Salinan language
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| Salinan | |
|---|---|
| Native to | United States |
| Region | central coast California |
| Ethnicity | Salinan people |
| Extinct | 1958 |
Hokan ?
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | sln |
| Glottolog | sali1253 |
 | |
Salinan was the indigenous language of the Salinan people of the central coast of California. It has been extinct since the death of the last speaker in 1958.
The language is attested to some extent in colonial sources such as Sitjar (1860), but the principal published documentation is Mason (1918). The main modern grammatical study, based on Mason's data and on the field notes of John Peabody Harrington and William H. Jacobsen, is Turner (1987), which also contains a complete bibliography of the primary sources and discussion of their orthography.
Two dialects are recognized, Antoniaño and Migueleño, associated with the missions of San Antonio and San Miguel, respectively. Antoniaño is "sometimes also termed Sextapay, associated with the area of the Franciscan Mission of San Antonio de Padua in Monterey County."[1] There may have been a third, Playano dialect, as suggested by mention of such a subdivision of the people, but nothing is known of them linguistically.
Salinan may be a part of the Hokan family. Edward Sapir included it in a subfamily of Hokan, along with Chumash and Seri.[2] This hypothetical classification (which has had many skeptics) found its way into several encyclopedias and presentations of language families before much supporting evidence for this subfamily had been presented, but is currently fairly well established.[3][4]
Phonology[edit]
The charts of consonants and vowels in the Salinan language:
Consonants[edit]
| Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Post- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t̪ | t̠ | k | ʔ | ||
| ejective | pʼ | t̪ʼ | t̠ʼ | kʼ | ||||
| voiced | b | d | ɡ | |||||
| Fricative | s | ʃ | x | h | ||||
| Affricate | voiceless | ts | tʃ | |||||
| ejective | tsʼ | tʃʼ | ||||||
| Nasal | plain | m | n | |||||
| glottalized | ˀm | ˀn | ||||||
| Lateral | voiced | l | ||||||
| glottalized | ˀl | |||||||
| Trill | r | |||||||
| Approximant | plain | w | j | |||||
| glottalized | ˀw | ˀj | ||||||
Voiced plosives /b d ɡ/ likely came as a result of Spanish influence.
Vowels[edit]
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| Close | i iː | u uː |
| Close-mid | e eː | o oː |
| Open-mid | ɛ | ɔ |
| Open | a aː | |
Mid vowels occurred likely due to Spanish influence.[5]
Vocabulary[edit]
Salinan plant and animal names from Mason (1918):[6]
Animals[edit]
English gloss Antoniaño Migueleño plural fly awa·´tén a·we·te´ʽ awaˑ´tneʟ bullhead fish cat’ Lewis's woodpecker ca´knil cra´knil bird caˑxwe sa·xe ca·xten ground owl, gray titmouse ska´tata cko·´tɑtʚ prairie falcon ck’an ck’an’ crow ckaˑk’ cka·k’ skaˑ´k’tenat snake, worm, grub ck’ot ck’ot sk’o´teʟet gull clot abalone cmaiyi´k’ horned owl cukunui´’ cokonoi´’ skunk cuwa´’ cowa´ cuwa´ʽɴeʟ squirrel cuˑmk’o´m’ camko´’m cumk’omona´neʟ small ducks cu´n’cun’ fish swan cwa´’ɴ cwaˑne´t lizard swakaka´ cwaˑkek’a´’ gopher e´cece ee´cesi male squirrel emace´ pinacate eˑts’ tarantula hawk etskutchɑ´ten louse tik’e´’ i´ke tik’eneʟ ant ilka´t ilka´t Mexican bluebird kalep’a´n kelep’a´n small birds kats’aˑne´ʟˑ blue-crested jay kalau house finch kalwatcai´ k’aluatc´a’i goose, crane ka´lakʽ kalakʽ kalak´ne´ʟ mosquito kaca´p grasshopper kacala´ kaculo´ Lawrence's goldfinch kiope´ts kingfisher k’cu´i kitcili´tna