2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
 | This article documents a current military offensive. Information may change rapidly as the event progresses, and initial news reports may be unreliable. The latest updates to this article may not reflect the most current information. (February 2022) |
| 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Russo-Ukrainian War | |||||||
Clockwise from top left photo:
Ukraine Ukrainian territories occupied by Russia and pro-Russian separatists See also: Detailed map of the Russo-Ukrainian War | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Ukraine | |||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| Order of battle for the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine | |||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
|
|
| ||||||
_-_ruins.jpg)
On 24 February 2022, Russia launched a large-scale military invasion of Ukraine,[d] one of its neighbours to the southwest, marking a steep escalation to a conflict that began in 2014. Several officials and analysts called the invasion the largest conventional military attack in Europe since World War II.[45][46][47]
Following Ukraine's Revolution of Dignity in 2014, Russia had annexed Crimea, while Russian-backed separatist forces had seized part of the Donbas in eastern Ukraine, leading to an eight-year war in the region.[48][49] From early-2021, there was a Russian military buildup around the Russo-Ukrainian border. The US and others accused Russia of planning an invasion into Ukraine, but Russian officials repeatedly issued denials as late as 20 February 2022.[50][51] During the crisis, Russian president Vladimir Putin presented the post-1997 enlargement of NATO as a threat to his country's security, a claim which NATO rejected,[52] and demanded Ukraine be barred from ever joining NATO.[53] Putin expressed Russian irredentist views,[54] and questioned Ukraine's right to statehood.[55][56] Before the invasion, in an attempt to provide a casus belli, Putin accused Ukraine of committing genocide against Russian speakers in Ukraine; these accusations were widely described as baseless.[57][58]
On 21 February 2022, Russia officially recognised the Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republics, two self-proclaimed states controlled by pro-Russian separatist forces in the Donbas.[59] The following day, Russia's Federation Council unanimously authorised Putin to use military force abroad, and Russian troops were openly sent into both territories.[60] On 24 February, at around 05:00 EET (UTC+2), Putin announced a "special military operation", which according to him was aimed at the "demilitarization" and "denazification" of Ukraine.[61] Minutes later, missiles began to hit locations across Ukraine, including the capital, Kyiv. The State Border Guard Service of Ukraine said that its border posts with Russia and Belarus were attacked.[62][63] Two hours later, Russian Ground Forces entered the country.[64] Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy responded by enacting martial law, severing diplomatic ties with Russia, and ordering general mobilisation across the country.[65][66]
The invasion received widespread international condemnation, including new sanctions imposed on Russia, triggering a financial crisis. Global protests took place against the invasion, while protests in Russia were met with mass arrests.[67][68] Both prior to and during the invasion, various states provided foreign aid to Ukraine, including arms and other materiel support.[69] In response, Putin placed Russia's nuclear forces on high alert.[70]
According to the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), more than one million Ukrainians fled the country during the first week of the invasion, causing a refugee crisis across Europe.[71]
Background
Post-Soviet context and Orange Revolution
After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Ukraine and Russia maintained close ties. In 1994, Ukraine agreed to abandon its nuclear arsenal by signing the Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances, on the condition that Russia, the United Kingdom (UK), and the United States (US) would provide assurances against threats or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of Ukraine. Five years later, Russia was one of the signatories of the Charter for European Security, which "reaffirmed the inherent right of each and every participating State to be free to choose or change its security arrangements, including treaties of alliance, as they evolve".[72] In the years after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, several former Eastern Bloc countries joined NATO, which Russian leaders claimed was a violation of Western powers' assurances that NATO would not expand eastward.[53]
The 2004 Ukrainian presidential election was controversial. In November, the-then prime minister Viktor Yanukovych was declared the winner, despite allegations of vote-rigging by election observers.[73] The results caused a public outcry in support of the opposition candidate Viktor Yushchenko, and widespread peaceful protests challenged the outcome in what became known as the Orange Revolution. During the tumultuous months of the revolution, Yushchenko was poisoned by TCDD dioxin.[74][75] He strongly suspected Russian involvement in his poisoning.[76] After the Supreme Court of Ukraine annulled the initial election result, a second round re-run was held, bringing Yushchenko and Yulia Tymoshenko to power, and leaving Yanukovych in opposition.[77] In June 2009, Yanukovych announced his intent to again run for president in the 2010 Ukrainian presidential election,[78] which he subsequently won.[79]
Euromaidan, Revolution of Dignity, and war in Donbas
The Euromaidan protests began in 2013 over the Ukrainian government's decision to suspend the signing of the European Union–Ukraine Association Agreement, instead choosing closer ties to Russia and the Eurasian Economic Union. Following weeks of protests, Yanukovych and the leaders of the Ukrainian parliamentary opposition signed a settlement agreement on 21 February 2014 that called for an early election. The following day, Yanukovych fled from Kyiv ahead of an impeachment vote that stripped him of his powers as president.[80][81][82] Leaders of Russian-speaking eastern Ukraine declared continuing loyalty to Yanukovych,[83] leading to pro-Russian unrest.[84]
The unrest was followed by the annexation of Crimea by Russia in March 2014 and the war in Donbas, which started in April 2014 with the creation of the Russia-backed quasi-states of the Donetsk and Luhansk people's republics.[85][86] Russian troops were involved in the conflict,[87] although Russia formally denied this.[88][89] The Minsk agreements were signed in September 2014 and February 2015 in a bid to stop the fighting, although ceasefires repeatedly failed.[90]
In July 2021, Putin published an essay titled On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians, in which he re-affirmed his view that Russians and Ukrainians were "one people".[91] American historian Timothy D. Snyder described Putin's ideas as imperialism.[92] British journalist Edward Lucas described it as historical revisionism.[93] Other observers have described the Russian leadership as having a distorted view of modern Ukraine and its history.[94][95][96] Ukraine and other European countries neighbouring Russia accused Putin of irredentism and of pursuing aggressive militaristic policies.[97][98][99]
Prelude
Russian military build-ups
From March to April 2021, Russia commenced a major military build-up near the Russo-Ukrainian border. The second phase of military build-ups took place from October 2021 to February 2022. Russian equipment marked with a white Z symbol, which is not a Cyrillic letter, were spotted on the sides of the equipment during the build-up. Tanks, fighting vehicles, and other equipment bearing the symbol were seen as late as 22 February 2022. Observers believed that the marking was a deconfliction measure meant to prevent friendly fire incidents.[101]
Russian officials' denials of plans to invade
Despite military build-up,[102] Russian officials repeatedly denied that any plans to invade Ukraine.[50][51][103] On 12 November 2021, Putin's spokesman Dmitry Peskov told reporters that "Russia doesn't threaten anyone",[50][51] and on 12 December, that attempts were made to "demonise Russia and cast it as a potential aggressor".[50] As late as 20 February 2022, officials denied plans, marking them as hysteria.[50][51]
The United States released detailed intelligence of Russian invasion plans, including satellite photographs showing concentrations of Russian troops and equipment near the Ukrainian border, and reported of a Russian list of key sites and individuals to be killed or detained upon invasion.[104]
On 31 January, Colonel-General Leonid Ivashov, as chairman of the Russian Officers' Assembly, issued an appeal against Russia's war with Ukraine.[105] He accused Putin and the leadership of Russia of preparing such a war and called on them to resign.[106][107]
Russian accusations and demands
In the leadup to the invasion, Putin and Kremlin officials engaged in a protracted series of accusations against Ukraine as well as demands aimed at Ukraine, NATO, and non-NATO allies, which some commentators and Western officials described as an attempt to generate justification for war.[108][109] On 9 December 2021, Putin spoke of discrimination against Russian speakers outside Russia, saying: "I have to say that Russophobia is a first step towards genocide."[110][111] On 15 February 2022, Putin told the press: "What is going on in Donbas is exactly genocide."[109] The Russian government also condemned the language policy in Ukraine.[112][113][114]
On 18 February, Anatoly Antonov, the Russian ambassador to the US, accused the US of condoning the forced cultural assimilation of Russians in Ukraine.[115] In an address on 21 February, Putin said that Ukrainian society "was faced with the rise of far-right nationalism, which rapidly developed into aggressive Russophobia and neo-Nazism."[116][117][118] Putin stated that "Ukraine never had a tradition of genuine statehood" and was wrongly created by Soviet Russia.[55][119] Putin's claims were dismissed by the international community.[120] In particular, Russian claims of genocide have been widely rejected as baseless.[57][58] The European Commission has also rejected the allegations as "Russian disinformation".[121] The US embassy in Ukraine called the Russian genocide claim a "reprehensible falsehood".[122] Ned Price, a spokesperson for the US State Department, said that Moscow was making such claims as an excuse for invading Ukraine.[109]
Analysts said that Putin pushed a "false 'Nazi' narrative", taking advantage of World War II memories and collaboration in German-occupied Ukraine,[123] to justify Russia's attack on Ukraine.[118] While Ukraine has a far-right fringe, including the neo-Nazi Azov Battalion and Right Sector,[118][124] they say Putin greatly exaggerated the scale of the issue, and there is no widespread support for this ideology in the government, military, or electorate.[108][118][125] Addressing the Russian claims specifically, Ukrainian president Zelenskyy, who is Jewish, stated that his grandfather served in the Soviet Army fighting against the Nazis;[126] three of his family members died in the Holocaust.[127] The US Holocaust Memorial Museum condemned Putin's abuse of Holocaust history as a justification for war.[128][129] Some commentators described Putin's claims as reflecting his isolation and reliance on an inner circle who were unable to give him frank advice.[130]
.jpg)
During the second build-up, Russia issued demands to the US and NATO, including a legally binding promise that Ukraine would not join NATO, as well as a reduction in NATO troops and military hardware stationed in Eastern Europe.[132] In addition, Russia threatened an unspecified military response if NATO continued to follow an "aggressive line".[133] These demands were largely interpreted as being non-viable; new NATO members had joined as their populations broadly preferred to move towards the safety and economic opportunities offered by NATO and the European Union (EU), and away from Russia.[134] The demand for a formal treaty preventing Ukraine from joining NATO was also seen as unviable, although NATO showed no desire to accede to Ukraine's requests to join.[135]
Alleged clashes
Fighting in Donbas escalated significantly from 17 February 2022 onwards. While the daily number of attacks over the first six weeks of 2022 ranged between two and five, the Ukrainian military reported 60 attacks on 17 February alone. Russian state media reported over 20 artillery attacks on separatist positions on the same day.[136] The Ukrainian government accused Russian separatists of shelling a kindergarten at Stanytsia Luhanska with artillery, injuring three. The Luhansk People's Republic (LPR) claimed that its forces had been attacked by mortars, grenade launchers, and machine gun fire from Ukrainian forces.[137][138]
On 18 February, the Donetsk and Luhansk people's republics ordered mandatory emergency evacuations of civilians from their respective capital cities,[139][140][141] although observers noted that full evacuations would take months to accomplish.[142] Ukrainian media reported a sharp increase in artillery shelling by the Russian-led militants in Donbas as attempts to provoke the Ukrainian army.[143][144] On 21 February, Russia's Federal Security Service (FSB) announced that Ukrainian shelling had destroyed an FSB border facility 150 metres from the Russia–Ukraine border in Rostov Oblast.[145] The Luhansk power station was also shelled by unknown forces.[146] Ukrainian news stated that it was forced to shut down as a result.[147]
On 21 February, the press service of the Southern Military District announced that Russian forces had in the morning that day killed a group of five saboteurs near the village of Mityakinskaya, Rostov Oblast, that had penetrated the border from Ukraine in two infantry fighting vehicles, the vehicles having been destroyed.[148] Ukraine denied being involved in both incidents and called them a false flag.[149][150] Additionally, two Ukrainian soldiers and a civilian were reported killed by shelling in the village of Zaitseve, 30 kilometres (19 mi; 16 nmi) north of Donetsk.[151] Several analysts, including the investigative website Bellingcat,[152] published evidence that many of the claimed attacks, explosions, and evacuations in Donbas were staged by Russia.[153][154][155]
Escalation (21–23 February)
On 21 February at 22:35 (UTC+3),[156] Putin announced the recognition of the Donetsk and Luhansk people's republics.[157] The same evening Putin directed the deployment of Russian troops, including mechanised forces, into Donbas in what Russia referred to as a "peacekeeping mission".[158][159] Later in the night local time,[160] several independent media outlets confirmed that Russian forces were entering Donbas.[161][162][163] The 21 February intervention in Donbas was widely condemned by the UN Security Council and did not receive any support.[164] Kenya's ambassador Martin Kimani compared Putin's move to colonialism and said: "We must complete our recovery from the embers of dead empires in a way that does not plunge us back into new forms of domination and oppression."[165]
On 22 February, US president Joe Biden stated that "the beginning of a Russian invasion of Ukraine" had occurred. Jens Stoltenberg, the secretary general of NATO, and Canadian prime minister Justin Trudeau said that "further invasion" had taken place. Kuleba stated: "There's no such thing as a minor, middle or major invasion. Invasion is an invasion." Josep Borrell, the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, stated that "Russian troops [had arrived] on Ukrainian soil" in what was "[not] a fully-fledged invasion".[166][167] On the same day, the Federation Council unanimously authorised Putin to use military force outside Russia.[60] In turn, Zelenskyy ordered a conscription of Ukraine's reservists, while not committing to general mobilisation at that time.[168]
On 23 February, the Verkhovna Rada proclaimed a 30-day nationwide state of emergency, excluding the occupied territories in Donbas, which took effect at midnight. The parliament also ordered the mobilisation of all reservists of the Armed Forces of Ukraine.[169][170][171] On the same day, Russia began to evacuate its embassy in Kyiv and also lowered the Russian flag from the top of the building.[172] The websites of the Ukrainian parliament and government, along with banking websites, were hit by DDoS attacks,[173] widely attributed to Russian-backed hackers.[174][175][176]
On the night of 23 February, Zelenskyy made a televised speech in which he addressed the citizens of Russia in Russian and pleaded with them to prevent war.[177][178][179] In the speech, Zelenskyy refuted claims of the Russian government about the presence of neo-Nazis in the Ukrainian government and stated that he had no intention of attacking the Donbas region.[180][181]
Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov said that the leaders of the Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics sent a letter to Putin appealing for military support from Russia "in repelling the aggression of the Ukrainian armed forces", with the letter claiming that Ukrainian government shelling had caused civilian deaths.[182] In response to the appeal, Ukraine requested an urgent UN Security Council meeting,[183] which subsequently convened at 21:30 (UTC−5).[184] UN Secretary-General António Guterres opened the meeting by pleading to Putin: "Give peace a chance."[185] Half an hour into the emergency meeting, Russia announced the invasion; this was half an hour before the Permanent Representative of Ukraine to the United Nations Sergiy Kyslytsya was to speak, who subsequently called on the Russian representative Vassily Nebenzia to "do everything possible to stop the war", which the Russian representative, chairing the meeting,[185][186] refused.[187]
Invasion
On 24 February, shortly before 06:00 Moscow Time (UTC+3), Putin announced that he had made the decision to launch a "special military operation" in eastern Ukraine.[188][189] In his address, Putin claimed there were no plans to occupy Ukrainian territory and that he supported the right of the peoples of Ukraine to self-determination.[190][191] He said the purpose of the "operation" was to "protect the people" in the predominantly Russian-speaking region of Donbas who, according to Putin, "for eight years now, have been facing humiliation and genocide perpetrated by the Kyiv regime."[192] Putin also stated that Russia sought the "demilitarisation and denazification" of Ukraine.[193] Within minutes of Putin's announcement, explosions were reported in Kyiv, Kharkiv, Odessa, and the Donbas.[194]
Immediately following the attack, Zelenskyy announced the introduction of martial law in Ukraine;[195] the same evening, he ordered a general mobilisation of all Ukrainian males between 18 and 60 years old.[66]
Russian troops entered Ukraine from four main directions: north from Belarus, heading towards Kyiv; northeast from Russia, heading towards Kharkiv; east from the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic; and south from the annexed region of Crimea.[196]
Northern front
On the first day, Russian troops began advancing towards Kyiv to encircle it. The Russians took control of the ghost towns of Chernobyl and Pripyat, including the nuclear power plant there,[197] but their advance was hindered by strong resistance from Ukrainian troops.[198]
One of the strategic locations that Russia sought to take control of was Hostomel's Antonov Airport. Fierce fighting took place between 24 and 25 February,[199] with Ukrainian troops trying to repel Russian airborne forces several times. The airport eventually fell into Russian hands.[200]
Eastern front
In the east, Russian troops tried to capture Kharkiv and Sumy, which are both located less than 35 kilometres (22 mi) from the Russian border.[201][202] In Kharkiv, Russian tanks were met with strong resistance. On 28 February, the city was targeted by various missile attacks, which claimed several lives.
