equaldex.com .
^ "The Sexual Offences Bill" (PDF) . mauritiusassembly.govmu.org . Government of Mauritius . 6 April 2007. Retrieved 18 October 2015 .
^ "LGBT Rights in Mauritius - Equaldex" . www.equaldex.com .
^ a b "Africa: Outspoken activists defend continent's sexual diversity - Norwegian Council for Africa" . Afrika.no. 6 August 2009. Retrieved 29 September 2015 .
^ "Equal Opportunities Act 2008" (PDF) . Ilo.org. Retrieved 29 September 2015 .
^ "Tiny African victory: Seychelles repeals ban on gay sex" . 18 May 2016.
^ https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/01/23/angola-decriminalizes-same-sex-conduct
^ "Employment & labour law in Angola" . Lexology. 15 September 2015.
^ Transgender Rights in Angola
^ https://edition.cnn.com/2019/06/11/africa/botswana-lgbtq-ruling-intl/index.html
^ Press Release: Botswana High Court Rules in Landmark Gender Identity Case
^ Transgender Rights in Lesotho
^ "Where is it illegal to be gay?" . 10 February 2014 – via www.bbc.com.
^ "Malawi suspends anti-gay laws as MPs debate repeal | World news" . The Guardian. Retrieved 29 September 2015 .
^ "Mozambique Gay Rights Group Wants Explicit Constitutional Protections | Care2 Causes" . Care2.com. 3 March 2011. Retrieved 29 September 2015 .
^ "Homosexuality Decriminalised in Mozambique" . Kuchu Times. 1 June 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2015 .
^ https://www.namibiansun.com/news/sodomy-laws-days-numbered-geingos2019-06-13/
^ "Namibia" . State.gov. 4 March 2002. Retrieved 29 September 2015 .
^ "Namibia" . Lgbtnet.dk. Retrieved 29 September 2015 .
^ Transgender Rights in Namibia
^ Simpson, Lisa (28 February 2018). "House: Three more months of same-sex marriage" . The Royal Gazette . Archived from the original on 28 February 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2018 .
^ [1]
^ Johnson, Ayo (15 June 2013). "MPs approve historic Human Rights Act changes" . The Royal Gazette . Retrieved 15 June 2013 .
^ "Criminal Code (R.S., 1985, c. C-46), Section 159, Subsection (1)" . Department of Justice Canada. 21 May 2010.
^ Anonymous (27 November 2017). "Law Reform (2000) Act" .
^ "An Act instituting civil unions and establishing new rules of filiation" (PDF) .
^ "Alberta: Adult Interdependent Relationships" . Legal Resource Center of Alberta . 2006. Retrieved 28 July 2007 .
^ Justice, Manitoba. "Manitoba Laws" . web2.gov.mb.ca .
^ "LOI CONCERNANT CERTAINES CONDITIONS DE FOND DU MARIAGE CIVIL" (PDF) .
^ Status differs in provinces and territories:
^ "Canadian Armed Forces" . The Canadian Lesbian & Gay Archives . Retrieved 30 September 2010 .
^ Northwest Territories Human Rights Act , S.N.W.T. 2002, c.18. Section 5.
^ "Ontario passes law to protect transgender people" . CBC News . 13 June 2012. Retrieved 13 June 2012 .
^ Services, Ministry of Citizens. "Change Your Personal Information - Province of British Columbia" . www2.gov.bc.ca .
^ "Manitoba Vital Statistics Agency - Province of Manitoba" .
^ "1995-96 - L 162 (oversigt): Forslag til lov om ændring af kriminalloven og arveloven for Grønland. (Ændringer som følge af indførelse af registreret partnerskab)" (in Danish). Webarkiv.dk. Retrieved 14 September 2012 .
^ (in Danish) Anordning om ikrafttræden for Grønland af lov om ændring af lov om registreret partnerskab m.v.
^ ksv. "Folketinget - L 122 - 2014-15 (1. samling)Om forældreansvarslovgivningen og lovgivningen om ægteskab mellem to personer af samme køn" . www.folketingstidende.dk .
^ (in Spanish) Leopoldo Ramos (11 January 2007). "Aprueba Coahuila la figura del pacto civil de solidaridad" . La Jornada. Retrieved 15 February 2014 .
^ (in Spanish) Pedro Zamora Briseño (29 July 2013). "Aprueba Colima "enlace conyugal" entre parejas del mismo sexo" . Proceso. Retrieved 15 February 2014 .
^ "Legalizan bodas gays en Campeche" . 23 December 2013.
^ (in Spanish) "Jalisco avala Ley de Libre Convivencia para regular parejas del mismo sexo" . CNN México. 31 October 2013. Retrieved 15 February 2014 .
^ a b David Agren (10 August 2010). "Mexican States Ordered to Honor Gay Marriages" . New York Times. Retrieved 11 August 2010 .
^ (in Spanish) Varillas, Adriana (3 May 2012). "Revocan anulación de bodas gay en QRoo" . El Universal . Retrieved 15 February 2014 .
^ (in Spanish) Mauricio Torres (14 November 2013). "Senadores proponen legalizar el matrimonio gay en todo México" . CNN México. Retrieved 15 February 2014 .
^ (in Spanish) "Propone Fernando Mayans Canabal reconocer el matrimonio sin distinción de preferencia sexual" . Senado de México. 20 November 2013. Retrieved 15 February 2014 .
^ Summers, Claude (6 June 2015). "Mexico's Supreme Court Effectively Legalizes Same-Sex Marriage Nationwide" . Retrieved 15 June 2015 .
^ "SCJN abre la puerta a matrimonio gay en todo el país" (in Spanish). Mexico City, Mexico: La Journada. 12 June 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015 .
^ "Suprema Corte ampara matrimonio igualitario" (in Spanish). Mexico: Animal Politico. 13 June 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015 .
^ Associated Press (4 March 2010). "Mexico City's gay marriage law takes effect" . MSNBC. Retrieved 6 March 2010 .
^ (in Spanish) Jesús Castro (12 February 2014). "Ya pueden parejas gay adoptar en Coahuila; PAN vota en contra" . Vanguardia. Retrieved 12 February 2014 .
^ "Intercountry Adoption: Mexico" . Office of Children Issues, U.S. Dept. of State. November 2009.
^ https://sanluispotosi.quadratin.com.mx/justicia/comunidad-lgbttti-se-prepara-para-la-adopcion/
^ http://desdeabajo.mx/2019/06/a-partir-de-hoy-matrimonio-igualitario-es-oficial/
^ International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission (IGLHRC) (23 April 2003). "Mexico protects its gay and lesbian citizens with new law" . Retrieved 27 November 2009 .
^ International Lesbian and Gay Association (ILGA) Trans (29 August 2008). "Mexico City extends official rights to transgender individuals" . Retrieved 27 November 2009 .
^ Mexico, Protocol of Action for Those Who Impart Justice in Cases that Involve Sexual Orientation or Gender Identity (PDF) (in Spanish). Mexico City: Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation. August 2014. ISBN 978-607-96207-3-8 . Retrieved 17 June 2015 .
^ a b c d e f (in French) Loi n° 99-944 du 15 novembre 1999 relative au pacte civil de solidarité
^ a b c d e f Vignal, Francois (15 April 2013). "Mariage pour tous : le détail du vote au Sénat" (in French). Public Senat. Retrieved 27 October 2013 .
^ a b c d e f "France" . travel.state.gov .
^ a b c d e f "France: Transsexualism will no longer be classified as a mental illness in France / News / Welcome to the ILGA Trans Secretariat / Trans / ilga - ILGA" . Trans.ilga.org. 16 May 2009. Retrieved 21 November 2013 .
^ "California Family Code Section 299.2" . Onecle.
^ "CitizenLink: Amendment Would Mean No Money to D.C. Domestic-Partner Registry" . Family Policy Alliance .
^ "Summary" . www.mainelegislature.org .
^ "Oregon Registered Domestic Partners" (PDF) . State of Oregon. Retrieved 11 December 2012 .
^ "Senate Bill 566" .
^ "Nevada legalizing domestic partnerships" . CNN. 31 May 2009. Retrieved 4 November 2009 .
^ "New Jersey Public Law 2006, c.103" (PDF) . New Jersey Legislature. 2006. Retrieved 31 July 2007 .
^ Wayne, Kevin. "Illinois House passes civil unions legislation in historic vote" .
^ Huffington Post: Mark Niesse, "Hawaii Governor Neil Abercrombie Signs Same-Sex Civil Unions Into Law," February 23, 2011 , accessed April 13, 2011
^ "Votes for SB13-011" (PDF) .
^ Wolf, Richard (26 June 2015). "Supreme Court strikes down bans on same-sex marriage" . USA Today . Retrieved 26 June 2015 .
^ a b c d Liptak, Adam (26 June 2015). "Gay Marriage Backers Win Supreme Court Victory" . nytimes.com . Retrieved 26 June 2015 .
^ a b c d e f g "In 60 days, gays will be allowed to serve openly in the military" . CNN . 23 July 2011.