band-tailed pigeon klau´it hare koi’ koʟ kolane´ʟ tarantula kocai´ye mountain quail k’aiya´k´ red abalones kilṭau´ k’elṭ´u´ʽ spider la´kana gray rabbit ʟa´ma raven la´’ lap’ tarantula hawk lape´ duck leaṭ’ helpa´ṭ’ leaṭ’ten wasps, bees lme´m’ leme´’m teal le´ponta Gambel's sparrow le´rporti leˑ´rpati coyote ʟk’a´ helk’a´ elk’ane´ʟ; elk’a´lekten Canada goose loina´ t’lai small antelope lowe´cɑt’ rat ma´kiʟ mɑ´kel rabbit map’ map’ map’tenat; map’aˑ´nel eel masau´hal masau´wel chipmunk matse´ko mats’e´ko’ hummingbird mɑ´ts’we´l’ antelope mu´i’ mu´ı̄’ clams naiyʚk’ pocket gopher nakɑ´k young antelope nʚtc’ elk ac p’ae acte´n, astenat California woodpecker pelaˑ´kˑa’ pala·´kɑkʼ two-pronged buck paṭalti hummingbird peˑ´lts’e ruby-crowned wren pete´ts lark finch pi´ukutc sucker pʽu´lxoiʽ wildcat sam’ snam black ant santʚn shrike sapele´ one-pronged buck sektaiˑkna stinking ant senese unidentified fish septa´ʟ snake senkahl senk’oʟ doe sepo mouse seloˑ´iʽ swallow siata´nil cañon finch sit set’ red-headed woodpecker sik animal sitaipin whip-poor-will skalo´ sparrowhawk skele´le skeleˑ´le blue crane ska·´u shellfish sk’eˑ´’n raccoon skaiya´ʼ s’kai´ya skaiyana´neʟ rat sk’almo´k’ sk’almokʼ sk’almok’oten green-winged teal slipe´pʚ quail smate·´xan bee smo´kɑt smo´ket rattlesnake smeˑkoi´ smekoi´ smekoiiten female skunk smohel mole smokok’e´ smokike´ cat smic eagle sai´yu snai saiyane´ʟ kangaroo rat, tusa snaˑk snaʽk butterfly soko´ko soko´ko spotted fawn so´ha very small ant sopokan red-tailed hawk speˑk’ spiˑk’ burrowing owl spʽoko´ʼ fox sto’ sto’ young squirrel sumhe bat stamaka´la bat suhao´ye black-shining flycatcher swe´ho swīˑ´yo male coyote swaa´ crane taˑlwa·´x worm ta´lmui nuthatch taka´la Lawrence's goldfinch ta´nukupel crane tapṭe´ʟ woodpecker tena´k male antelope tepce´ owl tesik’ ṭeci´kʼ ticik’neʟ pelican tē·´u tewe´ pigeon tikʽmo´ʽ worm time´hai great California vulture titc´k te’tc’ badger t´mɑ´cɑx seal tʽoˑ´i badger tʽoˑ´io sea otter t’sue whale tʸa´i blue jay ṭ’ai’ ṭahi flea ṭa·yiʟ ṭaiyeʟ’ tayiʟtena´x crab ṭaitc’aˑ´tak serpent ṭaˑliˑye´’ puma ṭa´’muʟ ṭ´a’muʟ ṭa´’multenax deer ṭaa´’ ṭaa´’p ṭaatne´ʟ bat ṭapilale turtledove ṭaˑxwe´ne’ ṭʽaˑxwe´n’ bear ṭaxai´’ ṭᴀxai´’ ṭaxai´yukten turtle ṭawai ṭawʚ´ ṭawaiiten salmon ṭetiyau´ tʽetēyau ṭetiyauutén kingbird ṭike´ ṭ’ike´’ small frog ṭ’iˑkolʚ´ serpent ṭinele´ʼ grubs, worms ṭ’iope´’ mountain lizard ṭʽoiyelɘ´’ gray squirrel ṭooloc ṭoˑlo´c ṭoolecna´neʟ wolf ṭʽo·´xo ṭoˑxo´ʼ ṭʽoˑ´xolanel curved-bill thrush tca tca Brewer's blackbird tca´la tcal red-shafted woodpecker tc’am’ tc’a’ᴍɪ cricket tcʼeˑl’ blue jay tc’ele´uʼ bat tc’e´mtcem fish-hawk tcikʼ tc´iktcik caterpillar tcoana´hi ṭaau´ mottled snake ts’aike´’ yellow-bellied woodpecker ts’e´’ʟ owl ts’ɘ´tʽenek’ spider ts’ope´n sopne´t ts’ope´nlax red-winged blackbird wakeno´ frog wa·´kiṭ wa´kɑṭ’ wakiṭten; wa´kɑṭ’ṭʽa´ʟ bullbat wa´lwal’ Oregon bunting wa´tc watc’ white goose wau blue jay, bunting witcele´’ wetcele´’ martin weˑtelo´’ woodpecker we´tok mussel xaii´k crane xalau´’ ground tit xane´o lizard xakele´ xapailʚ´’ yellow-billed magpie atce´tc xatca´tc’ roadrunner, ground cuckoo xom xo·´’mɪ quail ho´mlik´ red-headed vulture xopne´l xo·pɴe´ʟ dog xutc xutcaˑi xoste´n
Plants[edit]