Southern front
The advance of Russian troops from Crimea was more successful than on the other fronts. They began by pushing towards Kherson and taking control of the North Crimean Canal, which allowed them to regain water supplies for the peninsula, which it had been cut off from since 2014.[203] The attack also moved east towards Mariupol, beginning a siege of the city and linking the front with the Donbas separatist regions.[204][205] On 2 March, Kherson was completely conquered by Russian troops.[206]
Horlivka offensive
On 1 March, Ukrainian forces began a counteroffensive toward Horlivka, which has been controlled by the Donetsk People's Republic since late 2014.[207][208] On 3 March it has been reported by one pro-Ukrainian blogger that the city has been "cleared of occupational forces", suggesting it is now under Ukrainian control.[209]
Foreign military support to Ukraine
Under the leadership of Viktor Yanukovych, the Ukrainian military had deteriorated. It was further weakened following Yanukovych's fall and his succession by West-looking leaders. Subsequently, a number of Ukraine's allies[who?] began providing military aid to rebuild its military forces. This assisted the Ukrainian military to improve its quality, with the Ukrainian army achieving noticeable successes against Russian proxy forces in Donbas.[citation needed] Notably, the Ukrainian armed forces began acquiring Turkey's Bayraktar TB2 unmanned combat aerial vehicles since 2019,[210] which was first used in October 2021 to target a Russian separatist artillery position in Donbas.[211]
As Russia began building up its equipment and troops on Ukraine's borders, NATO member states increased the rate of weapons delivery.[212] US president Joe Biden used Presidential Drawdown Authorities in August and December 2021 to provide $260 million in aid. These included deliveries of FGM-148 Javelins and other anti-armour weapons, small arms, various calibres of ammunition, and other equipment.[213][214][215]
Following the invasion, nations began making further commitments of arms deliveries. Belgium,[216] the Czech Republic,[217] Estonia,[218] France, Greece,[219] the Netherlands, Portugal,[220] and the UK announced that they would send supplies to support and defend the Ukrainian military and government.[221] On 24 February, Poland delivered some military supplies to Ukraine, including 100 mortars, various ammunition, and over 40,000 helmets.[222][223] While some of the 30 members of NATO agreed to send weapons, NATO as an organisation did not.[69]
In January 2022, Germany ruled out sending weapons to Ukraine and prevented Estonia, through export controls on German-made arms, from sending former East German D-30 howitzers to Ukraine.[224] Germany announced it was sending 5,000 helmets and a field hospital to Ukraine,[225] to which Kyiv mayor Vitali Klitschko derisively responded: "What will they send next? Pillows?"[226] On 26 February, in a reversal of its previous position, Germany approved the Netherlands' request to send 400 rocket-propelled grenades to Ukraine,[227] as well as 500 Stinger missiles and 1,000 anti-tank weapons from its own supplies.[228]
On 27 February, the EU agreed to purchase weapons for Ukraine collectively. EU foreign policy chief Josep Borrell stated that it would purchase €450 million (US$502 million) in lethal assistance and an additional €50 million ($56 million) in non-lethal supplies. Borrell said that EU defence ministers still needed to determine the details of how to purchase the materiel and transfer it to Ukraine, but that Poland had agreed to act as a distribution hub.[229][230][231] Borrell also stated that they intended to supply Ukraine with fighter jets that they are already able to pilot. These would not be paid for through the €450 million assistance package. Poland, Bulgaria, and Slovakia had MiG-29s and Slovakia also had Su-25s, which were fighter jets that Ukraine already flew and could be transferred without pilot training.[232] On 1 March, Poland, Slovakia, and Bulgaria confirmed they would not provide fighter jets to Ukraine.[233]
On 26 February, US Secretary of State Antony Blinken announced that he had authorised $350 million in lethal military assistance, including "anti-armor and anti-aircraft systems, small arms and various caliber munitions, body armor, and related equipment".[234][235] Russia claimed that US drones gave intelligence to the Ukrainian navy to help target its warships in the Black Sea, which the US denied.[236] On 27 February, Portugal announced that it would send H&K G3 automatic rifles and other military equipment.[220] Sweden and Denmark both decided to send 5,000 and 2,700 anti-tank weapons, respectively, to Ukraine.[237][238] Denmark also provided parts from 300 non-operational Stinger missiles, that the US would first help make operational.[239]
The Norwegian government, after initially saying it would not send weapons to Ukraine but would send other military equipment like helmets and protective gear,[240][241][242] announced on 28 February that it would also donate up to 2,000 M72 LAW anti-tank weapons to Ukraine.[243][244][245] In a similarly major policy shift for a neutral country, Finland announced that it would send 2,500 assault rifles together with 150,000 rounds, 1,500 single-shot anti-tank weapons and 70,000 combat-ration packages, to add to the bulletproof vests, helmets, and medical supplies already announced.[246]
Humanitarian impact
Casualties
 | This section needs to be updated. (March 2022) |
| Breakdown | Fatalities | Time period | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Civilians | 2,000+ killed | 24 February – 2 March 2022 | Ukrainian government[247] |
| 136 killed | 24 February – 1 March 2022 | United Nations[248] | |
| UAF, NGU, and volunteer forces | 1,500 killed | 24–28 February 2022 | US officials[249] |
| Russian Armed Forces | 498 killed | 24 February – 2 March 2022 | Russian government[250] |
| 1,500–2,000 killed | 24–28 February 2022 | US officials[249] |
Sergiy Kyslytsya, the Ukrainian Ambassador to the United Nations, announced on 27 February 2022 via Twitter that the country had reached out to the International Committee of the Red Cross for help in the repatriation effort of the bodies of killed Russian soldiers.[251] Due to concerns that Russia was not reporting the number or any casualties of soldiers in Ukraine, the Ukrainian Interior Ministry began issuing appeals that same day for relatives of Russian soldiers to help identify wounded, captured, or killed soldiers. The initiative, called Ishchi Svoikh (Russian: Ищи Своих, lit. 'Look for Your Own'), was quickly blocked by the Russian government's media regulator the day the initiative began at the request of Russia's Prosecutor-General's Office.[252] On 2 March, Russia's Ministry of Defence confirmed that 498 Russian soldiers had been killed in combat, with another 1,597 being injured.[250]
On 1 March, a national member of the OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine (SMM), Maryna Fenina, was killed in Russian's shelling of Kharkiv.[253]Foreign deaths
Excluding the Russian troops, at least 18 people from 7 countries besides Ukraine died due to the war. The following is a list of the nationalities of the foreign victims:
| Country | Deaths | Reference(s) |
|---|---|---|
 Greece |
10 | [254] |
 Azerbaijan |
4 | |
 India |
2 | [255] |
 Algeria |
1 | |
 Bangladesh |
1 | [256] |
 Iraq |
1 | |
 Israel |
1 |
Refugees
Due to the continued military build-up along the Ukrainian border, many neighbouring governments and aid organisations had been preparing for a potential mass displacement event in the weeks prior to the invasion. The Ukrainian Defence Minister estimated in December 2021 that an invasion could potentially force between three and five million people to flee their homes.[257]
Numbers and countries
.jpg)
According to the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, more than a half-million Ukrainians fled the country in the first four days after the invasion;[258] about 281,000 went to Poland, almost 85,000 to Hungary, at least 36,390 to Moldova, more than 32,500 to Romania, 30,000 to Slovakia, and about 34,600 to various other countries.[258] Within the first week, a million refugees had fled from Ukraine;[259][260] they were predominantly women and children,[261][262][263] as men between the age of 18 and 60 were denied exit from Ukraine.[264]
.jpg)
On 24 February, the government of Latvia approved a contingency plan to receive and accommodate approximately 10,000 refugees from Ukraine,[265] and two days later the first refugees, assisted by the Latvian Samaritan Association, began arriving. Several non-governmental organisations, municipalities, schools, and institutions also pledged to provide accommodation.[266] On 27 February, around 20 volunteer professional drivers departed to Lublin with donated supplies, bringing Ukrainian refugees to Latvia on their way back.[267] To facilitate border crossings, Poland and Romania lifted COVID-19 entry rules.[268][269]
The government of Hungary announced that all persons crossing the border from Ukraine, those without a travel document, and arriving from third countries would also be admitted after appropriate screening.[270] Prime Minister Viktor Orbán said that Hungary is a "friendly place" for people arriving from Ukraine.[271] Many of the Ukrainians who fled to Hungary were Transcarpathian Hungarians; none of them requested any form of protection by 25 February.[272]
Most of Ukrainian refugees who crossed into Romania entered through Siret in Suceava County.[273] In the first three days after the invasion, 31,000 Ukrainians entered Romania, of which only 111 requested some form of protection. Many used the Romanian or Ukrainian passport they held, preferring not to seek asylum for the time being. ON 26 February, Romania's Interior Ministry approved the installation of the first mobile camp near the Siret customs.[274]
As a large group of refugees was expected in Bulgaria,[275] various municipalities announced their intention to provide accommodation for Bulgarians and Ukrainians fleeing the country, and began to modify and build housing for new arrivals.[276]
On 26 February, Slovakia announced that it would give money to people who supported Ukrainian refugees. The previous day, Slovakia had received over 10,000 refugees, mostly women and children.[277]
Allegations of discrimination and racism
At the end of February, it was reported that during the previous days the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine at the border posts near Medyka and Shehyni had not permitted a number of non-Ukrainians (many of them foreign students stuck in the country) to cross the border into neighbouring safe nations,[278] claiming that priority was being given to Ukrainian citizens to cross first. The Ukrainian Foreign Minister said there were no restrictions on foreign citizens leaving Ukraine, and that the border force had been told to allow all foreign citizens to leave.[279][280] According to Bal Kaur Sandhu, the general-secretary of Khalsa Aid, Indian students trying to leave Ukraine faced serious difficulties and discrimination when attempting to cross the border, were subjected to violence and "have quite verbally been told that your government is not supporting us, we are not supporting you".[281] Similar discrimination was reported by Africans trying to leave.[282][283]
International organisations
On 3 March 2022, EU ministers agreed to invoke the Temporary Protection Directive for the first time in history, so that refugees from Ukraine can stay in the EU for at least one year without applying for asylum.[284] Most countries of the Schengen Area, including Poland, Germany, and Switzerland, have waived passport requirements for Ukrainians fleeing the war zone.[285]
War crimes
The invasion of Ukraine was considered to have violated the Charter of the United Nations and constituted a crime of aggression according to international criminal law, raising the possibility that the crime of aggression could be prosecuted under universal jurisdiction.[286][287][288] The invasion also violated the Rome Statute, which prohibits "the invasion or attack by the armed forces of a State of the territory of another State, or any military occupation, however temporary, resulting from such invasion or attack, or any annexation by the use of force of the territory of another State or part thereof". Ukraine had not ratified the Rome Statute and Russia withdrew its signature from it in 2016.[289]
On 25 February, Amnesty International said that it had collected and analysed evidence showing that Russia had violated international humanitarian law, including attacks that could amount to war crimes; it also said that Russian claims to be only using precision-guided weapons were false.[290][291] Amnesty and Human Rights Watch said that Russian forces had carried out indiscriminate attacks on civilian areas and strikes on hospitals, including firing a 9M79 Tochka ballistic missile with a cluster munition warhead towards a hospital in Vuhledar, which killed four civilians and wounded ten others, including six healthcare staff.[292][293] Dmytro Zhyvytskyi, the governor of Sumy Oblast, said that at least six Ukrainians, including a seven-year-old girl, had died in a Russian attack on Okhtyrka on 26 February, and that a kindergarten and orphanage had been hit.[294]
On 27 February, Ukrainian foreign minister Dmytro Kuleba called for the International Criminal Court (ICC) to investigate the Okhtyrka kindergarten bombing.[294] The same day, Ukraine filed a lawsuit against Russia before the International Court of Justice, accusing Russia of violating the Genocide Convention by falsely claiming genocide as a pretext for military operations against Ukraine.[295] On 28 February, Karim Ahmad Khan, the chief prosecutor of the ICC, said there was a "reasonable basis" for allegations of war crimes and crimes against humanity following the ICC's preliminary examination of the case.[296] Thirty-nine states officially referred the situation in Ukraine to the ICC. On 3 March, Karim Khan announced that evidence was being collected of alleged war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide committed by individuals of all sides during the invasion and that a full investigation would be opened.[297]
On 28 February, a diplomatic crisis within Greece–Russia relations was sparked when the latter's air forces bombarded the two settlements of Buhas and Sartana, majority-populated by Ukrainian Greeks near Mariupol, killing 12 Greeks.[298] Greece protested strongly, summoning the Russian ambassador. French president Emmanuel Macron and US Secretary of State Antony Blinken,[299] along with Germany,[300] and other countries, expressed their condolences to Greece. Russian authorities denied responsibility, although Greek authorities stated that they had evidence of Russian involvement.[301] In response, Greek prime minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis announced that his country would send defensive military equipment and humanitarian aid to support Ukraine.[219][302] The same day, Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch denounced the use of cluster munitions and thermobaric weapons by Russian invasion forces in Ukraine. The use of cluster munitions in war is prohibited by the Convention on Cluster Munitions of 2008, though Russia and Ukraine are not part of this convention.[303] Both the Ukrainian and Russian governments have accused each other of using human shields.[304][305] On 1 March, President Zelenskyy said there was evidence that civilian areas had been targeted during a Russian artillery bombardment of Kharkiv earlier that day, and described it as a war crime.[296]
Ramifications
 | This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience. (March 2022) |
| This article needs to be updated. (March 2022) |
Sanctions
Western countries and others began imposing limited sanctions on Russia when it recognised the independence of Donbas. With the commencement of attacks on 24 February, large numbers of additional countries began applying sanctions with the aim of crippling the Russian economy. The sanctions were wide-ranging, targeting individuals, banks, businesses, monetary exchanges, bank transfers, exports, and imports.[306][307][308]
Faisal Islam of BBC News stated that the measures were far from normal sanctions and were "better seen as a form of economic war". The intent of the sanctions was to push Russia into a deep recession with the likelihood of bank runs and hyperinflation. Islam noted that targeting a G20 central bank in this way had never been done before.[309] Deputy Chairman of the Security Council of Russia and former president Dmitry Medvedev derided Western sanctions imposed on Russia, including personal sanctions, and commented that they were a sign of "political impotence" resulting from NATO's withdrawal from Afghanistan. He threatened to nationalise foreign assets that companies held inside Russia.[310]