^ "Trump: Transgender people 'can't serve' in US military" . bbc.com. 26 July 2017.
^ "Judge rules transgender people can enlist in military, denying Trump bid to delay deadline" . The Washington Post . 11 December 2017.
^ a b c "Beginning today, transgender individuals can join the US military" . ABC News . 1 January 2018.
^ Geidner, Chris (23 April 2012). "Transgender Breakthrough" . Metro Weekly . Retrieved 4 August 2012 .
^ "HHS Says Antitransgender Discrimination Illegal Under Health Reform Law" . 6 August 2012.
^ "Belize Supreme Court Overturns Anti-Gay Law" .
^ "Chapter 4 of the Laws of Belize - THE CONSTITUTION OF BELIZE PART II: Protection of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms" . Belmopan, Belize: The Government of Belize. 1981. Archived from the original on 21 August 2013. Retrieved 10 August 2016 .
^ Littauer, Dan (10 August 2016). "Love wins! Belize anti-gay law struck down" . Scotland: KaleidoScot. Retrieved 10 August 2016 .
^ "Supreme Court declares Section 53 unconstitutional" . Port of Spain, Trinidad: Daily Express. Cana News. 10 August 2016. Retrieved 10 August 2016 .
^ "Transgender Culture in Belize" . unibam.org . United Belize Advocacy Movement (UNIBAM). Retrieved 16 October 2016 .
^ "CCSS aprobó extender seguro de salud a parejas gais" .
^ "Costa Rica Government To Prioritize Bill Legalizing Gay Civil Unions" . ticotimes.net . 19 March 2015.
^ "Costa Rica" . travel.state.gov .
^ "Transgender Population in Costa Rica Will be Able to Choose the Name Shown in Their ID" . Costa Rica Star News . 14 May 2018. Retrieved 15 May 2018 .
^ a b Asociación Salvadoreña de Derechos Humanos “Entre Amigos” (2010). HUMAN RIGHTS SITUATION OF LESBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL AND TRANSGENDER PERSONS IN EL SALVADOR: Shadow Report submitted to the United Nations Human Rights Committee (PDF) . San Salvador.
^ "Consulta Nacional sobre realidades LGBTI en El Salvador" . Dirección de Diversidad Sexual (in Spanish). 2012.
^ "El Salvador: la Corte Suprema reconoce la identidad de género de una persona trans" . NODAL (in Spanish). 10 May 2017. Retrieved 16 May 2017 .
^ Press, SONIA PEREZ D., Associated (31 July 2016). "In socially conservative Guatemala, transgender people sees gains" .
^ (in Spanish) CONSTITUCION POLITICA DE LA REPUBLICA DE HONDURAS DE 1982
^ "Honduras Bans Gay Marriage & Adoption" . Global Gayz. 30 March 2005. Retrieved 12 August 2009 .
^ "" DECRETO 144-83" CÓDIGO PENAL" (PDF) .
^ "Ley No. 16 Que regula el derecho de admisión en los establecimientos públicos y Dicta medidas para evitar la discriminación" (PDF) . Retrieved 16 May 2017 .
^ Diario, El Nuevo. "Buscan que orientación sexual e identidad género sean reconocidos en Panamá" .
^ "Transexuales panameños tramitan cédulas de mujer" .
^ "Por primera vez, una transexual logra en Panamá cambiar su nombre en la cédula" . El Espectador (in Spanish). Retrieved 1 August 2016 .
^ Press, Associated (10 September 2016). "Aruba Parliament approves civil unions for same-sex couples" .
^ a b c "Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands" (in Dutch). Government of the Netherlands . 10 October 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2010 .
^ Waaldijk, Kees. "Major legal consequences of marriage, cohabitation and registered partnership for different-sex and same-sex partners in the Netherlands" (PDF) . INED. Retrieved 27 October 2013 .
^ "Gay Marriage Goes Dutch" . CBS News. Associated Press. 1 April 2001. Retrieved 21 January 2010 .
^ a b c "Burgerlijk Wetboek, Boek 1 (Civil Code, Book 1)" . Government of the Netherlands . Retrieved 19 April 2013 .
^ The Virgin Islands Constitution Order 2007 , sections 9 and 26.
^ https://www.cubanet.org/noticias/nuevo-codigo-familia-cuba-se-sometera-votacion-popular/
^ "LGBT MILITARY PERSONNEL A STRATEGIC VISION FOR INCLUSION" (PDF) . The Hague Center for Strategic Studies .
^ Gaceta Oficial No. 29 Extraordinaria de 17 de junio de 2014
^ (in Spanish) Entra en vigor nuevo Código de Trabajo
^ [2]
^ "Cuba approves sex change operations", Reuters , 6 June 2008
^ (in Spanish) Constitución Política de la República Dominicana, proclamada el 26 de enero 2010, Publicada en la Gaceta Oficial No. 10561, del 26 de enero de 2010.
^ "Dominican Republic reiterates ban on gay cops and soldiers" . gaystarnews.com .
^ "The Montserrat Constitution Order 2010" . Government of Montserrat . Retrieved 15 July 2014 .
^ "Constitution of Montserrat Part I: Fundamental Rights & Freedoms" . Government of Montserrat . Retrieved 15 July 2014 .
^ "Puerto Rico to amend laws after US ruling on gay marriage" .
^ Waaldijk, Kees. "Major legal consequences of marriage, cohabitation and registered partnership for different-sex and same-sex partners in the Netherlands" (PDF) . INED. Retrieved 27 October 2013 .
^ "Gay Marriage Goes Dutch" . CBS News. Associated Press. 1 April 2001. Retrieved 21 January 2010 .
^ Waaldijk, Kees. "Major legal consequences of marriage, cohabitation and registered partnership for different-sex and same-sex partners in the Netherlands" (PDF) . INED. Retrieved 27 October 2013 .
^ "Gay Marriage Goes Dutch" . CBS News. Associated Press. 1 April 2001. Retrieved 21 January 2010 .
^ Loutoo, Jada (12 April 2018). "Historic ruling on Sexual Offences Act" . Port of Spain, Trinidad: Trinidad and Tobago Newsday . Archived from the original on 12 April 2018. Retrieved 12 April 2018 .
^ "The Turks and Caicos Islands Constitution Order 2011" (PDF) . Government of the Turks and Caicos Islands. Retrieved 15 July 2014 .
^ "Ley 1.004" . Buenos Aires Ciudad (in Spanish).
^ "Ley 3.736" . Legislatura de la Provincia de Río Negro (in Spanish).
^ "Ley 26.994 Código Civil y Comercial de la Nación" . InfoLEG (in Spanish).
^ "Ley 26.618" . InfoLEG (in Spanish).
^ Smink, Veronica (28 February 2009). "Argentina: abren paso a gays en FF.AA" . BBC Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 July 2017 .
^ "Ley 26.791" . InfoLEG (in Spanish).
^ Ruchansky, Emilio (10 May 2012). "Una norma de vanguardia" . Página/12 (in Spanish).
^ "Constitution of Bolivia" (PDF) . presidencia.gob.bo .
^ "Acuerdo de Vida en Familia busca legalizar la unión de parejas TLGB - Diario Pagina Siete" .
^ "Constitución Política del Estado (CPE) (7-Febrero-2009)" (in Spanish). Infoleyes. Retrieved 15 September 2012 .
^ "Travel Advisor" . travel.state.gov .
^ [3] [dead link ]
^ "Fuerzas Armadas de Bolivia abren sus puertas a los gays" . confluenciafm.com.ar .
^ "Militares gay, entre la discriminación y la clandestinidad en FFAA de Bolivia" (in Spanish). Retrieved 2 September 2016 .
^ lgc-DB, teleSUR /. "Bolivia Approves Progressive Law Recognizing Transgender Rights" .
^ http://www.cne.org.bo/proces_electoral/RefConstitucion2009/documentos/LibroConsvigenteProyectoCPE.pdf Constitución Política del Estado
^ "' Soy el primero en Latinoamérica en cambiar de nombre y sexo' - La Razón" . www.la-razon.com .
^ "En Bolivia, seis transexuales lograron cambiar de identidad - Diario Pagina Siete" .
^ "Brazilian go-ahead for gay unions" . 5 March 2004 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
^ {{cite web|url=http://www.stf.jus.br/portal/cms/verNoticiaDetalhe.asp?idConteudo=178931%7Ctitle=Notícias STF :: STF - Supremo Tribunal [[image|website=www.stf.jus.br}}
^ "CNJ obriga cartórios de todo o país a celebrar casamento entre gays" .
^ "CNJ obriga cartórios a celebrar casamento entre homossexuais - Brasil - Estadão" .
^ "Casal homossexual pode adotar criança, decide STJ" . www.athosgls.com.br .
^ (in Portuguese) Patricia Silva Gadelha (March 2006). "A prática da pederastia é crime militar" . Jus Navigandi. Archived from the original on 11 August 2013. Retrieved 10 September 2013 .