English gloss Antoniaño Migueleño plural wild oats atʟoˑ´s bark awu´’l awuʟ’ tule aˑxo´ʟ axone´ʟ seed avexte´ya ayextel’i´ya bud ca´l ca´ltine quijara de pala ck’ua´ large soaproot ck’alʚ´’ clover cpo´k’at’; cpoku´mt’a brush cɑ´tala leaf ctan’ stanane´ʟ blackberries elpo´nʚ wild seeds heˑʟka´’ hay, grass k’aˑṭ’ kat k’atsane´l sunflower k’a·´ciʟ tule k’ɑ´mta’ acorn k’a’ kɑp’ ka’te´ʟ small young oaks ka´pitc’ large pine nut kʽe kʽe fern root k’ēˑ´ciapowat tuna (prickly pear) k’eso´i’ cedar keṭipui keṭipoilax root ko’iʏi melon k’olopopo´ bulb, wild potato k’ona·´ka cacomite kotc’e´ʟ forest ku´katak flower mɑkawi´ʼ mɑkewe´ makawili´ʼ milkweed matai´’ʏi toloache moˑnoi´’ʏi laurel mopa´kʽ ivy mucuelit wild grape o·pɪs chia pa´siʟ pɑ´siʟ post oak p’ɑ´pex white oak at’ p’aˑ´’t atne´ʟ; p’atʽne´lat manzanita patʽax patʽa´k patʽaxtén live oak askle´t paxa´kiʟ buckeye pʚca´ʼ willow pʚsxe´t grass petʟ seedlings peyexte´toʼ seaweed powa´tka fruit pamputen fruit tenpute´s mescal saxe´t alfilerillos seneste´ʟ brush smɑt acorn smoʼ clover smo´kumeʟ acorn sxau´witʽ seeds tana´t wicker tana´st grains tate´ small soaproot tetai´ elderberries tetɑ´pʽkoˑʟ root tepa´s tepa´so oak tʽio´i acorn t’i´pi’ mescal tʽᴍɑ grass tʽʚma´s milkweed tʚmaˑ´ʟ grass for baskets tʽonawɑ´’ gooseberries toipen flower of mescal ṭaiya´c wood ṭa·´ka’aṭʽ ṭa·´kaṭa tak’ane´ʟ tobacco ṭala´’ᴍ ṭoela´m stump of tree ṭa´pin ṭamoina´co fruit tata ṭaˑ´tʽoʼ root ṭepastéɴ juice ṭetaco ṭita´cu pine nuts tcʽo’ tʽo’ ṭotenʚ´l brush ṭoki barsalillo tc’e·´lak pine tc’o’ wood for pipe tcʽo´ʟʚ chuckberries ts’eta´kiʟ spine xa´ke acorn xo´le live oak hasli´t’ acorn ha´siʟ
Bibliography[edit]
- Campbell, Lyle (1997). American Indian languages: the historical linguistics of Native America. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195094275.
- Mason, John Alden (1918). The language of the Salinan Indians. University of California Press. pp. 436–. Retrieved August 24, 2012.University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 14.1-154.
- Sitjar, Fr. Buenaventura (1861) Vocabulario de la lengua de los naturales de la mission de San Antonio, Alta California. Shea's Library of American Linguistics, 7. Reprinted 1970 at New York by AMS Press.
- Turner, Katherine (1987). Aspects of Salinan Grammar, Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. University of California at Berkeley.
References[edit]
- ^ "A Glossary of Proper Names in California Prehistory: Ethnolinguistic Groups". Society for California Archaeology. Retrieved September 26, 2012.
- ^ Sapir, Edward. (1925) The Hokan affinity of Subtiaba in Nicaragua. American Anthropologist 27: (3).402-34, (4). 491-527.
- ^ Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world. Brown, E. K., Ogilvie, Sarah. (1st ed.). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier. 2009. pp. 504. ISBN 9780080877754. OCLC 318247422.CS1 maint: others (link)
- ^ Native languages of the Americas. Sebeok, Thomas A. (Thomas Albert), 1920-2001. New York: Plenum Press. 1976. pp. 440–446. ISBN 030637157X. OCLC 2388194.CS1 maint: others (link)
- ^ Turner, Katherine (1987). Aspects of Salinan Grammar. pp. 39–41.
- ^ Mason, John Alden (1918). The language of the Salinan Indians. University of California Press. pp. 436–. Retrieved August 24, 2012.University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 14.1-154.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the External links[edit]
 |
Wiktionary has a word list at Appendix:Salinan word list |
- Salinan language overview at the Survey of California and Other Indian Languages
- Antoniaño Salinan field recordings collected by William H. Jacobsen, Jr. spoken by Elario Quintana and Dave Mora
- "Salinan Sound recordings". Collections Search Center, Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved July 20, 2012.
- OLAC resources in and about the Salinan language
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