Banking
In a 22 February speech,[311] US president Joe Biden announced restrictions against four Russian banks, including V.E.B., as well as on corrupt billionaires close to Putin.[312][313] UK prime minister Boris Johnson announced that all major Russian banks would have their assets frozen and be excluded from the UK financial system, and that some export licences to Russia would be suspended.[314] He also introduced a deposit limit for Russian citizens in UK bank accounts, and froze the assets of over 100 additional individuals and entities.[315]
The foreign ministers of the Baltic states called for Russia to be cut off from SWIFT, the global messaging network for international payments. Other EU member states had initially been reluctant to do this, both because European lenders held most of the nearly $30 billion in foreign banks' exposure to Russia and because China had developed an alternative to SWIFT called CIPS; a weaponisation of SWIFT would provide greater impetus to the development of CIPS which, in turn, could weaken SWIFT as well as the West's control over international finance.[317][318] Other leaders calling for Russia to be stopped from accessing SWIFT include Czech president Miloš Zeman,[319] and UK prime minister Boris Johnson.[320]
Germany had resisted calls for Russia to be banned from SWIFT, citing the effect it would have on payments for Russian gas and oil; on 26 February, the German foreign minister Annalena Baerbock and economy minister Robert Habeck made a joint statement backing targeted restrictions of Russia from SWIFT.[321][322] Shortly thereafter, it was announced that major Russian banks would be removed from SWIFT, although there would still be limited accessibility to ensure the continued ability to pay for gas shipments.[323] Furthermore, it was announced that the West would place sanctions on the Russian Central Bank, which holds $630bn in foreign reserves, to prevent it from liquidating assets to offset the impact of sanctions.[324]
On 26 February, two Chinese state banks—the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, which is the largest bank in the world, and the Bank of China, which is the country's biggest currency trader—were limiting financing to purchase Russian raw materials, which was limiting Russian access to foreign currency.[325] On 28 February, Switzerland froze a number of Russian assets and joined EU sanctions. According to Ignazio Cassis, the president of the Swiss Confederation, the decision was unprecedented but consistent with Swiss neutrality.[326] The same day, Monaco adopted economic sanctions and procedures for freezing funds identical to those taken by most European states.[327] Singapore became the first Southeast Asian country to impose sanctions on Russia by restricting banks and transactions linked to Russia;[328] the move was described by the South China Morning Post as being "almost unprecedented".[329] South Korea announced it would participate in the SWIFT ban against Russia, as well as announcing an export ban on strategic materials covered by the "Big 4" treaties to which Korea belongs—the Nuclear Suppliers Group, the Wassenaar Arrangement, the Australia Group, and the Missile Technology Control Regime; in addition, 57 non-strategic materials, including semiconductors, IT equipment, sensors, lasers, maritime equipment, and aerospace equipment, were planned to be included in the export ban "soon".[330]
On 28 February, Japan announced that its central bank would join sanctions by limiting transactions with Russia's central bank, and would impose sanctions on Belarusian organisations and individuals, including president Aleksandr Lukashenko, because of its "evident involvement in the invasion" of Ukraine.[331] According to The Wall Street Journal, payments for energy raw materials have been largely spared from these measures.[332] The Central Bank of Russia was blocked from accessing more than $400 billion in foreign-exchange reserves held abroad.[333][334] Sergei Aleksashenko, the former Russian deputy finance minister, said: "This is a kind of financial nuclear bomb that is falling on Russia."[335] EU foreign affairs chief Josep Borrell said that Western nations "cannot block the reserves of the Russian central bank in Moscow or in China".[336]
On 1 March, the Grand and General Council of San Marino authorised the country's government to take sanctions against Russia, and rejected that the measures had a military content.[337] The same day, the French finance minister Bruno Le Maire said that Russian assets being frozen by sanctions amounted to $1 trillion.[338] Following sanctions and criticisms of their relations with Russian business, many companies chose to exit Russian or Belarussian markets voluntarily or in order to avoid potential future sanctions.[339] Visa, Mastercard, and American Express independently blocked Russian banks as of 2 March.[340] Following Swiss sanctions on Russia, Credit Suisse issued orders to destroy documents linking Russian oligarchs to yacht loans, a move which led to considerable criticism.[341]
Export
The US instituted export controls, a novel sanction focused on restricting Russian access to high-tech components, both hardware and software, made with any parts or intellectual property from the US. The sanction required that any person or company that wanted to sell technology, semiconductors, encryption software, lasers, or sensors to Russia request a licence, which by default was denied. The enforcement mechanism involved sanctions against the person or company, with the sanctions focused on the shipbuilding, aerospace, and defence industries.[342]
EU sanctions
On the morning of 24 February, Ursula von der Leyen, the president of the European Commission, announced "massive" EU sanctions to be adopted by the union. The sanctions targeted technological transfers, Russian banks, and Russian assets.[343] Josep Borrell, the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, stated that Russia would face "unprecedented isolation" as the EU would impose the "harshest package of sanctions [which the union has] ever implemented". He also said that "these are among the darkest hours of Europe since the Second World War".[344] President of the European Parliament Roberta Metsola called for "immediate, quick, solid and swift action" and convened an extraordinary session of Parliament for 1 March.[345][346] On 26 February, the French Navy intercepted Russian cargo ship Baltic Leader in the English Channel. The ship was suspected of belonging to a company targeted by the sanctions. The ship was escorted to the port of Boulogne-sur-Mer and was being investigated.[347]
Airspace
On 25 February, the UK banned the Russian airline and flag carrier Aeroflot as well as Russian private jets from UK airspace.[314] The same day, Poland, Bulgaria, and the Czech Republic announced that they would close their airspace to Russian airlines;[348][349] Estonia followed suit the next day.[350] In response, Russia banned British aeroplanes from its airspace. S7 Airlines, Russia's largest domestic carrier, announced that it was cancelling all flights to Europe,[349] and US carrier Delta Air Lines announced that it was suspending ties with Aeroflot.[351] Russia further banned from its airspace all flights from carriers in Bulgaria, Poland, and the Czech Republic.[352] Estonia, Romania, Lithuania, and Latvia announced they would also ban Russian airlines from their airspace.[353] Germany also banned Russian aircraft from its airspace.[354] On 27 February, the Portuguese Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced that it had closed Portuguese airspace to Russian planes.[355] The same day, the EU announced that it would close its airspace to Russian aircraft.[242][356][357]
Nord Stream 2
German chancellor Olaf Scholz indefinitely blocked the Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline in response to the Russian invasion of Donbas.[358] Nord Stream 2 has become insolvent as a result.[359]
Black Sea
On 28 February, Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan announced that Turkey would limit Russian access to the Black Sea.[360] On 2 March, the Russian frigate Admiral Kasatonov was denied access to the Black Sea.[361]
Foreign Companies
Apple stops selling iPhones and other products in Russia. Harley-Davidson Inc, General Motors Co, Volvo Car AB, and Volvo AB suspend all of their operations in Russia.[362]
Economic impact
Kristalina Georgieva, the managing director of the International Monetary Fund, warned that the conflict posed a substantial economic risk for the region and internationally and added that the Fund could help other countries impacted by the conflict, complementary to a $2.2 billion loan package being prepared to assist Ukraine. David Malpass, the president of the World Bank Group, said that the conflict would have far-reaching economic and social effects and reported that the bank was preparing options for significant economic and fiscal support to Ukrainians and the region.[363]
Despite unprecedented international sanctions against Russia, payments for energy raw materials were largely spared from these measures, as were food supplies because of the potential impact on world food prices. Russia and Ukraine are major producers of wheat that is exported through the Bosporus to Mediterranean and North African countries.[332][364]
Russia
.jpg)
In Russia, the economic sanctions had an immediate effect. The Russian stock market crashed, falling 39%, as measured by the RTS Index, on the first day of the invasion, with similar falls in the following days. The Russian ruble fell to record lows, as Russians rushed to exchange money.[365][366][367] Stock exchanges in Moscow and St Petersburg were suspended.[368][369][370] On 26 February, S&P Global Ratings downgraded the Russian government credit rating to "junk", potentially forcing funds that require investment-grade bonds to dump Russian debt.[371]
The Central Bank of Russia announced its first market interventions since the 2014 annexation of Crimea to stabilise the market. It also raised interest rates to 20% and banned foreigners from selling local securities.[372] According to a former deputy chairman of the Russian central bank, the sanctions put the Russian National Wealth Fund at risk of disappearing.[373] On 28 February, with the value of the Russian ruble and the share prices for Russian equities falling on major exchanges, Moscow's MOEX exchange was closed for the day.[374] As of 28 February, the price of Russia's credit default swaps signalled about a 56% chance of default.[375]
On 27 February, BP, one of the world's seven largest oil and gas companies and the single largest foreign investor in Russia, announced it was divesting from Rosneft.[376] The Rosneft interest comprises about half of BP's oil and gas reserves and a third of its production. The divestment may cost the company up to $25 billion and analysts noted that it was unlikely that BP would be able to recover anywhere near the value of Rosneft.[377] The same day, the Government Pension Fund of Norway, the world's largest sovereign wealth fund, announced that it would divest itself from its Russian assets. The fund owned about 25 billion Norwegian krone ($2.83 billion) in Russian company shares and government bonds.[378] The next day, Shell plc also announced that it would be pulling its investments in Russia.[379] On 1 March, the Italian energy company ENI announced that it would cancel its investments into the Blue Stream pipeline.[380] The same day, the world's largest shipping companies Maersk and Mediterranean Shipping Company (MSC) suspended all container shipments to Russia, excluding foodstuffs, medical, and humanitarian supplies.[381][382]
Ukraine
In Ukraine, the National Bank suspended currency markets, announcing that it would fix the official exchange rate. The central bank also limited cash withdrawals to 100,000 hryvnia per day and prohibited withdrawal in foreign currencies by members of the general public. The PFTS Stock Exchange stated on 24 February that trading was suspended due to the emergency events.[383]
Commodities
._Arrivals_Bruno_Le_Maire_(36441297923).jpg)
As a result of the invasion, Brent oil prices rose above $100 a barrel for the first time since 2014.[385] The invasion threatened the energy supply from Russia to Europe and could impact flows through pipelines such as Yamal-Europe, Nord Stream, and TurkStream,[386][387] causing European countries to seek to diversify their energy supply routes.[388]
Wheat prices surged to their highest prices since 2008 in response to the attack.[389] At the time of the invasion Ukraine was the fourth-largest exporter of corn and wheat and the world's largest exporter of sunflower oil, with Russia and Ukraine together exporting 29% of the world's wheat supply and 75% of world sunflower oil exports. The benchmark Chicago Board of Trade March wheat futures contract reached its highest price since 2012 on 25 February, with the prices of corn and soybean also spiking. The American Bakers Association president warned that the price of anything made with grain would begin rising as all the grain markets are interrelated.[390]
The chief agricultural economist for Wells Fargo stated that Ukraine would likely be severely limited in its ability to plant crops in spring 2022 and lose an agricultural year, while an embargo on Russian crops would create more inflation of food prices. Recovering crop production capabilities may take years, even after fighting has stopped.[390] Surging wheat prices resulting from the conflict have strained countries such as Egypt, which are highly dependent upon Russian and Ukrainian wheat exports, and have provoked fears of social unrest.[391] On 24 February, China announced that it would drop all restrictions on Russian wheat, in what the South China Morning Post called a potential "lifeline" for the Russian economy.[392]
Media depictions
Throughout the invasion, messages, videos and photos, and audio recordings were widely shared across social media and news sites and by friends and family of Ukrainian and Russian citizens. While many were authentic, first-hand images of the conflict, others were images and videos of past conflicts and events or were otherwise misleading. Some of these were created to spread disinformation or propaganda.[393][394][395]
Facebook allowed Ukrainian users to lock their pages after the US warned that Russia was creating kill lists of Ukrainians.[396] Twitter paused post recommendations for unfollowed accounts in Russia and Ukraine,[397][398] and temporarily halted the operations of its advertising platform within the two countries.[399][400] Google temporarily disabled traffic conditions on Google Maps to protect civilians and military operations in the conflict zone.[401]
Zelenskyy and his wife Olena have used social media to post statements, videos and photos in attempts to motivate both the Ukrainian citizens and the rest of the world against the invasion. Many have made videos and posts highlighting comments made by Zelenskyy to show support of his efforts and attempting to aid Ukrainians fighting against the invasion.[402][403]
Censorship and propaganda
The Russian censorship apparatus Roskomnadzor ordered the country's media to only employ information from Russian state sources or face fines and blocks, accusing a number of independent media outlets of spreading "unreliable socially significant untrue information" about the shelling of Ukrainian cities by the Russian army and civilian deaths.[404][405] The Russian government ordered media organisations to delete stories that describe the Russian invasion of Ukraine as an "assault", "invasion", or a "declaration of war".[406] Roskomnadzor launched an investigation against the Novaya Gazeta, Echo of Moscow, inoSMI, MediaZona, New Times, Dozhd (TV Rain), and other Russian media outlets for publishing "inaccurate information about the shelling of Ukrainian cities and civilian casualties in Ukraine as a result of the actions of the Russian Army".[407]
Russian state-controlled media, such as Russia-1 and Channel One, and pro-Kremlin TV pundits like Vladimir Solovyov mostly followed the government's narrative on the war.[408][409] RT, a Russian state-controlled television network, was banned in Poland and suspended by television service providers in Australia,[410] Canada,[411] and Gibraltar.[412][413] Many RT journalists resigned from RT following Russia's invasion of Ukraine.[414][415] On 25 February, the hacking collective Anonymous conducted DDoS attacks on the RT website,[416] as well as on the website of the Russian Ministry of Defence.[417][418]