^ G1 - O portal de notícias da Globo, STF permite criminalização da homofobia , 17 June 2019
^ Homosexuality is not deviant - Federal Council of Psychologists of Brazil (in Portuguese)
^ Psychiatrist Jairo Bouer talks about the "collateral effects" of "gay cure" bill (in Portuguese)
^ Expresso da Notícia (13 January 2006). "Justiça autoriza alteração no registro de transexual que trocou de sexo" (in Portuguese). Jus Brasil. Retrieved 1 January 2010 .
^ Expresso da Notícia (25 December 2005). "Justica autoriza mudança de sexo em documentos" (in Portuguese). Jus Brasil. Retrieved 1 January 2010 .
^ Changing name and sex in documentation – Brazilian Association of Trans Men (in Portuguese)
^ "LEY-20830 21-ABR-2015 MINISTERIO SECRETARIA GENERAL DE GOBIERNO - Ley Chile - Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional" . 21 April 2015.
^ Ramos, Ángel. "El proyecto de ley de matrimonio igualitario llega al Parlamento de Chile" . cascaraamarga.es .
^ Ramos, Ángel. "El proyecto de ley de matrimonio igualitario llega al Parlamento de Chile" .
^ (in Spanish) Claudio Ortiz Lazo. "Reflexiones en torno a la homosexualidad y fuerzas armadas" . Revista Fuerzas Armadas y Sociedad. Retrieved 21 April 2012 .
^ "Chile Congress passes anti-discrimination law" . Jurist.org . 5 April 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2012 .
^ [4]
^ "Consulta de la Norma" . www.alcaldiabogota.gov.co .
^ Semana. "Resultados de la búsqueda: corte constitucional permite matrimonio igualitario" . Resultados de la búsqueda corte constitucional permite matrimonio igualitario .
^ "Histórico fallo: Corte aprueba adopción de niña a compañera lesbiana de su madre biológica" .(in Spanish)
^ "Colombia High Court Rules for Adoptions by Same-Sex Couples" .
^ "Este miércoles el presidente Santos sanciona ley antidiscriminación" . ElTiempo.com . 29 November 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2011 .(in Spanish)
^ "" Cambio de género en la cédula será ágil y simple": Minjusticia - ELESPECTADOR.COM" . 6 June 2015.
^ "Constitution of Ecuador" (PDF) . ecuadorencifras.gob.ec .
^ "LEY REFORMATORIA AL CÓDIGO CIVIL" (PDF) .
^ https://www.france24.com/en/20190613-ecuador-highest-court-approves-same-sex-marriage
^ "Ecuador" . travel.state.gov .
^ OAS (1 August 2009). "OAS - Organization of American States: Democracy for peace, security, and development" . www.oas.org .
^ Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador, Political Database of the Americas , 31 January 2011
^ "Official Registrar" (PDF) . asambleanacional.gob.ec .
^ ns-DB-gp, teleSUR /. "Ecuadorean Lawmakers Approve New Gender Identity Law" .
^ "The Bay Area Reporter Online - Trans activist files case against Ecuador" .
^ a b "Executive Council Papers" . www.fig.gov.fk .
^ "The Falkland Islands Constitution Order 2008" (PDF) .
^ "Homosexuals can adopt, be foster parents, guardians – CPA Director" . 16 December 2015.
^ "Army won't discriminate against its gay soldiers", The Daily Herald , 21 November 2012
^ "Constitución del Paraguay, 1992" . www.oas.org .
^ "Paraguay – Constitution" . Retrieved 15 October 2010 .
^ "Diputados rechazan ley que prohíbe ingreso de homosexuales a FFAA" . www.paraguay.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 1 March 2017 .
^ "Perú: Alberto de Belaunde y Carlos Bruce presentaron proyecto de ley sobre unión civil" . Sin Etiquetas (in Spanish). 1 December 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2017 .
^ "El Tribunal Constitucional de Perú considera que no se puede excluir de la Polícia o el Ejército a las personas homosexuales" . Dos Manzanas . 13 December 2009. Retrieved 30 September 2010 .
^ "Código Penal peruano 2018 actualizado" . Legis.pe (in Spanish). 3 June 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2018 .
^ "Peruvian Congress Votes to Remove LGBT from Hate Crime Legislation" . The Perchy Bird . 6 May 2017. Retrieved 10 May 2017 .
^ (in Spanish) "Peruvian Penal Code" (PDF) . Retrieved 8 October 2015 .
^ "Peru lags behind other Latin American countries on LGBT rights" . 18 September 2014.
^ "Finalmente se aprobó la ley contra crímenes de odio y discriminación por orientación sexual" . Útero.Pe (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 January 2017 .
^ "TC reconoce derecho de transexuales a pedir cambio de nombre y sexo en DNI" . larepublica.pe (in Spanish). 8 November 2016.
^ "Sex reassignment surgery in Peru" . Streets of Lima. Retrieved 15 October 2015 .
^ a b "Local laws and customs - South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands (British Overseas Territory) travel advice - GOV.UK" . www.gov.uk .
^ "Wetboek van Strafrecht 2015" (PDF) (in Dutch). Retrieved 1 January 2017 .
^ "Transgender wins case for sex change recognition" . thedailyherald.sx . Retrieved 13 January 2017 .
^ "Suriname appeals transgender verdict" . www.thedailyherald.sx .
^ "Ley Nº 18.246 UNIÓN CONCUBINARIA" .
^ "Document" (PDF) . archivo.presidencia.gub.uy .
^ Reuters (9 September 2009). "Lawmakers in Uruguay Vote to Allow Gay Couples to Adopt" . New York Times. Retrieved 1 January 2010 .
^ Rachel Weiner (15 May 2009). "Uruguay Lifts Ban On Gays In The Military" . Huffington Post. Retrieved 1 January 2010 .
^ (in Spanish) Congress of Uruguay (18 August 2004). "Ley N° 17.817" . Retrieved 1 January 2010 .
^ Free Speech Radio News (11 December 2009). "Uruguay passes bill to allow citizens to choose gender identity" . Retrieved 1 January 2010 .
^ "Venezuela activists petition for same-sex marriage" . 31 January 2014. Retrieved 1 February 2014 .
^ "Kyrgyz Voters Back Amendments On Same-Sex Marriage, Presidential Power" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . 11 December 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2017 .
^ Kyrgyzstan’s Transgender Advocates Call for Right to Change Gender in Passports
^ a b c Masci, David (11 February 2014). "Gay rights in Russia and the former Soviet republics" . Pew Research Center . Retrieved 11 December 2016 .
^ Transgender in Tajikistan
^ "Employment (Equality) Ordinance 2013" (PDF) . sbaadministration.org .
^ "Referendum in Armenia brings constitutional reforms - ILGA-Europe" . www.ilga-europe.org .
^ "Armenia Central Electoral Commission announces constitutional referendum final results" . news.am .
^ Avery, Dan (2017). "Armenia recognizes gay marriages" . newnownext.com .
^ "Armenia: Gays live with threats of violence, abuse" . United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 30 March 2010. Retrieved 8 June 2012 .
^ "CONSTITUTION - MFA NKR" . nkr.am .
^ "ILGA-Europe" (PDF) . ilga-europe.org .
^ "LAW OF GEORGIA ON THE ELIMINATION OF All FORMS OF DISCRIMINATION" . matsne.gov.ge .
^ a b c d e f "Map shows how Europe forces trans people to be sterilized" . Gay Star News .
^ "Kazakhstan Says No to Gays in Military" . Eurasianet . 13 June 2013. Retrieved 1 July 2012 .
^ a b "Northern Cyprus Decriminalizes Homosexuality and Protects LGBTs Against Hate Speech" . kaosgl.com .
^ a b (in Turkish) Kuzey Kıbrıs’ın “Eşcinsellik Suçu” Yasası Tarihe Karıştı!
^ "Russian Gay History" . community.middlebury.edu .
^ "Campaign started to declare gay marriage unconstitutional" . RT. Retrieved 3 April 2014 .
^ a b "Turkey's main opposition proposed labor bill for LGBT people" . www.kaosgl.com . 2 March 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2017 .
^ Can, İ.Özgür; Demiroğlu, Zehra; Köker, Murat; Ulaş, Halis; Salaçin, Serpil (28 January 2011). "Legal Aspects of Gender Reassignment Surgery in Turkey". Indian Journal of Gender Studies . Sage Publishing. 18 : 77–88. doi :10.1177/097152151001800104 .
^ "Report: 14-year-old gay boy hanged in Iran" . mambaonline.com. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 19 October 2017 .
^ "CBC News - Film - Iran's gay plan" . Cbc.ca. 26 August 2008. Retrieved 5 September 2010 .
^ "Iraq: Sexual Orientation, Human Rights and the Law" . www.glapn.org .
^ Erez Levon (January 2008). National Discord: Language, Sexuality and the Politics of Belonging in Israel . p. 45–46. ISBN 9780549582427 . This amendment to the penal code entailed a de jure decriminalization of sodomy since, in 1963, the Israeli Supreme Court had already issued a de facto decriminalization, ruling that the anti-sodomy law (which dated back to the British Mandate of Palestine; Mandatory Criminal Ordinance of 1936 ) could not be prosecuted (Yosef Ben-Ami vs. The Attorney General of Israel , 224/63).