On 25 February, Russia announced that it was limiting access to Facebook; Russia's Foreign Ministry and the Prosecutor General's office announced that Facebook violates the rights of citizens of the Russian Federation.[419] The company stated it had refused a Russian demand to stop fact-checking the posts made by four state-owned media organisations: Zvezda, RIA Novosti, Lenta.ru, and Gazeta.Ru.[420] On 26 February, Facebook announced that it would ban Russian state media from advertising and monetising content on its platform.[421] Russia restricted access to Twitter later that day.[422] Facebook uncovered a Russian disinformation campaign using fake accounts, and attempts to hack the accounts of high-profile Ukrainians, which could be used to spread misinformation to large numbers of followers.[423]
On 28 February, Russian teachers received detailed instructions on how to talk to students about the invasion of Ukraine.[424] The Mayakovsky Theatre in Moscow received a government email "to refrain from any comments on the course of military actions in Ukraine", warning that any negative comments would be "regarded as treason against the Motherland".[424]
On 1 March, YouTube announced that it would block Russian state-linked channels, including those of RT and Sputnik, across Europe, to prevent Russian disinformation.[425] The same day, Russia's Communication Regulator made demands for TikTok to stop including military-related content in recommended posts to minors, claiming much of the content was anti-Russian.[426] Russian authorities also blocked access to Echo of Moscow and Dozhd, Russia's last independent TV station,[427] claiming that they were spreading "deliberately false information about the actions of Russian military personnel" as well as "information calling for extremist activity" and "violence".[428] Additionally, Roskomnadzor threatened to block access to the Russian Wikipedia in Russia over the article "Вторжение России на Украину (2022)" ("Russia's invasion of Ukraine (2022)"), claiming that the article contains "illegally distributed information", including "reports about numerous casualties among service personnel of the Russian Federation and also the civilian population of Ukraine, including children".[429][430]
Reactions
International Organisations
OSCE
On 23 February, following the decision by Russian President Vladimir Putin to recognize parts of the Donetsk and Luhansk regions of Ukraine as independent, the 2022 Polish Chairmanship-in-Office convened the OSCE Permanent Council to meet in a reinforced format to address the situation at place. Polish minister, on behalf of the Polish Chairmanship underlined that the Russian president's decition reject Russia's commitment under the Minsk agreements and undermines "all OSCE efforts to settle the conflict in and around Ukraine, particularly within existing negotiation formats, in which the Trilateral Contact Group has a leading role”.[431] OSCE Secretary General of the OSCE, Helga Maria Schmid added that this makes the role of the OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine "all the more crucial, while it continues to implement its mandate without interruption, providing impartial reporting on the situation on the ground."[431]
On 24 February OSCE Secretary General and the Chairmanship in the Office (Poland) represented by Polish Minister of Foreign Affairs Zbigniew Rau, issued a statement "on Russia’s launch of a military operation in Ukraine", in which they strongly condemn Russia’s military action against Ukraine and underlined that this "attack on Ukraine puts the lives of millions of people at grave risk and is a gross breach of international law and Russia’s commitments."[432] On the same day OSCE parliamentarians condemn Russian military action in Ukraine and called for de-escalation at Vienna Winter Meeting and an "the immediate cessation of all military activities.”[433] Polish OSCE Chairmanship convened a reinforced meeting of the Permanent Council at the ministerial level to address "Russia’s military operation in Ukraine".[434] Later that day, OSCE Secretary General issued a statement in which she informed that "Due to the ongoing fighting and deteriorated security situation in Ukraine", in coordination with the Chairman-in-Office, she has decided to "temporarily evacuate all international mission members from Ukraine as soon as possible."[435]
On 25 February, OSCE ODIHR Director Matteo Mecacci issued a statement in which ODIHR observed that the "OSCE is facing one of its most acute security crises since World War II, with the dangerous decision taken to resort to armed conflict in place of dialogue." ODIHR expressed its deep concerns about the "human impact of the military action initiated by the Russian Federation in Ukraine on everyone in the country, in particular civilians."[436] On 1 March OSCE ODIHR noted that "peaceful protests in Russia and Belarus have been answered by numerous arbitrary arrests and police intimidation, with riot police on some occasions outnumbering protesters" and reminded that the freedoms such as the rights to peaceful assembly and expression "lie at the heart of all democratic societies".[437]
OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media issued statements calling for the ensuring of the safety of journalists in the conflict situations,[438] and denouncing the continued deterioration of the media freedom situation in the Russian Federation ("obstruction of free flow of information and safety of journalists").[439]
On 2 March, OSCE structures mourned Maryna Fenina, Ukrainian national, a national member of the OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine who was killed on 1 March during the shelling of Kharkiv.[440] [441]
On 3 March, three Personal Representatives of the OSCE Chairmanship: rabbi Andrew Baker, dr Regina Polak and ambassador Mehmet Paçacı condemned the Russian missile attack on Babi Yar.[442]
United Nations
On 23 February, UN Secretary-General António Guterres urged Russia to immediately end aggression in Ukraine ending his call with the words: "So, if indeed an operation is being prepared, I have only one thing to say from the bottom of my heart: President [Vladimir] Putin, stop your troops from attacking Ukraine. Give peace a chance. Too many people have already died."[443]
The French and US ambassadors announced that they would present a resolution to the UN Security Council on 25 February 2022.[186][444] The UK,[445] the US,[446] Canada,[447] and the EU labelled the attack as unprovoked and unjustified,[448] and promised harsh sanctions on Russian individuals, businesses, and assets.[449] On 25 February, Russia vetoed a Security Council draft resolution "deploring, in the strongest terms, the Russian Federation's aggression", as expected. Eleven countries voted in favour, and three abstained, among them China, India, and the United Arab Emirates.[450] On 27 February, the UN Security Council voted to hold an emergency special session of the UN General Assembly to vote on a similar resolution.[451] The eleventh ever special session was convened on 28 February, with speeches by members expected to last several days.[452] During a meeting of the UN Human Rights Council on 1 March, over 100 diplomats walked out in protest over a speech by Sergei Lavrov.[453][454][455]
UN High Comissioner for Human Rights Michelle Bachelet called for an immediate halt to the Russian Federation’s military action against Ukraine.[456] On 2 March, the United Nations General Assembly voted 141 to 5 to demand Russia stop the war and withdraw all of its military forces; China was among 35 countries that abstained, while Belarus, North Korea, Syria, and Eritrea were Russia's only supporters. Russia's UN representative said that the adoption of the resolution could fuel further violence.[457]
NATO
Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, member states of NATO were without a common enemy. Subsequently, cohesion among member states declined, with many reducing their defence spending and drawing down their forces along the border with Russia. NATO had attempted to improve the situation by setting a defence spending target of 2% of GDP for each of its members; however, most member states had not met the target as of 2022. The invasion of Ukraine had an immediate effect on this situation with NATO states boosting their defence budgets and sending personnel and equipment to the border.[459]
Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, and Slovakia triggered NATO security consultations under Article 4.[460] The Estonian government issued a statement by Prime Minister Kaja Kallas saying: "Russia's widespread aggression is a threat to the entire world and to all NATO countries, and NATO consultations on strengthening the security of the Allies must be initiated to implement additional measures for ensuring the defence of NATO Allies. The most effective response to Russia's aggression is unity."[461] On 24 February, Stoltenberg announced new plans that "will enable us to deploy capabilities and forces, including the NATO Response Force, to where they are needed".[459] Following the invasion, NATO announced plans to increase military deployments[462] in the Baltics, Romania, and Poland.[463][464]
After the 25 February UN Security Council meeting, Stoltenberg announced that parts of the NATO Response Force would be deployed, for the first time ever, to NATO members along the Eastern border. He stated that forces would include elements of the Very High Readiness Joint Task Force (VJTF), currently led by France.[465] Stoltenberg further stated that some NATO members are supplying weapons to Ukraine, including those for air defence. The US had announced on 24 February that it would be deploying 7,000 troops to join the 5,000 already in Europe.[465] NATO forces include the USS Harry S. Truman's Carrier Strike Group 8, which entered the Mediterranean Sea the previous week as part of a planned exercise. The carrier strike group was placed under NATO command, the first time this had occurred since the Cold War.[466] On 27 February, German chancellor Olaf Scholz announced 100 billion euros (US$113 billion) in new military spending,[467] stating: "With the invasion of Ukraine, we are in a new era." Defense spending is set to rise to at least the target 2% of GDP expected of NATO members by 2024.[468]
During the Cold War, Finland and Sweden had remained neutral buffer states between NATO and the Soviet Union. To retain their neutral status, both states minimised their cooperation with NATO. Following the Fall of Communism, both states increased their cooperation with NATO, while stoutly retaining their neutral status.[469] Throughout the Cold War and the post-Communism era, majorities in both countries opposed joining NATO; however, with the increasing threat of Russia in the second decade of the 21st century, support for joining had begun to climb.[470] As Russia began to build forces on Ukraine's border in the leadup to their invasion, both countries increased their cooperation with NATO.[469] On 25 February, the Russian Foreign Ministry spokesperson Maria Zakharova threatened Finland and Sweden with "military and political consequences" if they attempted to join NATO, despite their ongoing commitment to neutrality. Both countries had attended the emergency NATO summit as members of NATO's Partnership for Peace, and both had condemned the invasion and had provided assistance to Ukraine.[471] The previous day, Prime Minister Sanna Marin commented on Finland's potential membership after the invasion, saying: "It is also now clear that the debate on NATO membership in Finland will change." She added that a Finnish application to NATO would require widespread political and public support.[472] Shortly after the threat, a plane carrying Vyacheslav Volodin, the speaker of Russia's State Duma, was denied permission to cross both Swedish and Finnish airspace.[473] A public petition asking the Parliament of Finland to hold a referendum to join NATO reached the required 50,000 signatures, prompting a parliamentary discussion on 1 March. Finnish public opinion on joining NATO shifted after the invasion, with 53% in favour in the most recent poll compared to 30% in January.[474]
European Union
On 27 February, European Commission president Ursula von der Leyen announced that the EU would ban Russian state-owned media outlets RT and Sputnik in response to disinformation and their coverage of the conflict in Ukraine.[475] She also said that the EU would finance the purchase and delivery of military equipment to Ukraine and proposed a ban on Russian aircraft using EU airspace.[476]
On 28 February, President Zelenskyy asked to join the EU under a new fast track procedure. Photographs reported to be of Zelenskyy signing an application for membership were later shared.[477]
States' reactions
The Czech Republic, Latvia, and Lithuania stopped issuing visas to Russian citizens.[478]
Following its military intervention in protests against the government earlier in January 2022, Russia requested that Kazakhstan send its troops to assist in the offensive, to which Kazakhstan refused, reiterating that it did not recognise the Donetsk and Luhansk separatists.[479] On 1 March, Kazakh president Kassym-Jomart Tokayev commented in regard to the outbreak of the war, saying that Kazakhstan's positions should be based on the "critical need to ensure the security, sovereignty and territorial integrity", calling on both Ukraine and Russia to find "a common language at the negotiating table", and reciting a Russian proverb that "a bad peace is better than a good quarrel".[480] Tokayev noted Kazakhstan's willingness in providing all possible forms of assistance, including mediation services.[480] During his attendance at the UN Human Rights Council session on 28 February, Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Mukhtar Tleuberdi suggested for Nur-Sultan to host negotiations between Russian and Ukrainian officials, expressing his concern for civilian casualties.[481]
In a call with Putin, Xi Jinping said China supported efforts to resolve the dispute through dialogue; Putin stated he was open to holding high-level talks with Ukraine.[482] In a statement released on 25 February, China said that Ukraine's territory and sovereignty should be respected and urged talks between Ukraine and Russia as soon as possible.[483] Shortly after, Wang Yi, the Chinese foreign minister and state councillor, stated that China had a clear position respecting the territorial integrity and sovereignty of all countries, including Ukraine.[483] Indian prime minister Narendra Modi appealed for an immediate cessation of violence in Ukraine, though he refrained from taking a stand on the issue and did not condemn the Russian invasion.[484][485] India was reportedly preparing a mechanism to trade with Russia using rupees to avoid the impact of Western sanctions.[486]
Serbia was among the few European countries that opposed sanctions on Russia. Serbian president Aleksandar Vučić said that his country supported Ukraine's sovereignty but that he would look after Serbia's own interests.[487] Vučić also stated that he would condemn Russia's recognition of the independence of separatist regions in eastern Ukraine only if Zelenskyy condemned the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia on public television.[488] While there was no agreement on sanctions on Russia, Serbia nevertheless expressed regrets over the events, describing both Russia and Ukraine as friendly states and underlining full support for the territorial integrity of Ukraine.[489][490] His initial weak response was criticised by multiple commentators in the country and the region, while some local media outlets sided with Russia.[491][492] The Serbian organisation Women in Black organised anti-war demonstrations in Belgrade, and the Serbian Orthodox Church organised a collection of humanitarian aid.[493][494]
Taiwan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs released a statement on 25 February condemning Russia and announcing sanctions.[495] On 26 February, Vadim Krasnoselski, the president of the unrecognised state of Transnistria, affirmed that Transnistria, as a peaceful state, had no offensive plans, referencing Transnistria's large population of Ukrainians and how Ukrainian language is taught in its schools.[496] Also on 26 February, the Council of Europe suspended Russian participation in the Committee of Ministers and the Parliamentary Assembly. Council Secretary-General Marija Pejčinović Burić called the invasion a "flagrant violation" and stated: "This is a dark hour for Europe and everything it stands for."[497]
A Russian state poll, published on 28 February,[498] claimed that 68% of Russians support the war, 22% oppose it, and 10% found it difficult to answer. Some observers noted what they described as a "generational struggle" among Russians over perception of the war, with younger Russians generally opposed to the war and older Russians more likely to accept the narrative presented by state media.[499]
Religious leaders
Pope Francis expressed his "deepest sorrow" in a phone call to Zelenskyy, who thanked the Pope for his support.[500] The Ecumenical Patriarch, Bartholomew I, regarded as the primus inter pares (first among equals) in the Eastern Orthodox Church and spiritual leader of Orthodox Christians, called for an end to the war. Bartholomew called the war abominable and voiced solidarity and support with the Orthodox Church of Ukraine.[501] On 24 February, Patriarch Kirill of Moscow released a statement noting "the suffering of people", calling on all parties "to do everything possible to avoid civilian casualties" while asking the Moscow Patriarchate to pray for "the rapid restoration of peace". Metropolitan Onufriy, head of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Moscow Patriarchate, said the war had no justification.[502] On the 27, Kirill made an adress after a Divine Liturgy which was seen as a theological justification of the Russian invasion, stating: "We must not let dark and hostile external forces laugh at us, we must do everything to maintain peace between our peoples and at the same time protect our common historical Fatherland from all outside actions that can destroy this unity" and "God forbid that the current political situation in fraternal Ukraine, which is close to us, should be aimed at ensuring that the evil forces that have always fought against the unity of Russia and the Russian Church gain the upper hand". He also stated: "May the Lord protect the Russian land. [Which is] [t]he land, which now includes Russia, and Ukraine, and Belarus, and other tribes and peoples. So that the Lord preserves the Russian land from external enemies, from internal discord, so that the unity of our Church is strengthened.”[503][504]
Entertainment and sporting organisations
The International Olympic Committee called upon international sporting federations to either move or cancel any sports events planned in Russia or Belarus.[505][506] It recommended that Belarusian and Russian nationals be allowed to compete only as neutral athletes or teams.[507] The Union Cycliste Internationale and the International Gymnastics Federation were among those to act accordingly.[508][509] The International Judo Federation suspended President Putin's status as "Honorary President and Ambassador of the International Judo Federation".[510] On 1 March, the International Skating Union, which governs figure skating worldwide, announced that skaters from both Russia and Belarus would be barred from all competitions effective immediately until further notice.[511]
UEFA, the governing body for European football, decided to relocate the Champions League final from Saint Petersburg to Saint-Denis, France, after a meeting of the body's executive committee.[512][513] The national football teams of Poland, the Czech Republic, and Sweden refused to play any matches with Russia.[514] On 28 February, FIFA, joined by UEFA, suspended Russian teams from playing international football, including in qualifiers for the 2022 World Cup.[515] The National Hockey League announced that it was suspending all Russian business relationships, pausing Russian language websites, and would not host future competitions in Russia. The International Ice Hockey Federation suspended all Russian and Belarusian national and club teams from its competitions and withdrew Russia's hosting rights for the 2023 IIHF World Junior Championship.[507] Finland-based Jokerit and Latvia-based Dinamo Riga announced separately that the two ice hockey teams would withdraw from Russia's top-tier Kontinental Hockey League.[516][517][518]
Formula One called off the 2022 Russian Grand Prix in the wake of the crisis, with world champions Sebastian Vettel and Max Verstappen calling it "wrong" to race in the country.[519][520] EA Sports announced a set of removals involving the Russian and Belarusian teams in both FIFA 22 and NHL 22 video games. The company also announced that it could also affect the development and the upcoming release of F1 2022, which is featuring the likeness of racer Nikita Mazepin and his sponsor Uralkali, as well as the name of the Russian Grand Prix.[521] The European Broadcasting Union excluded Russia from participating in the Eurovision Song Contest 2022, with the organisers saying that its inclusion could "bring the competition into disrepute".[522][523] Poland-based beauty contest Miss Supranational announced on social media that it would not accept a contestant from Russia because they "cannot condone the actions of the Kremlin".[524] Disney, Warner Bros, and Sony Pictures announced a pause on their theatrical releases in Russia, citing the humanitarian crisis in Ukraine.[525]
Protests
In Russia
_2_(cropped).jpg)
Almost 2,000 Russians in 60 cities across Russia were detained by police on 24 February for protesting against the invasion, according to OVD-Info;[526] by 27 February, it reported that more than 5,900 protestors had been detained overall.[527] Russia's interior ministry justified these arrests due to the "coronavirus restrictions, including on public events" that continue to be in place.[528] Russian authorities warned Russians of legal repercussions for joining anti-war protests.[529] Nobel Peace Prize winner Dmitry Muratov announced that the Novaya Gazeta newspaper would publish its next edition in both Ukrainian and Russian. Muratov, journalist Mikhail Zygar, director Vladimir Mirzoyev, and others signed a document stating that Ukraine was not a threat to Russia and calling for Russian citizens to denounce the war.[530]
Elena Chernenko, a journalist at Kommersant, circulated a critical open letter signed by 170 journalists and academics.[531] Mikhail Fridman, a Russian oligarch, said that the war would "damage two nations who have been brothers for hundreds of years" and called for the "bloodshed to end".[532] Three Communist members of parliament, who had supported the resolution recognising the Donetsk and Luhansk people's republics believing it was a peacekeeping mission and not a full-scale invasion, were the sole members of the State Duma to speak out against the war.[533] State Duma deputy Mikhail Matveev voted in favour of the recognition of the Donetsk and Luhansk people's republics but later condemned the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[534] State Duma deputy Oleg Smolin said he was "shocked" by the invasion.[535]
More than 30,000 technology workers,[536] 6,000 medical workers, 3,400 architects,[535] more than 4,300 teachers,[424] more than 17,000 artists,[537] 5,000 scientists,[538] and 2,000 actors, directors, and other creative figures signed petitions calling for Putin's government to stop the war.[407][539] Russian human rights activist Lev Ponomaryov started a petition to protest the invasion, garnering more than 750,000 signatures by 26 February.[407] The founders of the Immortal Regiment commemoration movement, in which ordinary Russians annually march with photographs of veteran family members to mark World War II's Victory Day on 9 May, called on Putin to cease fire, describing the use of force as inhuman.[539]
On 3 March, the multinational company Lukoil, the second largest company in Russia after Gazprom, called for a ceasefire and diplomatic means to solve the conflict.[540]
Outside Russia
Protests in support of Ukraine were worldwide.[e] In the Czech Republic, some 80,000 people protested in Wenceslas Square in Prague.[587] On 27 February, more than 100,000 gathered in Berlin to protest against Russia's invasion.[588] During a constitutional referendum vote, Belarusian protestors in Minsk chanted "No to War" at polling stations.[589] On 28 February, instead of the traditional Cologne Carnival parade Cologne Rose Monday procession, which had been cancelled due to COVID-19 a few days earlier,[590][591] more than 250,000, instead of the anticipated 30,000, gathered in Cologne in a peace march to protest against the Russian invasion.[592]
A boycott movement against Russian and Belarusian products spread rapidly. In Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia most supermarkets removed Russian and Belarusian products, such as food, drinks, magazines, and newspapers.[593][594][595] In Canada, the liquor control boards of several provinces were ordered to remove Russian-made alcohol from the shelves.[596][597] In the US, some states placed legal restrictions on the sale of Russian liquor, and many bars, restaurants, and liquor retailers removed Russian brands from sale voluntarily, with some supporting Ukrainian liquors in a further show of solidarity with Ukraine.[598][599] Following protests, both the Finnish and Swedish alcohol monopolies stopped the sale of Russian alcoholic beverages.[600] In addition, Finland's two main retailers removed Russian goods from their shelves.[601]
See also
- List of interstate wars since 1945
- Military history of the Russian Federation
- Post-Soviet conflicts – Military conflicts in the former Soviet Union
- Russo-Georgian War – 2008 conflict between Russia and Georgia
- Second Cold War – Post-Cold War era term
- Transnistria War – 1990–1992 conflict between Moldova and Russian-backed self-proclaimed Transnistria
Explanatory notes
- ^ a b The Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic are separatist states that declared their independence in May 2014, while receiving recognitions from each other, the de facto state of South Ossetia, and Russia (since 2022).[1][2][3]
- ^ Russian forces were permitted to stage part of the invasion from Belarusian territory.[5] Belarusian president Alexander Lukashenko also stated that Belarusian troops could take part in the invasion if needed,[6] and Belarusian territory was used to launch missiles into Ukraine.[7] Ukrainian officials have claimed that Belarusian troops have entered Ukraine.[8] See also: Belarusian involvement in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
- ^ Twelve Greek citizens killed,[36] four Azerbaijani citizens killed,[37] one Iraqi citizen killed,[38] one Algerian citizen killed,[39] one Israeli citizen killed,[40] one Indian citizen killed[41] and one Bangladeshi citizen killed[42]
- ^ Russia has avoided naming it as an invasion, and Roskomnadzor has instead told media agencies to describe the war as a "special military operation".[43] (Russian: специальная военная операция, romanized: spetsial'naya voyennaya operatsiya[44])
- ^ Argentina,[542] Armenia,[543] Australia,[544] Azerbaijan,[545] Belarus,[546] Belgium,[547] Bosnia and Herzegovina,[548] Brazil,[549] Bulgaria,[550] Canada,[551] Chile,[552] Colombia,[553] Croatia,[554] Denmark,[555] Estonia,[556] France,[557] Georgia,[558] Germany,[559] Greece,[560] Hungary,[561] Iceland,[562] Iran,[563][564] Ireland,[565] Israel,[566][567] Italy,[568] Japan,[569] Kazakhstan,[570] Malaysia,[571] Mexico,[542] Moldova,[572] Montenegro,[573] the Netherlands,[574] Norway,[575] Peru,[542] Portugal,[576] Romania,[577] Slovakia,[578] Slovenia,[579] Spain,[580] Sweden,[581] Switzerland,[582] Taiwan,[583] Turkey,[584] the UK,[585] and the US.[586]
References
- ^ "South Ossetia recognises independence of Donetsk People's Republic". Information Telegraph Agency of Russia. 27 June 2014. Archived from the original on 17 November 2016. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
- ^ Alec, Luhn (6 November 2014). "Ukraine's rebel 'people's republics' begin work of building new states". The Guardian. Donetsk. Archived from the original on 26 January 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
- ^ "Общая информация" [General Information]. Official site of the head of the Lugansk People's Republic (in Russian). Archived from the original on 12 March 2018. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
- ^ Murphy, Palu (24 February 2022). "Troops and military vehicles have entered Ukraine from Belarus". CNN. Archived from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ a b Lister, Tim; Kesa, Julia (24 February 2022). "Ukraine says it was attacked through Russian, Belarus and Crimea borders". Kyiv. CNN. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ Rodionov, Maxim; Balmforth, Tom (25 February 2022). "Belarusian troops could be used in operation against Ukraine if needed, Lukashenko says". Reuters. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ "Missiles launched into Ukraine from Belarus". BBC News. 27 February 2022. Archived from the original on 2 March 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ "Ukrainian Official Says Belarus Has Joined the War, as Russia Pummels Kharkiv". 1 March 2022. Archived from the original on 2 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
- ^ Barnes, Julian E.; Crowley, Michael; Schmitt, Eric (10 January 2022). "Russia Positioning Helicopters, in Possible Sign of Ukraine Plans". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 22 January 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
- ^ Bengali, Shashank (18 February 2022). "The U.S. says Russia's troop buildup could be as high as 190,000 in and near Ukraine". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
- ^ a b c The military balance 2021. Abingdon, Oxon: International Institute for Strategic Studies. 2021. ISBN 978-1032012278.
- ^ Taylor, Chloe (3 March 2022). "Russian troops enter strategic port Kherson; 1 million flee Ukraine conflict". CNBC. Archived from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
- ^ "Russia says 498 of its soldiers killed, 1,597 wounded in Ukraine - RIA". Reuters. 2 March 2022. Archived from the original on 2 March 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
- ^ Elbaum, Racnhel (3 March 2022). "1 million flee Ukraine as Russian assault hits key cities and fuels exodus". NBC News. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
- ^ a b Cooper, Helene; Schmitt, Eric (1 March 2022). "Russian Troop Deaths Expose a Potential Weakness of Putin's Strategy". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j The Kyiv Independent [@KyivIndependent] (3 March 2022). "Indicative estimates of Russia's losses as of March 3, according to the Armed Forces of Ukraine" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 4 March 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022 – via Twitter.
- ^ "Ukraine live updates: Fighting reaches Kyiv streets as Russia attacks". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2 March 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ "Russian forces closing in on Kyiv, claiming dozens of casualties". Ynet. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ "Russia Says Destroyed Over 70 Ukraine Military Targets". The Moscow Times. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ Ostroukh, Andrey (24 February 2022). "Military transport aircraft crashes in southern Russia -Interfax". Reuters. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ "Artillery kills 70 Ukraine soldiers". AP News. Associated Press. Associated Press. 1 March 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
- ^ "Ukraine says more than 40 of its soldiers, 10 civilians killed". www.timesofisrael.com. AFP. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ "Moscow: Nearly 500 of its troops have been killed in Ukraine". Archived from the original on 2 March 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
- ^ Zinets, Natalia; Marrow, Alexander (24 February 2022). "Ukrainian military plane shot down, five killed – authorities". Reuters. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ "Firefighters extinguished the fire at the airport near Zhytomyr". Galychyna Newspaper (in Ukrainian). 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022.
- ^ Chance, Matthew; Lister, Tim; Smith-Spark, Laura; Regan, Helen (25 February 2022). "Battle for Ukrainian capital underway as Russian troops seek to encircle Kyiv". CNN. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ "Russian Amphibious Assault Ship Armada Seen Off Crimea As Fears Of Odessa Beach Landing Grow". The Drive. 2 March 2022.
(The) Ukrainian Ministry of Defense confirming the loss of another Su-27 Flanker fighter jet in the campaign, although it's unclear when. The pilot of the jet, Maj. Stepan Choban, was killed although during the battle he reportedly "distracted enemy aircraft" over Kropyvnytskyi, in central Ukraine.