^ "LGBTQ Timeline" (PDF) . ua.edu .
^ In Complete Reversal, Israel Says It No Longer Opposes Same-sex Adoption
^ "Law prohibiting discrimination in products, services, and entry to businesses" (in Hebrew). Israeli Economy Ministry. Retrieved 9 May 2013 .
^ "El Al vs. Yonatan Danilovich" (in Hebrew). Supreme Court of Israel. Retrieved 9 May 2013 .
^ HOMOSEXUALITY, HUMAN DIGNITY & HALAKHAH: A COMBINED RESPONSUM FOR THE COMMITTEE ON JEWISH LAW AND STANDARDS by RABBIS ELLIOT N. DORFF, DANIEL S. NEVINS & AVRAM I. REISNER
^ Hovel, Revital (18 January 2015). "Israel recognizes sex changes without operation" . Haaretz . Supreme Court of Israel. Retrieved 23 January 2015 .
^ Aeyal Gross, Israel should drop binary view of gender , Haaretz, 16.09.13
^ "محكمة التمييز توافق على تغيير جنس مواطن اردني من ذكر الى انثى - دنيا الوطن" [The Court of Cassation agrees to change the gender of a Jordanian citizen from male to female]. alwatanvoice.com (in Arabic). 12 October 2014.
^ "Kuwait Law" . ilga.org .
^ Sycamore, Maximilian (4 February 2018). "Lebanese gay couple not prosecuted under 'order of nature' law" . washingtonblade.com .
^ "Lebanese judge grants trans man right to change gender" . washingtonblade.com . 16 January 2016. Retrieved 18 October 2018 .
^ a b "Here are the 10 countries where homosexuality may be punished by death" . The Washington Post. 16 June 2016. Retrieved 25 August 2017 .
^ "Syria - GlobalGayz News Archive" . archive.globalgayz.com .
^ "Sex-change surgery is now legal in the UAE" . stepfeed.com . 6 September 2016.
^ "Sex reassignment surgery is now legal in the United Arab Emirates" . gaystarnews.com . 8 September 2016.
^ "New law does not legalise sex change" .
^ "Bangladesh government makes Hijra an official gender option - Wikinews, the free news source" . Wikinews . 11 November 2013.
^ "Rights group cheers Bhutan's move forward legalizing gay sex" . Japan Times . 10 June 2019.
^ "India court legalises gay sex in landmark ruling" . BBC News . 6 September 2018.
^ France-Presse, Agence (11 January 2019). "' Not acceptable': Indian army backs gay sex ban despite decriminalisation" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 30 March 2019 .
^ Ghosh, Deepshikha (15 April 2014). "Transgenders are the 'third gender', rules Supreme Court" . NDTV.
^ https://www.law.upenn.edu/live/files/4203-maldives-penal-code-2014
^ [5] Freedom house 'Maldives 2009'. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
^ Michael K. Lavers (19 September 2015). "New Nepal constitution includes LGBT-specific protections" . Washington blade. Retrieved 23 July 2017 .
^ SC orders equal benefits for transvestites Archived 18 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine
^ "The battle against homophobia in Sri Lanka" . Supreme Court of Sri Lanka .
^ "Road to reform" . The Morning . 16 September 2018.
^ "What's at Stake for LGBT People as Sri Lanka Reforms Its Constitution" . www.worldpoliticsreview.com . Retrieved 17 August 2017 .
^ Rodrigo, Suren. "Draft Bill of Rights" . www.peaceinsrilanka.lk . Retrieved 17 August 2017 .
^ "IIssuance of gender recognition certification to enable transgender persons to change personal documentation" . hrcsl.lk . Retrieved 17 August 2017 .
^ "General circular No. 01-34/2016 Issuing of Gender Recognition Certificate for Transgender Community" (PDF) . Retrieved 17 August 2017 .
^ "Cap. 290 ADOPTION ORDINANCE" . Retrieved 30 June 2017 .
^ LGBT Rights in Japan Archived 2013-11-10 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Taiwan" . glbtq.com .
^ "同性伴侶跨區註記7月3日開放" . Up Media . 21 July 2017.
^ "Taiwan's top court rules in favour of same-sex marriage" . The Guardian . 24 May 2017.
^ "Taiwan voters reject same-sex marriage in referendums" . BBC News . 25 November 2018.
^ "Taiwan approves same-sex marriage in first for Asia" . Channel News Asia . 17 May 2019.
^ "Gender reassignment rule to be changed - Taipei Times" . www.taipeitimes.com .
^ Brunei enacts Islamic laws to punish gay sex with stoning to death — here's what you need to know
^ "Aceh passes stoning law" . The Straits Times . 14 September 2009. Retrieved 22 December 2009 .
^ Rough Guide to South East Asia: Third Edition . Rough Guides Ltd. August 2005. p. 74. ISBN 1843534371 .
^ "Sacking Sergeant SNF, Court: Homosex a Threat to Army" . Detik. 16 November 2013. Retrieved 16 November 2013 .
^ a b Mosbergen, Dominique (12 October 2015). "Being LGBT In Southeast Asia: Stories Of Abuse, Survival And Tremendous Courage" . Huffington Post . Retrieved 11 October 2018 .
^ Chiam, Zhan; Duffy, Sandra; González Gil, Matilda (November 2016). "Trans Legal Mapping Report" (PDF) . International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association (ILGA). Retrieved 29 December 2016 .
^ a b "Philippines: Congress Approves Anti-Discrimination Bill" . Iglhrc.org. 24 January 2004. Retrieved 5 September 2010 .
^ Myers, JoAnne (19 September 2013). Historical Dictionary of the Lesbian and Gay Liberation Movements . Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810874688 – via Google Books.
^ Lira Dalangin-Fernandez (30 June 2015). "Akbayan rep to file same-sex marriage bill in Congress" . News5 - InterAksyon . Archived from the original on 18 February 2017.
^ "Adoption in the Philippines" . Intercountry Adoption. Retrieved 15 October 2015 .
^ "Pemberton guilty of homicide in Jennifer Laude case" . Rappler. Retrieved 1 December 2015 .
^ "Passage of Cebu's anti-discrimination law lauded" . Local News . Sun Star Publishing, Inc. Archived from the original on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 23 October 2012 .
^ Mellejor, Ayan C. (14 December 2012). "Davao council bans discrimination vs gays, minority, differently abled" . inquirer.net .
^ Oliver M. Pulumbarit (21 November 2009). "Gay Filipinos and Rainbow" . Lifestyle.inquirer.net. Archived from the original on 6 November 2009. Retrieved 5 September 2010 .
^ "Pemberton guilty of homicide in Laude case; sentenced to 12 years" . Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 1 December 2015 .
^ "Same-sex marriage may come true under Thai junta - Prachatai English" . www.prachatai.com .
^ Thailand Could Actually Beat Taiwan to Legalizing Same-Sex Unions and Benefits
^ "Thailand 'no paradise for transsexuals': A transgender couple's fight for their rights" . 10 December 2015.
^ "Proposed law would allow trans Thais to legally change gender - Coconuts Bangkok" . 26 July 2017.
^ "Sex-change officially legalized for the Vietnamese people" . thanhnien.vn . 24 November 2015.
^ Thông, Báo Giao. "Ảnh: Cộng đồng người chuyển giới vỡ òa trong ngày lịch sử - Báo Giao thông" .
^ Perspective: what has the EU done for LGBT rights? , Café Babel, 17 May 2010
^ What is the current legal situation in the EU? , ILGA Europe
^ (in German) Gesamte Rechtsvorschrift für Eingetragene Partnerschaft-Gesetz
^ "Unterscheidung zwischen Ehe und eingetragener Partnerschaft verletzt Diskriminierungsverbot" . Constitutional Court of Austria (in German). 5 December 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2017 .
^ "Bundesgesetz, mit dem das Allgemeine Bürgerliche Gesetzbuch und das Bundesgesetz über die eingetragene Partnerschaft geändert wird" (PDF) . parlament.gv.at (in German).
^ "Entschließungsantrag betreffend der Aufhebung des Adoptionsverbots für Homosexuelle" (PDF) . parlament.gv.at .
^ "§ 144(2) ABGB (General Civil Code)" . www.ris.bka.gv.at (in German).
^ (in Croatian) Zakon o životnom partnerstvu osoba istog spola
^ (in Croatian) "Ustav Republike Hrvatske" (PDF) . Ustavni sud Republike Hrvatske. 15 January 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2015 .
^ (in Croatian) "Zakon o suzbijanju diskriminacije" . Narodne-novine.nn.hr. 21 July 2008. Retrieved 3 April 2014 .
^ (in Croatian) "Pravilnik o načinu prikupljanja medicinske dokumentacije te utvrđivanja uvjeta i pretpostavki za promjenu spola i drugom rodnom identitetu" . Narodne-novine.nn.hr. 15 November 2014. Retrieved 15 November 2014 .