- ^ "Two Russian fighters destroyed in air battle, losses of Ukraine is one MiG-29 fighter". Interfax Ukraine. 2 March 2022. Archived from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
- ^ a b c d e "Over 100 Ukrainian planes, drones destroyed during Russian operation - Russian Defense Ministry". Interfax. Archived from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
- ^ "Russian Armed Forces destroy 821 Ukrainian military infrastructure facilities – Russian Defense Ministry". Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ "Russian Defense Ministry reports use of Navy, 8 Ukrainian military boats destroyed". Interfax. 26 February 2022. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ "More than 2,000 Ukrainian civilians killed during Russian invasion - Ukrainian emergency service". Reuters. 2 March 2022. Archived from the original on 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
- ^ "UN humanitarians call on combatants to spare Ukraine civilians as aid ramps up". UN News. 1 March 2022. Archived from the original on 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
- ^ "Refugee arrivals from Ukraine (since 24 February 2022)*". United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 1 March 2022. Archived from the original on 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
- ^ "#BREAKING UNHCR estimates one million internally displaced people in Ukraine". AFP via Twitter. 1 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
- ^ "Two more Greek expats killed in strikes in Ukraine". Proto Thema. 28 February 2022.
- ^ "Several Azerbaijani people killed in Ukraine". 27 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ Shakir, Layal (25 February 2022). "Kurdish student reportedly killed in Ukraine-Russia conflict". Rudaw. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022.
- ^ Hana, Rim (27 February 2022). "Ukraine: Death of an Algerian student by a missile attack". Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ Hall, Sam; Parekh, Marcus; Nanu, Maighna; Millimaci, Grace; Hosking, Julie; Holl-Allen, Genevieve (28 February 2022). "Russia-Ukraine latest news: Russia 'used vacuum bomb', Ukraine ambassador claims". Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ Susan Ullas, Sruthy (1 March 2022). "Ukraine crisis: Indian student killed during shelling in Kharkiv". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
- ^ "Missile attack kills Bangladeshi sailor in Ukraine". The Daily Star. 3 March 2022. Archived from the original on 2 March 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
- ^ "Live Briefing: Ukraine Under Attack". Radio Free Europe. 3 March 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
Russia's national media watchdog Roskomnadzor has warned news outlets across the country that Russia's actions in Ukraine cannot be called a "war" or an "invasion" and should instead be referred to as a "special military operation in Ukraine."
- ^ "Специальная военная операция по защите ДНР и ЛНР. День третий. Онлайн" [Special military operation to protect the DNR and LNR. Day three. Online] (in Russian). 26 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022.
- ^ Herb, Jeremy; Starr, Barbara; Kaufman, Ellie (24 February 2022). "US orders 7,000 more troops to Europe following Russia's invasion of Ukraine". Oren Liebermann and Michael Conte. CNN. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
Russia's invasion of its neighbor in Ukraine is the largest conventional military attack that's been seen since World War II, the senior defense official said Thursday outlining United States observations of the unfolding conflict
- ^ Karmanau, Yuras; Heintz, Jim; Isachenkov, Vladimir; Litvinova, Dasha (24 February 2022). "Russia presses invasion to outskirts of Ukrainian capital". ABC News. Photograph by Evgeniy Maloletka (AP Photo). Kyiv: American Broadcasting Corporation. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
... [a]mounts to the largest ground war in Europe since World War II.
- ^ Tsvetkova, Maria; Vasovic, Aleksandar; Zinets, Natalia; Charlish, Alan; Grulovic, Fedja (27 February 2022). "Putin puts nuclear 'deterrence' forces on alert". Writing by Robert Birsel and Frank Jack Daniel; Editing by William Mallard, Angus MacSwan and David Clarke. Kyiv: Thomson Corporation. Reuters. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
... [t]he biggest assault on a European state since World War Two.
- ^ Kirby, Jen (28 February 2022). "Putin's invasion of Ukraine, explained". Vox. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ "Conflict in Ukraine". Global Conflict Tracker. Council on Foreign Relations. 28 February 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ a b c d e Farley, Robert; Kiely, Eugene (24 February 2022). "Russian Rhetoric Ahead of Attack Against Ukraine: Deny, Deflect, Mislead". FactCheck.org. Photograph by Aris Messinis (Agence-France Presse). Annenberg Public Policy Center. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
Peskov denied Russia's involvement. 'Russia has never had any plans to take part. Russia generally never engages in such matters,' Peskov said.
- ^ a b c d Taylor, Adam (24 February 2022). "Russia's attack on Ukraine came after months of denials it would attack". The Washington Post. Photograph by Evgeniy Maloletka (Associated Press). Nash Holdings. ISSN 0190-8286. OCLC 2269358. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
On Sunday [...] 'There is no invasion. There is no such plans,' Antonov said.
- ^ "NATO-Russia relations: the facts". NATO. 27 January 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
- ^ a b Wiegrefe, Klaus (15 February 2022). "NATO's Eastward Expansion: Is Vladimir Putin Right?". Der Spiegel. ISSN 2195-1349. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ "Russia's invasion of Ukraine". The Economist. The Economist Group. 26 February 2022. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
Though the target of Mr Putin's tirade on February 21st was Ukraine, the former Soviet republics now in NATO, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, have cause for alarm over his irredentism.
- ^ a b Perrigo, Billy (22 February 2022). "How Putin's Denial of Ukraine's Statehood Rewrites History". Time. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ "Putin Says He Does Not Plan to 'Restore Empire'". The Moscow Times. 22 February 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
- ^ a b "Ukraine crisis: Vladimir Putin address fact-checked". BBC News. 22 February 2022. Archived from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ a b Hinton, Alexander (24 February 2022). "Putin's claims that Ukraine is committing genocide are baseless, but not unprecedented". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ Hernandez, Joe (23 February 2022) [22 February 2022]. "Why Luhansk and Donetsk are key to understanding the latest escalation in Ukraine". NPR. Photograph by Aleksey Filippov (Agence-France Presse) via Getty Images. National Public Radio, Inc. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ a b Hodge, Nathan (26 February 2022). "Russia's Federation Council gives consent to Putin on use of armed forces abroad, Russian agencies report". CNN. Moscow. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ "Russia's Putin authorises 'special military operation' against Ukraine". Reuters. 24 February 2022.
- ^ "Russia attacks Ukraine". CNN. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ "Украинские пограничники сообщили об атаке границы со стороны России и Белоруссии" [Ukrainian border guards reported an attack on the border from Russia and Belarus] (in Russian). Interfax. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ Kirby, Paul (24 February 2022). "Why is Russia invading Ukraine and what does Putin want?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 19 December 2021. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ "Ukrainian president signs decree on general mobilisation of population -Interfax". Reuters. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ a b "Zelensky signs decree declaring general mobilization". Interfax-Ukraine. 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ Morin, Rebecca (24 February 2022). "World leaders condemn Russian invasion of Ukraine; EU promises 'harshest' sanctions – live updates". USA Today. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ Stewart, Briar; Seminoff, Corinne; Kozlov, Dmitry (24 February 2022). "More than 1,700 people detained in widespread Russian protests against Ukraine invasion". CBC News. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ a b "NATO to deploy thousands of commandos to nations near Ukraine". Al Jazeera. 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ Heintz, Jim; Isachenkov, Vladimir; Karmanau, Yuras; Litvinova, Dasha (27 February 2022). "Putin puts nuclear forces on high alert, escalating tensions". AP News. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
- ^ Akbarzai, Sahar (2 March 2022). "1 million refugees have fled Ukraine in a week, UN says". CNN. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
- ^ "Istanbul Document 1999". Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. 19 November 1999. Archived from the original on 1 June 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
- ^ "The Supreme Court findings" (in Ukrainian). Supreme Court of Ukraine. 3 December 2004. Archived from the original on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 7 July 2008.
- ^ Leung, Rebecca (11 February 2009). "Yushchenko: 'Live And Carry On'". CBS News. CBS. Archived from the original on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
- ^ "Study: Dioxin that poisoned Yushchenko made in lab". Kyiv Post. London: Businessgroup. Associated Press. 5 August 2009. ISSN 1563-6429. Archived from the original on 31 January 2022. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
- ^ "Yushchenko to Russia: Hand over witnesses". Kyiv Post. Businessgroup. 28 October 2009. ISSN 1563-6429. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2010.
- ^ "Ukraine-Independent Ukraine". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica. 15 January 2008. Archived from the original on 15 January 2008. Retrieved 14 January 2008.
- ^ "Yanukovych tops list of presidential candidates in Ukraine – poll". Ukrainian Independent Information Agency. 2 June 2009. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2009.
- ^ Harding, Luke (8 February 2010). "Yanukovych set to become president as observers say Ukraine election was fair". The Guardian. Kyiv: Guardian Media Group. ISSN 1756-3224. OCLC 60623878. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022.
- ^ "Rada removes Yanukovych from office, schedules new elections for May 25". Interfax-Ukraine. 24 February 2014. Archived from the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
- ^ Sindelar, Daisy (23 February 2014). "Was Yanukovych's Ouster Constitutional?". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
- ^ Feffer, John (14 March 2014). "Who Are These 'People,' Anyway?". HuffPost. Buzzfeed. Archived from the original on 18 March 2014. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
- ^ Polityuk, Pavel; Robinson, Matt; Baczynska, Gabriela; Goettig, Marcin; Graff, Peter; Elgood, Giles (22 February 2014). Roche, Andrew (ed.). "Ukraine parliament removes Yanukovich, who flees Kiev in 'coup'". Reuters. Kyiv: Thomson Corporation. Archived from the original on 9 June 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
- ^ Fisher, Max (3 September 2014). "Everything you need to know about the Ukraine crisis". Vox. Vox Media. Archived from the original on 22 January 2022. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
- ^ Grytsenko, Oksana; Vlasova, Anastasia (12 April 2014). "Armed pro-Russian insurgents in Luhansk say they are ready for police raid". Kyiv Post. Luhansk: Businessgroup LLC. Archived from the original on 12 April 2014. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
- ^ Ragozin, Leonid (16 March 2019). "Annexation of Crimea: A masterclass in political manipulation". aljazeera.com. Riga: Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 8 May 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
- ^ "U.S. Military Aid to Ukraine: A Silver Bullet?". RAND Corporation. 21 January 2022.
- ^ Walker, Shaun; Grytsenko, Oksana; Ragozin, Leonid (3 September 2014). "Russian soldier: 'You're better clueless because the truth is horrible'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ "Exclusive: Charred tanks in Ukraine point to Russian involvement". Reuters. 23 October 2014. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ "Ukraine ceasefire violated more than 100 times within days: OSCE". www.aljazeera.com. Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ Putin, Vladimir (12 July 2021). "Article by Vladimir Putin 'On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians'". The Kremlin. Government of Russia. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
- ^ Snyder, Timothy D. (18 January 2022). "How to think about war in Ukraine". Thinking about... (newsletter). Substack. Archived from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
- ^ Lucas, Edward (15 September 2020). "Why Putin's history essay requires a rewrite". The Times. Times Newspapers. Archived from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
- ^ Roth, Andrew (7 December 2021). "Putin's Ukraine rhetoric driven by distorted view of neighbour". The Guardian. Moscow. Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
- ^ Dickinson, Peter; Haring, Melinda; Lubkivsky, Danylo; Motyl, Alexander; Whitmore, Brian; Goncharenko, Oleksiy; Fedchenko, Yevhen; Bonner, Brian; Kuzio, Taras (15 July 2021). "Putin's new Ukraine essay reveals imperial ambitions". Atlantic Council. Archived from the original on 15 July 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
- ^ Wilson, Andrew (23 December 2021). "Russia and Ukraine: 'One People' as Putin Claims?". Royal United Services Institute. Archived from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
- ^ Agencies (13 September 2014). "Putin wants to destroy Ukraine and restore Soviet Union, says Yatseniuk". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
- ^ Bullough, Oliver (28 March 2014). "Vladimir Putin: The rebuilding of 'Soviet' Russia". BBC News. Archived from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
- ^ Rubin, Trudy (11 January 2022). "Putin wants to reestablish the Russian empire. Can NATO stop him without war?". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Interstate General Media. Archived from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
- ^ "173rd Airborne Brigade battalion heads to Latvia as Ukraine comes under Russian attack". Stars and Stripes. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ Schogol, Jeff (22 February 2022). "Here's what those mysterious white 'Z' markings on Russian military equipment may mean". Task & Purpose. North Equity LLC. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
[B]ottom line is the ‘Z’ markings (and others like it) are a deconfliction measure to help prevent fratricide, or friendly fire incidents.
- ^ Talmazan, Yuliya (26 February 2022). "From buildup to battle: Why Putin stoked a Ukraine crisis — then launched an invasion". NBC News. Photograph by Aris Messinis (Agence-France Presse). NBC. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ "Putin attacked Ukraine after insisting for months there was no plan to do so. Now he says there's no plan to take over". CBS News. Kharkiv: CBS (published 22 February 2022). 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ Merchant, Normaan (25 February 2022). "US intel predicted Russia's invasion plans. Did it matter?". AP News. Photographs by Alexei Alexandrov and Alex Brandon (AP Photo). Washington D.C.: Associated Press. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ Ivashov, L. G. (31 January 2022). Обращение Общероссийского офицерского собрания к президенту и гражданам Российской Федерации [Appeal of the All-Russian Officers' Assembly to the President and citizens of the Russian Federation] (in Russian). All-Russian Officers' Assembly. Archived from the original on 4 February 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022 – via echo.msk.ru.
- ^ 'Национал-патриот' генерал Ивашов выступил против войны с Украиной ['National Patriot' General Ivashov opposed the war with Ukraine]. Радио Свобода [Radio Svoboda] (in Russian). 6 February 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
- ^ Preobrazhensky, Ivan (7 February 2022). Когда генералы запрещают воевать [When the generals forbid fighting]. Росбалт [Rosbalt] (in Russian). Retrieved 2 March 2022.
- ^ a b Li, David K.; Allen, Jonathan; Siemaszko, Corky (24 February 2022). "Putin using false 'Nazi' narrative to justify Russia's attack on Ukraine, experts say". NBC News. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ a b c "US accuses Moscow of creating Ukraine invasion pretext with 'genocide' claims". France 24. Agence France-Presse. 15 February 2021. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
- ^ "Putin Says Conflict in Eastern Ukraine 'Looks Like Genocide'". The Moscow Times. 10 December 2021. Archived from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
- ^ "Путин заявил о геноциде на Донбассе" [Putin announced the genocide in the Donbas]. Rossiyskaya Gazeta (in Russian). 9 December 2021. Archived from the original on 22 February 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
- ^ "New law stokes Ukraine language tensions". France 24. Agence France-Presse. 1 April 2021. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
- ^ "The Ukrainian language is having a moment. To Putin's ears, it's a shot against Russian speakers". The Washington Post. 8 February 2022. Archived from the original on 8 February 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
- ^ "Ukraine's star author Kurkov says his native Russian should be curbed". France 24. 13 February 2022. Archived from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
- ^ "US condones forceful assimilation of Russians in Ukraine – Russian ambassador to US". TASS. 18 February 2021. Archived from the original on 18 February 2022.