^ (in Czech) 115/2006 Sb. o registrovaném partnerství a o změně některých souvisejících zákonů
^ Ochranu manželství jako svazku muže a ženy vláda odmítla. Šanci mají sňatky pro všechny . 10. 7. 2018. ČT24 .
^ I registrovaní homosexuálové mohou adoptovat děti, rozhodl Ústavní soud . (in Czech) idnes.cz. Mladá fronta DNES . Published on 16 June 2016.
^ Lazarová, Daniela (25 June 2018). "Government backs same-sex marriage bill, but decisive battle looms in parliament" . Czech Radio .
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Trans Rights Europe Map, 2018 .
^ "glbtq >> social sciences >> Berlin" (PDF) . glbtq.com .
^ Gesetz über die Eingetragene Lebenspartnerschaft
^ (in German) Gesetz zur Einführung des Rechts auf Eheschließung für Personen gleichen Geschlechts - 2. Ergänzung der Anwendungshinweise zur Umsetzung des vorgenannten Gesetzes
^ a b Connolly, Kate (30 June 2017) German Parliament votes to legalise same-sex marriage in The Guardian . Retrieved 30 June 2017
^ "Antidiskriminierungsstelle - Publikationen - AGG in englischer Sprache" . antidiskriminierungsstelle.de .
^ http://www.gaylesbiantimes.com/?id=14425
^ (in German) Gesetz über die Änderung der Vornamen und die Feststellung der Geschlechtszugehörigkeit in besonderen Fällen
^ (in Hungarian) 2009. évi XXIX. törvény a bejegyzett élettársi kapcsolatról, az ezzel összefüggő, valamint az élettársi viszony igazolásának megkönnyítéséhez szükséges egyes törvények módosításáról
^ (in Hungarian) T/5423 Magyarország Alaptörvényének 6. módosítása
^ a b "Melegházasságról szóló törvényjavaslat landolt a magyar parlamentben" (in Hungarian). Index.hu. 29 June 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015 .
^ "Fundamental Law of Hungary" (PDF) . TASZ. Retrieved 15 September 2012 .
^ Gorondi, Pablo (18 April 2011). "Hungary passes new conservative constitution" . Reading Eagle. Retrieved 15 September 2012 .
^ "Gesetz über die eingetragene Partnerschaft gleichgeschlechtlicher Paare (Partnerschaftsgesetz; PartG)" (PDF) . gesetze.li (in German).
^ "Landesverwaltung Liechtenstein" . www.llv.li .
^ "The Constitution of the Republic of Poland" . Sejm RP. Retrieved 5 May 2015 . Marriage, being a union of a man and a woman, as well as the family, motherhood and parenthood, shall be placed under the protection and care of the Republic of Poland.
^ Judgment of the Supreme Court of 7 July 2004, II KK 176/04 , W dotychczasowym orzecznictwie Sądu Najwyższego, wypracowanym i ugruntowanym zarówno w okresie obowiązywania poprzedniego, jak i obecnego Kodeksu postępowania karnego, a także w doktrynie (por. wypowiedzi W. Woltera, A. Zolla, A. Wąska), pojęcie "wspólne pożycie" odnoszone jest wyłącznie do konkubinatu, a w szczególności do związku osób o różnej płci, odpowiadającego od strony faktycznej stosunkowi małżeństwa (którym w myśl art. 18 Konstytucji jest wyłącznie związek osób różnej płci). Tego rodzaju interpretację Sąd Najwyższy, orzekający w niniejszej sprawie, w pełni podziela i nie znajduje podstaw do uznania za przekonywujące tych wypowiedzi pojawiających się w piśmiennictwie, w których podejmowane są próby kwestionowania takiej interpretacji omawianego pojęcia i sprowadzania go wyłącznie do konkubinatu (M. Płachta, K. Łojewski, A.M. Liberkowski). Rozumiejąc bowiem dążenia do rozszerzającej interpretacji pojęcia "wspólne pożycie", użytego w art. 115 § 11 k.k., należy jednak wskazać na całkowity brak w tym względzie dostatecznie precyzyjnych kryteriów.
^ "Judgment of the Constitutional Tribunal of 11 May 2005, K 18/04" . Polska Konstytucja określa bowiem małżeństwo jako związek wyłącznie kobiety i mężczyzny. A contrario nie dopuszcza więc związków jednopłciowych. [...] Małżeństwo (jako związek kobiety i mężczyzny) uzyskało w prawie krajowym RP odrębny status konstytucyjny zdeterminowany postanowieniami art. 18 Konstytucji. Zmiana tego statusu byłaby możliwa jedynie przy zachowaniu rygorów trybu zmiany Konstytucji, określonych w art. 235 tego aktu.
^ "Judgment of the Constitutional Tribunal of 9 November 2010, SK 10/08" . W doktrynie prawa konstytucyjnego wskazuje się nadto, że jedyny element normatywny, dający się odkodować z art. 18 Konstytucji, to ustalenie zasady heteroseksualności małżeństwa.
^ "Judgment of the Supreme Administrative Court of Poland of 25 October 2016, II GSK 866/15" . Ustawa o świadczeniach zdrowotnych finansowanych ze środków publicznych nie wyjaśnia, co prawda, kto jest małżonkiem. Pojęcie to zostało jednak dostatecznie i jasno określone we wspomnianym art. 18 Konstytucji RP, w którym jest mowa o małżeństwie jako o związku kobiety i mężczyzny. W piśmiennictwie podkreśla się, że art. 18 Konstytucji ustala zasadę heteroseksualności małżeństwa, będącą nie tyle zasadą ustroju, co normą prawną, która zakazuje ustawodawcy zwykłemu nadawania charakteru małżeństwa związkom pomiędzy osobami jednej płci (vide: L. Garlicki Komentarz do art. 18 Konstytucji, s. 2-3 [w:] Konstytucja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. Komentarz, Wydawnictwo Sejmowe, Warszawa 2003). Jest wobec tego oczywiste, że małżeństwem w świetle Konstytucji i co za tym idzie - w świetle polskiego prawa, może być i jest wyłącznie związek heteroseksualny, a więc w związku małżeńskim małżonkami nie mogą być osoby tej samej płci.
^ "Judgment of the Supreme Administrative Court of Poland of 28 February 2018, II OSK 1112/16" . art. 18 Konstytucji RP, który definiuje małżeństwo jako związek kobiety i mężczyzny, a tym samym wynika z niego zasada nakazująca jako małżeństwo traktować w Polsce jedynie związek heteroseksualny.
^
Gallo D, Paladini L, Pustorino P, eds. (2014). Same-Sex Couples before National, Supranational and International Jurisdictions . Berlin: Springer. p. 215. ISBN 9783642354342 . the drafters of the 1997 Polish Constitution included a legal definition of a marriage as the union of a woman and a man in the text of the constitution in order to ensure that the introduction of same-sex marriage would not be passed without a constitutional amendment. CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link )
Marek Safjan, Leszek Bosek, eds. (2016). Konstytucja RP. Tom I. Komentarz do art. 1-86 . Warszawa: C.H. Beck Wydawnictwo Polska. ISBN 9788325573652 . Z przeprowadzonej powyżej analizy prac nad Konstytucją RP wynika jednoznacznie, że zamieszczenie w art. 18 Konstytucji RP zwrotu definicyjnego "związek kobiety i mężczyzny" stanowiło reakcję na fakt pojawienia się w państwach obcych regulacji poddającej związki osób tej samej płci regulacji zbliżonej lub zbieżnej z instytucją małżeństwa. Uzupełniony tym zwrotem przepis konstytucyjny "miał pełnić rolę instrumentu zapobiegającego wprowadzeniu takiej regulacji do prawa polskiego" (A. Mączyński, Konstytucyjne podstawy prawa rodzinnego, s. 772). Innego motywu jego wprowadzenia do Konstytucji RP nie da się wskazać (szeroko w tym zakresie B. Banaszkiewicz, "Małżeństwo jako związek kobiety i mężczyzny", s. 640 i n.; zob. też Z. Strus, Znaczenie artykułu 18 Konstytucji, s. 236 i n.). Jak zauważa A. Mączyński istotą tej regulacji było normatywne przesądzenie nie tylko o niemożliwości unormowania w prawie polskim "małżeństw pomiędzy osobami tej samej płci", lecz również innych związków, które mimo tego, że nie zostałyby określone jako małżeństwo miałyby spełniać funkcje do niego podobną (A. Mączyński, Konstytucyjne podstawy prawa rodzinnego, s. 772; tenże, Konstytucyjne i międzynarodowe uwarunkowania, s. 91; podobnie L. Garlicki, Artykuł 18, w: Garlicki, Konstytucja, t. 3, uw. 4, s. 2, który zauważa, że w tym zakresie art. 18 nabiera "charakteru normy prawnej"). CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link )
Scherpe JM, ed. (2016). European Family Law Volume III: Family Law in a European Perspective Family . Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 121. ISBN 9781785363047 . Constitutional bans on same-sex marriage are now applicable in ten European countries: Article 32, Belarus Constitution; Article 46 Bulgarian Constitution; Article L Hungarian Constitution, Article 110, Latvian Constitution; Article 38.3 Lithuanian Constitution; Article 48 Moldovan Constitution; Article 71 Montenegrin Constitution; Article 18 Polish Constitution; Article 62 Serbian Constitution; and Article 51 Ukrainian Constitution.
Stewart J, Lloyd KC (2016). "Marriage Equality in Europe" . Family Advocate . 38 (4): 37–40. Article 18 of the Polish Constitution limits the institution of marriage to opposite-sex couples.
^ "IV SA/Wa 2618/18 - Wyrok WSA w Warszawie" . 8 January 2019.
^ "Commentary regarding the ruling of the Administrative Court of Warsaw on January 8, 2019" . Ordo Iuris. 12 February 2019.
^ "Poland" . travel.state.gov .
^ "Disputed revision to constitution sails through parliament" . The Slovak Spectator. Retrieved 4 June 2014 .
^ "Adopting in Slovakia" . Community .
^ "Homophobia and Discrimination on Grounds of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in the EU Member States Part II: The Social Situation" (PDF) . fra.europa.eu .
^ Petit Press a.s. "Law change criminalises homophobia" . spectator.sme.sk .
^ "Zakon o registraciji istospolne partnerske skupnosti" . uradni-list.si (in Slovenian).
^ "Zakon o partnerski zvezi" . uradni-list.si (in Slovenian).
^ "First Adoption by Gay Partner of Child's Parent" . www.sloveniatimes.com .
^ Weber, Nana (25 April 2013). "Sprememba spola v Sloveniji". Pravna Praksa (in Slovenian). GV Založba (16–17). ISSN 0352-0730 .
^ Hirschfeld, Magnus (10 March 2018). The Homosexuality of Men and Women . Prometheus Books. ISBN 9781615926985 – via Google Books.
^ "Homosexuals a step closer to equal rights" .
^ "Zurich grants gay couples more rights" .
^ a b (in French) Le pacs gagne du terrain
^ "Bundesgesetz über die eingetragene Partnerschaft gleichgeschlechtlicher Paare" . admin.ch (in German).
^ "13.468 – Parlamentarische Initiative - Ehe für alle" . parlament.ch (in German).
^ fédéral, Le Conseil. "Le nouveau droit de l'adoption entrera en vigueur le 1er janvier 2018" . www.admin.ch .
^ Council, The Federal. "Switzerland reaffirms its commitment to the fight against discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity" . www.admin.ch .
^ "Avis de droit OFEC: Transsexualisme" (PDF) . Federal Department of Justice and Police (in French). Retrieved 9 May 2013 .
^ "Referendum in Armenia brings constitutional reforms - ILGA-Europe" . www.ilga-europe.org .
^ "Armenia Central Electoral Commission announces constitutional referendum final results" . news.am .
^ "Armenia Recognizes Same-Sex Marriages Performed Abroad" .
^ "Armenia: Gays live with threats of violence, abuse" . United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 30 March 2010. Retrieved 8 June 2012 .
^ "CONSTITUTION - MFA NKR" . nkr.am .
^ Prof. Dr. Axel Tschentscher, LL-M. "Belarus - Constitution" . Servat.unibe.ch. Retrieved 5 January 2014 .
^ "Belarus: Attitude towards homosexuals and lesbians in Belarus; state protection available to non-heterosexuals in Belarus with special attention to Minsk (2000-2005)" . United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 17 January 2006. Retrieved 11 August 2012 .
^ "სსიპ "საქართველოს საკანონმდებლო მაცნე" " . სსიპ ”საქართველოს საკანონმდებლო მაცნე” .
^ Masci, David (11 February 2014). "Gay rights in Russia and the former Soviet republics" . Pew Research Center . Retrieved 11 December 2016 .
^ "The Constitution of Moldova" (PDF) . The Government of Moldova. Retrieved 11 March 2015 .
^ "Decizie istorică a CCR în privința căsătoriilor gay" . Digi 24 . 18 July 2018.
^ "Romania" . travel.state.gov .
^ "Russian Gay History" . community.middlebury.edu .
^ "ЗАКОН" . pravo.pmr-online.com .
^ Legal Report: Ukraine , COWI (2010)
^ "Ukraine" . travel.state.gov .
^ "Redirecting" . fortruss.blogspot.ch .
^ "Ukraine's Parliament passes anti-discrimination law" .
^ "Registration form" . retsinformation.dk .
^ http://cphpost.dk/news/national/gay-marriage-legalised The Copenhagen Post, 7 June 2012: Gay marriage legalised ] Retrieved 2012-09-19
^ Homoseksuelle fik ja til ægteskab - Jyllands-Posten .
^ (in Danish) Lov om ændring af lov om registreret partnerskab, lov om en børnefamilieydelse og lov om børnetilskud og forskudsvis udbetaling af børnebidrag
^ (in Danish) Retsinformation.dk Børneloven
^ "MSN New Zealand - Latest News, Weather, Entertainment, Business, Sport, Technology" . msn.co.nz .
^ (in Estonian) "Kooseluseadus" . Riigikogu . 9 October 2014.
^ https://news.err.ee/644719/circuit-court-same-sex-marriage-cannot-be-considered-valid-in-estonia}}
^ "FAROE ISLANDS SAY YES TO SAME-SEX MARRIAGE - LGBT" . lgbt.fo .
^ "Gerðabók" (in Faroese). Løgting. Retrieved 2 June 2017 .
^ "Gay News From 365Gay.com" . 3 January 2007.
^ "§266b" .
^ "Holdningsskred i synet på homoseksuelle på Færøerne" . Information .
^ (in Swedish) Lag om registrerat partnerskap
^ "Finland president signs gay marriage law – couples will have to wait to get married until 2017" . Gay Star News .
^ (in Finnish) Ihmisoikeudet kuuluvat myös transsukupuolisille
^ (in Icelandic) Lög um breytingu á lagaákvæðum er varða réttarstöðu samkynhneigðra (sambúð, ættleiðingar, tæknifrjóvgun)
^ "Lög um breytingar á hjúskaparlögum og fleiri lögum og um brottfall laga um staðfesta samvist (ein hjúskaparlög)" . Alþingi .
^ "Iceland parliament votes for gay marriage" . IceNews. 11 June 2010. Retrieved 12 September 2012 .
^ "New gay marriage law in Iceland comes into force" . Icenews.is. Retrieved 14 August 2010 .
^ [6] [dead link ]
^ (in Icelandic) Alþingi Barnalög
^ "Iceland adopts a new comprehensive law on trans issues" .
^ "President Signs Anti-Gay Constitutional Amendment" . UK Gay News. 21 December 2005. Retrieved 12 August 2009 .
^ "Latvia" . travel.state.gov .
^ (in Latvian) Cik viegli pārvērsties no Ievas par Ādamu?
^ "Seimas Approves the Proposal on "Cohabitation Agreements" as Alternative to Partnership Law - LGL" . 31 May 2017.
^ "CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA" .
^ "Lithuania" . travel.state.gov .
^ (in Lithuanian) Lietuvos Respublikos Civilinis kodeksas (Civil Code of the Republic of Lithuania
^ "Lov om endringer i ekteskapsloven, barnelova, adopsjonsloven, bioteknologiloven mv. (felles ekteskapslov for heterofile og homofile par) - Lovdata" . lovdata.no .
^ "Norway Gay Marriage Bill Passes Final Hurdle" . 365gay.com. Retrieved 17 June 2008 .
^ "Norway passes law approving gay marriage" . Latimes.com. 17 June 2008. Retrieved 29 May 2015 .
^ "Norway" . travel.state.gov .
^ (in Nynorsk) Lovdata Barnelova
^ "Svensk författningssamling" (PDF) . notisum.se .
^ "Gays Win Marriage Rights" . Sveriges Radio English . 1 April 2009.
^ "Sweden" . travel.state.gov .
^ (in Swedish) Sveriges Riksdag Föräldrabalk
^ Fia Sundevall & Alma Persson (2016) "LGBT in the Military: Policy Development in Sweden 1944–2014", Sexuality Research and Social Policy , June 2016, Volume 13, Issue 2, pp 119-129, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13178-015-0217-6/fulltext.html
^ "Sweden ends forced sterilization of trans" . gaystarnews.com . 11 January 2003.
^ Criminal Code (Amendment) Ordinance 2000 (PDF)
^ Criminal Code (consolidated)
^ Civil Partnership (Armed Forces) Order 2005 (PDF)
^ Overseas Marriage (Armed Forces) Order 2014 (PDF)
^ Employment (Equality) Ordinance 2013 (PDF)
^ (in Catalan) Llei 4/2005, del 21 de febrer, qualificada de les unions estables de parella
^ a b (in Catalan) Llei 34/2014, del 27 de novembre, qualificada de les unions civils i de modificació de la Llei qualificada del matrimoni, de 30 de juny de 1995
^ "Diari d'Andorra - Enllestida la llei d'unions civils amb el procés d'adopció dels matrimonis" . diariandorra.ad .