- ^ Fisher, Max (23 February 2022). "Word by Word and Between the Lines: A Close Look at Putin's Speech". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ Seddon, Max (24 February 2022). "Putin justifies war in menacing speech as Zelensky appeals for peace". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ a b c d Abbruzzese, Jason (24 February 2022). "Putin says he is fighting a resurgence of Nazism. That's not true". NBC News. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ "Extracts from Putin's speech on Ukraine". Reuters. 21 February 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ Stanley, John (26 February 2022). "The antisemitism animating Putin's claim to 'denazify' Ukraine". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ "Disinformation About the Current Russia-Ukraine Conflict – Seven Myths Debunked". Directorate-General for European Neighbourhood Policy and Enlargement Negotiations (Press release). 24 January 2022. Archived from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
- ^ "United States: Russia's claim of 'genocide in Ukraine' is reprehensible falsehood". Ukrinform. 17 February 2022. Archived from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
- ^ Campbell, Eric (3 March 2022). "Inside Donetsk, the separatist republic that triggered the war in Ukraine". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
It's a line the Kremlin has been pushing since Russia invaded Crimea in 2014. And it's not subtle. That year, ahead of a referendum to join Russia, I saw authorities erect giant billboards across Crimea showing maps of Ukraine covered in swastikas. Other billboards showed a giant Mother Russia pushing back a Nazi stormtrooper. In part, it was a reference to World War II, when Ukrainian extremists led by Stepan Bandera sided with Nazi Germany to try to win independence from the Soviet Union. But the Azov Regiment has been a handy update for the narrative.
- ^ Campbell, Eric (3 March 2022). "Inside Donetsk, the separatist republic that triggered the war in Ukraine". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
- ^ Berger, Miriam (24 February 2022). "Russian President Valdimir Putin says he will 'denazify' Ukraine. Here's the history behind that claim". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ Lawler, Dave; Basu, Zachary (24 February 2022). "Ukrainian President Zelensky says Putin has ordered invasion as country prepares for war". Axios. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ Li, David K.; Allen, Jonathan; Siemaszko, Corky (24 February 2022). "Putin using false 'Nazi' narrative to justify Russia's attack on Ukraine, experts say". NBC News. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ Snyder, Timothy. "Putin's Hitler-like tricks and tactics in Ukraine". BostonGlobe.com. The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ "Museum concerned about loss of life". www.ushmm.org. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ Johnson, Kevin; Jackson, David; Meyer, Josh (27 February 2022). "Is Putin crazy? Or crazy like a fox? Russia-watchers, lawmakers question his stability". USA TODAY. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ "Ukraine conflict: Who's in Putin's inner circle and running the war?". BBC News. 2 March 2022.
- ^ Tétrault-Farber, Gabrielle; Balmforth, Tom (17 December 2021). "Russia demands NATO roll back from East Europe and stay out of Ukraine". Reuters. Archived from the original on 22 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ MacKinnon, Mark (21 December 2021). "Putin warns of unspecified military response if U.S. and NATO continue 'aggressive line'". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ Kennedy, Brendan (25 February 2022). "What role did Ukraine's desire to join NATO play in Putin's decision to invade the country?". The Toronto Star. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022.
- ^ Coyer, Cassandre (25 February 2022). "Why is Ukraine not in NATO and is it too late to join? Here's what experts, NATO say". The Miami Herald. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ MacKinnon, Mark; Morrow, Adrian. "Putin orders snap nuclear drill". The Globe and Mail. Phillip Crawley. p. A3. ISSN 0319-0714.
- ^ Brown, David (17 February 2022). "Ukraine: How big is Russia's military build-up?". BBC News. Photograph by the Russian Defence Ministry; Graphics by Sandra Rodriguez Chillida and Prina Shah. BBC. Archived from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
- ^ Talmazan, Yuliya; Shabad, Rebecca; Williams, Abigail (17 February 2022). "Ukraine, West accuse Russia of trying to create pretext for invasion after shelling in east". NBC News. NBC. Archived from the original on 22 February 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022 – via MSN.
- ^ "Russian-backed separatists announce civilian evacuation from eastern Ukraine as escalation stokes Russian invasion fears". NBC News. 18 February 2022. Archived from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
- ^ Smith, Alexander (18 February 2022). "Warning siren sounds in rebel-held capital in east Ukraine -Reuters witness". MSN News. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
- ^ "Ukraine conflict: Rebels declare general mobilisation as fighting grows". BBC News. 19 February 2022. Archived from the original on 19 February 2022. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
- ^ Light, Felix (20 February 2022). "In the Closest Russian City to Ukraine's Separatist Region, There Are Few Signs of Refugees". The Moscow Times. Archived from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
- ^ "47 shelling incidents leave 5 injured in Donbas". The Kyiv Independent. 18 February 2022. Archived from the original on 17 February 2022. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
- ^ "How Russian proxy forces are attempting to provoke the Ukrainian army and are lying about a new Ukrainian offensive". NV.UA. 18 February 2022. Archived from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
- ^ ФСБ сообщила о попадании снаряда в погранпункт на границе с ДНР [The FSB reported that a shell hit the border checkpoint on the border with the DPR]. RBK Daily (in Russian). RBK Group. 21 February 2022. ISSN 1991-0703. OCLC 849495462. Archived from the original on 22 February 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
- ^ Mazneva, Elena; Chourisna, Kateryna (22 February 2022). "Ukraine Power Plant Damaged During Two Days of Shelling". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
- ^ Gerasimova, Tanya (21 February 2022). "Luhansk TPP Suspends Work Due To Militants Shelling". ukranews_com. Archived from the original on 22 February 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
- ^ "Российские военнослужащие уничтожили пять диверсантов с Украины при нарушении границы" [Russian servicemen killed five saboteurs from Ukraine while violating the border] (in Russian). TASS. 21 February 2022. Archived from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
- ^ "Russia Says Border Facility Near Ukraine Destroyed in Shell Attack". The Moscow Times. 21 February 2022. Archived from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
- ^ "Russia says it prevented border breach from Ukraine, Kyiv calls it fake news". Reuters. 21 February 2022. Archived from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
- ^ "Two Ukraine soldiers, civilian killed in shelling". Al-Arabiyah. 21 February 2022. Archived from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
- ^ Bellingcat Investigation Team (23 February 2022). "Documenting and Debunking Dubious Footage from Ukraine's Frontlines". Bellingcat. Archived from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ "'Dumb and lazy': the flawed films of Ukrainian 'attacks' made by Russia's 'fake factory'". The Guardian. 21 February 2022. Archived from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
- ^ "Four Russian false flags that are comically easy to debunk". The Telegraph. 21 February 2022. Archived from the original on 22 February 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
- ^ Gilbert, David (21 February 2022). "Russia's 'Idiotic' Disinformation Campaign Could Still Lead to War in Ukraine". Vice Media. Archived from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
- ^ "Address by the President of the Russian Federation". President of Russia. 21 February 2022. Archived from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
- ^ "Extracts from Putin's speech on Ukraine". Reuters. 21 February 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
- ^ "Putin orders troops into separatist-held parts of Ukraine". CNN. 21 February 2022. Archived from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
- ^ Philp, Catherine; Wright, Oliver; Brown, Larissa (22 February 2022). "Putin sends Russian tanks into Ukraine". The Times. Archived from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
- ^ "Ucraina, i primi soldati russi nel Donbass" [Ukraine, the first Russian soldiers in the Donbass]. la Repubblica (in Italian). 22 February 2022. Archived from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
- ^ "Putin orders troops into eastern Ukraine on 'peacekeeping duties'". The Guardian. 21 February 2022. Archived from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
- ^ "Putin's Ukraine peacekeepers 'aren't fooling anyone,' US warns". Newsweek. 21 February 2022. Archived from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ "Chilling social media footage emerges of convoys of Russian military equipment entering Donbas in Ukraine". Sky News. 22 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ "Putin gets no support from UN Security Council over Ukraine". ABC News. Archived from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ Woodyatt, Amy (23 February 2022). "Kenya's UN ambassador slams Russia and compares Ukraine crisis to Africa's colonial past". CNN. Archived from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ Parker, Claire (23 February 2022). "What counts as an 'invasion,' or as 'lethal aid'? Here's what some terms from the Russia-Ukraine crisis really mean". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
- ^ "Russian troops in east Ukraine an 'invasion,' White House declares – National". Global News. Archived from the original on 22 February 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
- ^ Zinets, Natalia; Williams, Matthias (22 February 2022). "Ukrainian president drafts reservists but rules out general mobilisation for now". Reuters. Archived from the original on 22 February 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
- ^ Kingsley, Thomas (23 February 2022). "Ukraine to introduce a state of emergency and tells its citizens to leave Russia immediately". The Independent. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
- ^ "Ukraine's Parliament approves state of emergency". Reuters. 23 February 2022. Archived from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ "Ukraine calls up reservists, declares national emergency as U.S. and allies hit Russia with new sanctions". CBS News. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ Litvinova, Dasha (23 February 2022). "Russia evacuates embassy in Ukraine as crisis escalates". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
- ^ "Ukraine hit by more cyberattacks, destructive malware". Associated Press. 23 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ Bajak, Frank (25 February 2022). "Cyberattacks accompany Russian military assault on Ukraine". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
- ^ Milmo, Dan (25 February 2022). "Russia unleashed data-wiper malware on Ukraine, say cyber experts". TheGuardian. Archived from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
- ^ Gian M. Volpicelli (1 March 2022). "How Ukraine's Internet Can Fend Off Russian Attacks". Wired. Archived from the original on 4 March 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
- ^ Sonne, Paul (24 February 2022). "Ukraine's Zelensky to Russians: 'What are you fighting for and with whom?'". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ Troianovski, Anton; MacFarquhar, Neil (23 February 2022). "Ukraine Live Updates: Russia Begins Invasion From Land and Sea". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ "Zelensky's Last-Ditch Plea for Peace". 23 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ Cruz Bustillos, Dominic (24 February 2022). "Full Translation: Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy's Feb. 23 Speech". Lawfare. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ Zelenskyy, Volodymyr (23 February 2022). Україна прагне миру! І робить для цього все! [Ukraine seeks peace! And does everything for this!] (Video) (in Russian). Ukraine. Archived from the original on 23 February 2022.
- ^ "Kremlin Says Ukraine Rebels Have Asked Russia for 'Help' Against Kyiv". The Moscow Times. 23 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022.
- ^ "Russia says Donbas separatists ask Putin for military support". Deutsche Welle. 23 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022.
- ^ United Nations (27 February 2022). "Ukraine - Security Council, 8974th meeting". Media. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
- ^ a b "'It's too late': Russian move roils UN meeting on Ukraine". AP News. 23 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ a b "U.S. Says Russia Will Face U.N. Security Council Resolution". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ Leff, Alex; Wood, Patrick (24 February 2022). "Read the impassioned plea from Ukraine's U.N. ambassador to Russia to stop the war". NPR. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
- ^ "Putin announces formal start of Russia's invasion in eastern Ukraine". Meduza. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ "Russian President Vladimir Putin announces military assault against Ukraine in surprise speech". MSN. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ "Full text: Putin's declaration of war on Ukraine". The Spectator. 24 February 2022.
- ^ "Путин принял решение о проведении операции по денацификации и демилитаризации Украины" [Putin decided to conduct an operation to de-Nazify and demilitarise Ukraine]. TASS (in Russian). 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ "Putin's claims that Ukraine is committing genocide are baseless, but not unprecedented". The Conversation. 25 February 2022.
- ^ "Ukraine conflict: Russian forces attack after Putin TV declaration". BBC News. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ "Putin announces 'special military operation' in Ukraine". Politico. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ "Russia-Ukraine crisis live news: Putin has launched 'full-scale invasion', says Ukrainian foreign minister – latest updates". The Guardian. 16 July 2018. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ "'It's too late': Russian move roils UN meeting on Ukraine". AP News. 23 February 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
- ^ "Ukraine loses control of Chernobyl nuclear site, amid battles in Kyiv outskirts". The Times of Israel. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ "Українські військові під Києвом зупинили колону російських танків". Gazeta (in Ukrainian). 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ "Battle Underway for Airbase on Kyiv Outskirts". The Moscow Times. AFP. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ "Russia claims to take control of Hostomel airport just outside Kyiv". The Times of Israel. AP. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ "Kharkiv's Resistance to Russia's War Has Already Begun". 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ "Росія атакувала українські міста: де відбулися бої". 24 Канал (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ "Russian forces unblock water flow for canal to annexed Crimea, Moscow says". Reuters. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022.
- ^ "Российская военная техника заняла территорию бывшего аэропорта "Бердянск" - горсовет". www.unian.net (in Russian). Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ NEXTA [@nexta_tv] (26 February 2022). "The tanks of the occupiers have circled #Berdyansk and are heading towards #Mariupol. t.co/jwsIoORzH0" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022 – via Twitter.
- ^ Schwirtz, Michael; Pérez-Peña, Richard (2 March 2022). "First Ukraine City Falls as Russia Strikes More Civilian Targets". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
- ^ "First in 7 days of war Ukrainian units go on offensive advancing to Horlivka – Arestovych". Interfax Ukraine. 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
- ^ "Ukrainian Military Begin To Seize Initiative From Russian Invaders - General Staff". ukranews.com. 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
- ^ "ВСУ проводять зачистку Горлівки, — блогер" [The Supreme Court of Ukraine is cleaning up Horlivka, - a blogger]. ukrainenews.fakty.ua (in Ukrainian). 2 March 2022.
- ^ Axe, David (9 April 2021). "Ukraine Might Field A Drone Strike Force—And It Could Knock Out Russian Tanks". Forbes. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
- ^ "Ukrainian Military Deploys Turkish-made Bayraktar Drone in Donbas". Defense World Net. 26 October 2021. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
- ^ Brennan, Margaret; Watson, Eleanor (20 January 2022). "U.S. and NATO to surge lethal weaponry to Ukraine to help shore up defenses against Russia". CBS News. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022.