^ (in Catalan) Demà entren en vigor lleis importants, com la d'unions civils o la 'regla d´or'
^ "Data" (PDF) . ilga-europe.org .
^ "Article 46(1), Bulgaria – Constitution" . Retrieved 4 October 2009 .
^ "Bulgaria" . travel.state.gov .
^ "Bulgarian Parliament approves with 93-23 vote (and 23 abstentions) amendments to the Protection from Discrimination Act to include protection against discrimination of trans people" . The Sofia Globe. 25 March 2015.
^ "Bulgarian Parliament Votes on Anti-Discrimination Law Amendments" . Novinite.com. 25 March 2015.
^ "In-Cyprus is under construction" . in-cyprus.com .
^ "Army legislation" .
^ "Cyprus: Penal code amended to protect against discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity" . PinkNews. Retrieved 27 October 2013 .
^ "CIVIL PARTNERSHIP ACT 2014" (PDF) .
^ "Gibraltar unanimously legalizes marriage equality" . 26 October 2016.
^ a b "Equal Opportunities Act 2006" (PDF) . gibraltarlaws.gov.gi . 2006. Retrieved 9 August 2019 .
^ "ΣΥΜΦΩΝΟ ΣΥΜΒΙΩΣΗΣ Νόμος 4356/2015" .
^ Greece allows same-sex couples to foster children
^ "Greece improves gender recognition law but misses chance to introduce self-determination" . ILGA EUROPE. Retrieved 10 October 2017 .
^ "Greece passes gender-change law opposed by Orthodox church" . The Guardian. Retrieved 10 October 2017 .
^ informatici, Segretariato generale della Presidenza della Repubblica - Servizio sistemi. "Il sito ufficiale della Presidenza della Repubblica" . Quirinale .
^ "Il presidente Mattarella ha firmato la legge sulle unioni civili" . 20 May 2016.
^ Same-sex marriages performed abroad won't be recognized in Italy
^ (in Italian) "Adozioni gay, la Corte d'Appello di Roma conferma: sì a due mamme" . Corriere della Sera .
^ (in Italian) "Cassazione, via libera alla stepchild adoption in casi particolari" . Repubblica .
^ (in Italian) "Legge 14 Aprile 1982, n. 164 (GU n. 106 del 19/04/1982) Norme in Materia di Rettificazione di Attribuzione di Sesso" . Archived from the original on 23 May 2007.
^ "Court of Cassation judgment of 21 May 2015" (PDF) .
^ "FAMILY LAW OF KOSOVO - Law Nr.2004/32" . childhub.org .
^ "Adoption Laws in Kosovo: Unmarried persons" . State portal of the Republic of Kosovo . Constitution of Kosovo.
^ "Adoption in Kosovo (Report) - Page 6" . OSCE Mission in Kosovo.
^ "Constitution of Kosovo; discrimination" .[dead link ]
^ "AN ACT to regulate civil unions and to provide for matters connected therewith or ancillary thereto" .
^ "Gender Identity, Gender Expression and Sex Characteristics Bill" . 22 November 2016.
^ "THE CONSTITUTION OF MONTENEGRO and THE CONSTITUTIONAL LAW FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONSTITUTION OF MONTENEGRO ADOPTED ON 19 OCTOBER 2007" (PDF) . Retrieved 5 January 2014 .
^ "Information on the rights of minority groups in Montenegro" (PDF) . Retrieved 5 January 2014 .
^ a b "Northern Cyprus Decriminalizes Homosexuality and Protects LGBTs Against Hate Speech" . kaosgl.com .
^ a b (in Turkish) Kuzey Kıbrıs’ın “Eşcinsellik Suçu” Yasası Tarihe Karıştı!
^ (in Portuguese) Law no. 7/2001, from 11 May (specifically Article 1, no. 1).
^ (in Portuguese) AR altera lei das uniões de facto
^ Law no. 9/2010, from 30th May .
^ (in Portuguese) Lei 17/2016 de 20 de junho
^ (in Portuguese) Lei que alarga a procriação medicamente assistida publicada em Diário da República
^ (in Portuguese) Todas as mulheres com acesso à PMA a 1 de Agosto
^ "MEPs welcome new gender change law in Portugal; concerned about Lithuania - The European Parliament Intergroup on LGBTI Rights" . www.lgbt-ep.eu .
^ First post-Mediaeval criminal code in the Principality of Serbia , named "Kaznitelni zakon" (Law of Penalties), adopted in 1860, punishes sexual intercourse "against the order of nature" between males with 6 months to 4 years imprisonment. V. Para # 206, p. 82 of the "Kaznitelni zakon 1860" in Slavo-Serbian orthography (PDF)
^ "Constitution of Serbia" . Serbian Government. Retrieved 8 November 2006 .
^ "Donet Pravilnik o načinu izdavanja i obrascu potvrde nadležne zdravstvene ustanove o promeni pola" (in Serbian). Gayten-LGBT. 30 December 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2019 .
^ "Ley 1/2001, de 6 de abril, por la que se regulan las uniones de hecho" . Noticias Juridicas. Retrieved 18 April 2015 .
^ "Llei 18/2001 de 19 de desembre, de parelles estables" (in Catalan). Govern de les Illes Balears. Retrieved 6 November 2015 .
^ "LEY 4/2002, de 23 de mayo, de Parejas Estables" (PDF) (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. Retrieved 6 November 2015 .
^ "DECRETO 117/2002, de 24 de octubre, por el que se crea el Registro de Uniones de Hecho en Castilla y León y se regula su funcionamiento" (PDF) (in Spanish). Junta de Castilla y León. Retrieved 6 November 2015 .
^ "Ley de Cantabria 1/2005, de 16 de mayo, de Parejas de Hecho de la Comunidad Autónoma de Cantabria" (in Spanish). Noticias Juridicas. Retrieved 6 November 2015 .
^ "Decreto 248/2007, de 20 de diciembre, por el que se crea y se regula el Registro de Parejas de Hecho de Galicia" (in Spanish). Noticias Juridicas. Retrieved 6 November 2015 .
^ "Decreto 30/2010, de 14 de mayo, por el que se crea el Registro de Parejas de Hecho de La Rioja" (in Spanish). El Gobierno de La Rioja. Retrieved 6 November 2015 .
^ (in Spanish) PROPOSICIÓN DE LEY DE PAREJAS DE HECHO DE LA COMUNIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE LA REGIÓN DE MURCIA
^ (in Spanish) Murcia será en junio la última comunidad en regular por ley las parejas de hecho
^ Reglamento regulador del Registro de Uniones de Hecho
^ REGLAMENTO REGULADOR DEL REGISTRO DE PAREJAS DE HEC HO DE LA CIUDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MELILLA
^ "Spain approves liberal gay marriage law" . St. Petersburg Times . 1 July 2005. Retrieved 8 January 2007 .
^ "Spain" . travel.state.gov .
^ (in Spanish) Boletín Oficial del Estado Ley 14/2006, de 26 de mayo, sobre técnicas de reproducción humana asistida (see Article 7)
^ (in Spanish) Ley 3/2007, de 15 de marzo, reguladora de la rectificación registral de la mención relativa al sexo de las personas
^ "Legal Aspects". doi :10.1177/097152151001800104 .
^ (in German) Gesetz zur Einführung des gesetzlichen Zusammenwohnens
^ "Belgium to follow Holland on gay marriage" . RTÉ News. 29 November 2002.
^ "Belgium legalizes gay marriage" . UPI. 31 January 2003.
^ "Belgium approves same-sex marriage" . PlanetOut. 30 January 2003.
^ "Belgium" . travel.state.gov .
^ (in French) (in Dutch) Belgian Official Gazette Loi du 5 mai 2014 portant établissement de la filiation de la coparente , as amended by loi du 18 décembre 2014 modifiant le Code civil, le code de droit international privé, le Code consulaire, la loi du 5 mai 2014 portant établissement de la filiation de la coparente et la loi du 8 mai 2014 modifiant le Code civil en vue d’instaurer l’égalité de l’homme et de la femme dans le mode de transmission du nom à l’enfant et à l’adopté
^ (in French) Loi du 25 juin 2017 réformant des régimes relatifs aux personnes transgenres en ce qui concerne la mention d’une modification de du sexe dans les actes de l’état civil et ses effets/Wet van 25 juni 2017 tot hervorming van regelingen inzake transgenders wat de vermelding van een aanpassing van de registratie van het geslacht in de akten van de burgerlijke stand en de gevolgen hiervan betreft
^ (in French) Loi n° 99-944 du 15 novembre 1999 relative au pacte civil de solidarité
^ Erlanger, Steven (18 May 2013). "Hollande Signs French Gay Marriage Law" . The New York Times . Retrieved 23 July 2015 .
^ "France" . travel.state.gov .
^ "France scraps transgender sterilisation" . BBC News . 14 October 2016 – via www.bbc.com.
^ "Sexual Offences (Bailiwick of Guernsey) (Amendment) Law, 2011" . guernseylegalresources.gg . 30 October 2012.
^ "JURIST - Homosexual Offenses and Human Rights in Guernsey" . jurist.org .
^ "Data" . gov.gg .
^ "Data" . gov.gg .
^ "Union civile, Green, marriage, Liberate « Guernsey Press" . guernseypress.com .
^ "Guernsey votes to legalise same-sex marriage" . Gay Times Magazine . 22 September 2016.
^ "Guernsey law change allows same-sex couples to adopt" . BBC News . 24 June 2015.
^ a b "The Prevention of Discrimination (Enabling Provisions) (Bailiwick of Guernsey) Law, 2004" . Guernsey Legal Resources . 20 March 2012. Retrieved 31 May 2014 .
^ "Legal Resources: Legal Resources Navigation List: Guernsey Law Reports 2007–08 GLR 161" . guernseylegalresources.gg .
^ "Civil Partnership and Certain Rights and Obligations of Cohabitants Act 2010" . irishstatutebook.ie .
^ "Thirty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution (Marriage Equality) Bill 2015 (Number 5 of 2015) - Tithe an Oireachtais" . www.oireachtas.ie . 21 January 2015.
^ "Unmarried gay and heterosexual couples can now adopt a child - Independent.ie" .
^ "Gay adoption law due before same-sex marriage referendum" . The Irish Times . 21 January 2015.
^ "FAQs" . The Adoption Authority of Ireland .
^ "Data" . rainbow-europe.org .
^ "Change sought to anomaly in adoption law" .
^ "Children and Family Relationships Act 2015" (PDF) . oireachtas.ie .
^ "Employment Equality Act, 1998" . Irishstatutebook.ie. 18 June 1998. Retrieved 11 July 2010 .
^ "Equal Status Act, 2000" . Irishstatutebook.ie. 26 April 2000. Retrieved 11 July 2010 .
^ "Prohibition of Incitement To Hatred Act, 1989" . irishstatutebook.ie .
^ MacGuill, Dan. "" A historic moment" - Oireachtas signs off on gender recognition bill" .
^ "Civil Partnership Act 2011" (PDF) . legislation.gov.im .
^ "Same-sex Manx marriages can go ahead after Royal Assent" . BBC . 19 July 2016. Archived from the original on 19 July 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2016 .
^ "EMPLOYMENT ACT 2006" (PDF) .
^ "GENDER RECOGNITION ACT 2009" (PDF) . legislation.gov.im .
^ "Gender recognition bill to provide protection to Isle of Man trans residents" . PinkNews .
^ "Civil Partnership (Jersey) Law 2012" (PDF) . jerseylaw.je .
^ https://privycouncil.independent.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/2018-05-23-List-of-Business.pdf
^ "Superintendent Registrar's advice for same-sex marriage planning" . www.gov.je .
^ "Draft" (PDF) . statesassembly.gov.je .
^ "GENDER RECOGNITION (JERSEY) LAW 2010" (PDF) .
^ (in French) Loi du 9 juillet 2004 relative aux effets légaux de certains partenariats
^ "Luxembourg Times - Archives - Same-sex marriages from January 1" . www.wort.lu .
^ "An Error Occurred: Not Found" . www.chronicle.lu .[dead link ]
^ "Mémorial A n° 125 de 2014 - Legilux" (PDF) . www.legilux.public.lu .
^ "Mémorial A n° 207 de 2006" (PDF) . legilux.public.lu .
^ "Luxembourg makes status change for transgender people easier" . Luxembourg Times . 27 July 2018.
^ "n° 207 - Proposition de loi relative au Pacte de vie commune" . conseil-national.mc .
^ Waaldijk, Kees. "Major legal consequences of marriage, cohabitation and registered partnership for different-sex and same-sex partners in the Netherlands" (PDF) . INED. Retrieved 27 October 2013 .
^ "Gay Marriage Goes Dutch" . CBS News. Associated Press. 1 April 2001. Retrieved 21 January 2010 .
^ ttp://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/netherlands.html
^ (in Dutch) Staatsblad Wet van 25 november 2013 tot wijziging van Boek 1 van het Burgerlijk Wetboek in verband met het juridisch ouderschap van de vrouwelijke partner van de moeder anders dan door adoptie
^ Veiligheid, Ministerie van Justitie en. "Prohibition of discrimination" . www.government.nl .
^ Dutch Transgender Rights Bill Approved By Senate
^ "The Netherlands Passes Landmark Gender Identity Law" .
^ "Civil Partnership Act 2004" . legislation.gov.uk .
^ a b "Same-sex marriage now legal as first couples wed" . BBC News . 29 March 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2014 .
^ "Northern Ireland (Executive Formation etc) Act 2019" . www.legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 25 July 2019 .
^ Thomas, Ellen (20 September 2009). "New legislation sees gay Scottish couples win right to adopt children" . The Herald. Retrieved 23 September 2009 .
^ "United Kingdom" . travel.state.gov .
^ legislation.gov.uk Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008: Cases in which woman to be other parent
^ "Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 (c. 4)" . opsi.gov.uk .
^ [7]
^ "Relationships Act 2003" . Tasmanian Legislation. Retrieved 14 September 2012 .
^ "South Australia gays get new rights by Tony Grew (7 December 2006)" . pinknews.com.au. Retrieved 3 September 2007 .
^ Relationships Act 2008 (Vic)
^ "Massive support for register" . Star Observer. 13 May 2010. Retrieved 14 September 2012 .
^ Agius, Kym (1 December 2011). "Bligh asks ALP to support gay marriage" . Retrieved 14 September 2012 .
^ "Civil Unions Bill 2011" . ACT Government. Retrieved 14 September 2012 .
^ Chang, Charis (8 December 2017). "Same-sex marriage is now legal in Australia" . news.com.au . Retrieved 8 December 2017 .
^ "Australia Ends a Prohibition On Homosexuals in Military" . query.nytimes.com . 24 November 1992.
^ a b "Sex Discrimination Amendment (Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Intersex Status) Bill 2013" . aph.gov.au .
^ "Trans forced divorce laws to stay for now" . buzzfeed.com .
^ "Spouse the new word" . news.com.au .
^ a b "Marriage equality Bill officially signed into law" . gaynz.com . 19 April 2013.
^ Chand, Shalveen (26 February 2010). "Same sex law decriminalised" . Fiji Times . Archived from the original on 22 August 2011. Retrieved 6 October 2011 .
^ "NEW CALEDONIA CATCHES UP TO FRANCE" . Star Observer . 9 June 2009.
^ Verheyen, Vincent. "Sexual orientation [LGBTQ+] and the draft of the new Solomon Islands Constitution" . Retrieved 3 March 2016 .
^ a b c d "Beginning today, transgender individuals can join the US military" . ABC News . 1 January 2018.
^ An Act TO AMEND SECTION 107 OF TITLE 1 OF THE CODE OF THE FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIA (ANNOTATED), FOR THE PURPOSE OF PROHIBITING DISCRIMINATION BASED ON SEXUAL ORIENTATION, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES [dead link ]
^ "Nauru decriminalises homosexuality" . 27 May 2016.
^ "Crimes Act 2016" . ronlaw.gov.nr .
^ CHAPTER 90-40 MARIANAS VISITORS AUTHORITY PERSONNEL REGULATIONS
^ TITLE 10 CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION
^ "Palau decriminalises sex between men" .
^ "Sodomy Laws American Samoa" . Sodomylaws.org. 28 March 2004. Archived from the original on 19 February 2012. Retrieved 21 December 2008 .
^ Sagapolutele, Fili. "gay marriage illegal in American Samoa" . USNews. Retrieved 10 July 2015 .
^ National Center for Transgender Equality
^ "This island nation is set to decriminalise homosexuality" . pinknews.co.uk . 3 August 2017.
^ "Employment Relations Act 2012" (PDF) . intaff.whupi.com . 2012.
^ "Pitcairn Island: Same Sex Marriage and Civil Partnership Ordinance 2015" .
^ "Laws - PITCAIRN" . gaylawnet.com .
^ "The Pitcairn Constitution Order 2010" (PDF) . pitcairn.pn .
^ "Labour and Employment Relations Act 2013" (PDF) . parliament.gov.ws .
External links
International Lesbian and Gay Association
Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual: Law at Curlie
Amnesty International USA: LGBT legal status around the world — interactive map
GayLawNet: Laws — information by country
Human Rights Watch on LGBT Rights
International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission
International Commission of Jurists , Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Justice - A Comparative Law Casebook
United Nations Human Rights Council , Discriminatory laws and practices and acts of violence against individuals based on their sexual orientation and gender identity , an annual report
The United Nations , Living Free and Equal: What States Are Doing to Tackle Violence and Discrimination against Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Intersex People , November 2016
Please note: What is considered a human right is controversial and not all the topics listed are universally accepted as human rights
Civil and political Sexual andreproductive Violations War and conflict