- ^ "U.S. Security Assistance to Ukraine". Congressional Research Service. 9 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ Mitchell, Ellen (25 February 2022). "Pentagon mulling ways to get more lethal aid to Ukraine". The Hill. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ Gould, Joe; Altman, Howard (25 January 2022). "Pentagon reveals info on $200M military aid to Ukraine, including more Javelins". Defense News. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ Clapson, Colin (26 February 2022). "Belgium sends weapons to Ukraine". VRT (broadcaster). Brussels. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ "Czech Republic, Netherlands To Ship More Military Aid To Ukraine". Eesti Rahvusringhääling. Washington. 26 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ "Estonia sending additional weapons, aid to Ukraine". Eesti Rahvusringhääling. Tallinn. 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ a b "Greece to send defensive military equipment to Ukraine". Kathimerini. 27 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ a b "Portugal vai enviar armas para a Ucrânia" [Portugal will send weapons to Ukraine]. Público (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ "NATO allies to provide more weapons to Ukraine, Stoltenberg says". Reuters. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ "Polska broń dla Ukrainy. Pierwsze transporty dotarły, kolejne w drodze" [Polish weapons for Ukraine. The first shipments have arrived, others are on their way]. Rzeczpospolita (in Polish). Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ Imielski, Roman (25 February 2022). "Ukraińcy ujawnili, jaką broń przekazała im w piątek Polska" [The Ukrainians revealed what weapons Poland gave them on Friday]. wyborcza.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ "Germany blocks Estonia from transferring weapons to Ukraine". The Baltic Times. 23 January 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ "Germany still blocking arms supplies to Ukraine". Politico. 26 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ Huggler, Justin (26 February 2022). "What will they send next? Pillows?". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022.
- ^ "In policy shift, Berlin approves export of RPGs from Netherlands to Ukraine". Reuters. 26 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ "Germany to ship anti-aircraft missiles to Ukraine — reports". Deutsche Welle. 3 March 2022.
- ^ "EU shuts airspace to Russian airlines, will buy Ukraine arms". AP News. Associated Press. 27 February 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ "Ukraine war: EU to buy and deliver weapons to Kyiv, says Ursula von der Leyen". Euronews. 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ "EU tightens Russian sanctions and buys weapons for Ukraine". Reuters. 27 February 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022.
- ^ Weber, Peter (28 February 2022). "EU nations intend to supply Ukraine with fighter jets, foreign policy chief says". The Week. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ Brennan, David. "EU's Ukraine Fighter Jet Promise Falling Apart as Russia Advances". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
- ^ Vogt, Adrienne; Said-Moorhouse, Lauren; Ravindran, Jeevan; Wilkinson, Peter; Yeung, Jessie; Lendon, Brad; George, Steve; Wagner, Meg (26 February 2022). "Blinken authorizes $350 million more in US military assistance to Ukraine". CNN. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ Vogt, Adrienne; Said-Moorhouse, Lauren; Ravindran, Jeevan; Wilkinson, Peter; Yeung, Jessie; Lendon, Brad; George, Steve; Wagner, Meg (26 February 2022). "$350 million in US military assistance will include "anti-armor and anti-aircraft systems," official says". CNN. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ Hodge, Nathan; Cotovio, Vasco; Lieberman, Oren (26 February 2022). "Pentagon denies Russia's claim that it's "highly likely" US used surveillance drones to help Ukrainian navy". CNN. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022.
- ^ "Sverige ger 5 000 pansarskott till Ukrainas militär" [Sweden gives 5,000 armored shots to the Ukrainian military] (in Swedish). SVT. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022.
- ^ "Sweden to send military aid to Ukraine – PM Andersson". Reuters. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022.
- ^ Hansen, Louise Bolvig (27 February 2020). "Danmark sender panserværnsvåben til Ukraine – alle spilleregler er ændret, siger Mette Frederiksen" [Denmark sends anti-tank weapon to Ukraine – the game has changed, says Mette Frederiksen]. TV 2 (in Danish). Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ Zondag, Martin H. W. (27 February 2022). "Støre holder pressekonferanse om situasjonen i Ukraina" [Støre holds a press conference on the situation in Ukraine]. NRK (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 27 February 2022.
- ^ "Norge trekker oljefondet ut av Russland" [Norway withdraws oil fund from Russia]. www.vg.no (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 27 February 2022.
- ^ a b Storrøsten, Kaja; Hatlo, Madeleine (27 February 2022). "Norge sender militært utstyr" [Norway sends military equipment]. dagbladet.no (in Norwegian). Dagbladet. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022.
- ^ "Norway to send weapons to Ukraine, in change of policy". Reuters. 28 February 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
- ^ Jarstad, Lena (28 February 2022). "Norge sender våpen til Ukraina" [Norway sends weapons to Ukraine]. NRK (in Norwegian Bokmål). Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
- ^ "Norge sender våpen til Ukraina" [Norway sends weapons to Ukraine]. Vg.no (in Norwegian Bokmål). 28 February 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
- ^ "Finland will send lethal weapons into Ukraine, bucking trend of nonintervention". The Washington Post. 28 February 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ "More than 2,000 Ukrainian civilians killed during Russian invasion - Ukrainian emergency service". Reuters. 2 March 2022. Archived from the original on 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
- ^ Kenny, Peter (1 March 2022). "At least 136 civilians killed in Ukraine since Russia launched war, says UN". Anadolu Agency. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
- ^ a b Cooper, Helene; Schmitt, Eric (1 March 2022). "Russian Troop Deaths Expose a Potential Weakness of Putin's Strategy". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2 March 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
- ^ a b "Russia says 498 of its soldiers killed, 1,597 wounded in Ukraine - RIA". Reuters. 2 March 2022. Archived from the original on 2 March 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
- ^ Kika, Thomas (27 February 2022). "Ukraine seeks Red Cross help with Russian bodies: 'Bury them with dignity'". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ Schreck, Carl (27 February 2022). "'Mama, I Didn't Want To Come': Ukraine Asks Russians To ID Their Killed, Captured Relatives". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Archived from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ "OSCE mourns death of National Mission Member of the OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine". www.osce.org. Archived from the original on 2 March 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
- ^ "Greece says 10 expats killed in Ukraine, summons Russian ambassador". 27 February 2022.
- ^ Razdan, Nidhi (1 March 2022). Ghosh, Deepshikha (ed.). "Indian Student, Killed In Ukraine, Was Standing In A Grocery Store Queue".
- ^ "Ukraine: Bangladeshi Sailor Killed in Missile Attack Was His Family's Sole Breadwinner". the Wire. 3 March 2022.
- ^ Aguilera, Jasmine (25 February 2022). "Russia's Invasion of Ukraine May Trigger a Refugee Crisis. Here's How the World Is Preparing". Time Magazine. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ a b "Mapped: Where Ukrainian refugees are fleeing to". Axios. 28 February 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
- ^ "1 million refugees flee Ukraine in fastest exodus this century". www.aljazeera.com. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
- ^ "Ukraine crisis: How many refugees and where might they go?". BBC News. 3 March 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
- ^ Salisbury, Josh (28 February 2022). "More than 500,000 refugees have fled Ukraine for safety, says UN". www.standard.co.uk. Evening Standard. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
- ^ Sawer, Patrick (25 February 2022). "Ukrainian families torn apart as women and children flee but men are ordered back to the fight". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
- ^ "Refugees flee Ukraine for the EU, men told to stay and fight". ABC News. 26 February 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
- ^ "Russia hits Ukraine fuel supplies, airfields in new attacks". Associated Press. 27 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ "Latvia ready to take in Ukrainian refugees, visas for Russians to be suspended". Public Broadcasting of Latvia. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ Čigāne, Iveta (26 February 2022). "First Ukrainian refugees arrive in Latvia". Public Broadcasting of Latvia. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ Līcīte, Madara (27 February 2022). "Volunteer drivers depart Latvia to pick up Ukrainian refugees". Public Broadcasting of Latvia. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ Charlish, Alan; Ilie, Luiza (24 February 2022). "'I don't know what to do': fleeing Ukrainians start arriving in central Europe". Reuters. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ Buciu, Laura (25 February 2022). "Persoanele care sosesc din Ucraina în România sunt exceptate de carantină. Anunțul CNSU" [People arriving from Ukraine to Romania are exempt from quarantine. CNSU announcement]. Mediafax (in Romanian). Archived from the original on 26 February 2022.
- ^ "Magyarország mindenkit beenged Ukrajnából, akármilyen állampolgár legyen" [Hungary admits everyone from Ukraine, regardless of their citizenship]. 444.hu (in Hungarian). 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ "PM Orbán: Hungary 'Friendly Place' for Arrivals from Ukraine". Hungary Today. 26 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ "Senki nem adott be menekültkérelmet az elmúlt két napban a magyar-ukrán határt átlépő 26 ezer ember közül" [None of the 26,000 people crossing the Hungarian-Ukrainian border have lodged a refugee application in the last two days]. Telex.hu (in Hungarian). 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ "Mii de ucraineni au fugit de război și au venit în România. Bărbații și-au adus familiile până la graniță și apoi s-au întors să lupte" [Thousands of Ukrainians fled the war and came to Romania. The men brought their families to the border and then returned to fight]. Digi24 (in Romanian). 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022.
- ^ Șancu, Sabina (26 February 2022). "Mii de oameni ajută la granița cu Ucraina. Statul român ridică prima tabără mobilă" [Thousands of people are helping on the border with Ukraine. The Romanian state raises the first mobile camp]. Europa Liberă România (in Romanian). Archived from the original on 27 February 2022.
- ^ "A wave of refugees from Ukraine is coming to Bulgaria". The European Times. 26 February 2022. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ "Various municipalities in Bulgaria willing to host evacuees, refugees from Ukraine". The Sofia Globe. 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ Reuters (26 February 2022). "Slovak government to give money to those sheltering refugees from Ukraine". Reuters. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ "Per le persone che non sono bianche è più difficile fuggire dall'Ucraina" [For people who are not white it is more difficult to escape from Ukraine]. Il Post (in Italian). 3 March 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
- ^ "Nigeria urges respect towards Africans at Ukrainian border – News". Al Jazeera. 28 February 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ Waldie, Paul; York, Geoffrey (27 February 2022). "Africans and Asians fleeing Ukraine subjected to racial discrimination by border guards". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ Russia Attacks Ukraine Capital. NDTV 24x7. 12 March 2021. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022 – via YouTube.
- ^ "Concerns mount as black people report racism while fleeing Ukraine". The Independent. 1 March 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
- ^ Pronczuk, Monika; Maclean, Ruth (1 March 2022). "Africans Say Ukrainian Authorities Hindered Them From Fleeing". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
- ^ Liboreiro, Jorge (3 March 2022). "EU agrees to trigger never-used law to host Ukrainian refugees". euronews. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
- ^ "Where Ukrainian refugees are likely to find help and safety". fastcompany.com. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
- ^ "A Reminder of the Importance of the Crime of Aggression: Considering the Situation of Russia and Ukraine". Opinio Juris. 4 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ Guilfoyle, Douglas; McIntyre, Juliette; Paige, Tamsin Phillipa (24 February 2020). "Is international law powerless against Russian aggression in Ukraine? No, but it's complicated". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ "Ukraine has few legal options to hold Russia accountable for invasion". Courthouse News Service. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ Dworkin, Anthony (25 February 2022). "International law and the invasion of Ukraine – European Council on Foreign Relations". European Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ Churchman, Laurie (25 February 2022). "Russia carrying out 'indiscriminate attacks' on civilian areas, says Amnesty". The Independent. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ "Russia commits indiscriminate attacks during the invasion of Ukraine". Amnesty International. 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ "Ukraine: Russian military have carried out indiscriminate attacks – new expert analysis". Amnesty International. 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022.
- ^ "Ukraine: Russian Cluster Munition Hits Hospital". Human Rights Watch. 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ a b Wong, Tessa (27 February 2022). "Ukraine live updates: Kyiv warned of toxic fumes after strike on oil depot". BBC News. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ Milanovic, Marko (27 February 2022). "Ukraine Files ICJ Claim against Russia". European Journal of International Law. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
- ^ a b "Ukraine: Kharkiv attack was a war crime, says President Zelensky". BBC News. 1 March 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
- ^ "Ukraine: Russia faces war crimes investigation". BBC News. 3 March 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
- ^ "Πόλεμος στην Ουκρανία: Νεκροί δύο ακόμη Ελληνες στο χωριό Σαρτανάς" [War in Ukraine: 2 more Greeks dead at the Sartana Village]. tanea.gr (in Greek). 28 February 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ "The Secretary's Call with Greek Foreign Minister Dendias". United States Department of State. 27 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ "Πρεσβεία Γερμανίας στην Ελλάδα: 'Συλλυπητήρια στους συγγενείς των 10 αμάχων ελληνικής καταγωγής'" [German Embassy in Greece: 'Condolences to the relatives of the 10 civilians of Greek origin']. Real.gr (in Greek). 27 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ "ΥΠΕΞ: Έχουμε αποδείξεις ότι οι Έλληνες σκοτώθηκαν από ρωσικά πυρά" [Greek Foreign Ministry: we have evidence that the Greeks were killed by Russian fire]. EfSyn (in Greek). 27 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ "Greece summons Russian envoy after bombing kills 10 nationals". Al Jazeera. 27 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ "Ukraine, rights groups say Russia used cluster & vacuum bombs". Reuters. 28 February 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
- ^ "Denysenko: Column of Russian military equipment near Makariv, Kyiv region destroyed". Interfax Ukraine. 28 February 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ "Kiev regime uses local civilians as human shields, says Russia's top brass". TASS. 28 February 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ Melander, Ingrid; Gabriela, Baczynska (24 February 2022). "EU targets Russian economy after 'deluded autocrat' Putin invades Ukraine". Reuters. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ "Western Countries Agree To Add Putin, Lavrov To Sanctions List". 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ "China State Banks Restrict Financing for Russian Commodities". Bloomberg News. 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ Islam, Faisal (27 February 2022). "Why the world is waging economic war on Russia". BBC News. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ "Sanctions against us 'will change nothing,' says former Russian president". CNN. 26 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ "Remarks by President Biden Announcing Response to Russian Actions in Ukraine". The White House. 22 February 2022. Archived from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ Holland, Steve; Mason, Jeff; Psaledakis, Daphne; Alper, Alexandra (23 February 2022). "Biden puts sanctions on Russian banks and elites as he says Ukraine invasion has begun". Reuters. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
- ^ "Biden unveils new Russia sanctions over Ukraine invasion". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
- ^ a b "Ukraine-Russia invasion: Russia launches attack on Ukraine from several fronts". BBC News. Archived from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ "Ukraine conflict: UK sanctions target Russia banks and oligarchs". BBC News. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ "Trump: How much of Germany's gas comes from Russia?". BBC News. 11 July 2018. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022.
- ^ "The hidden costs of cutting Russia off from SWIFT". The Economist. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ "EU unlikely to cut Russia off SWIFT for now, sources say". Reuters. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ "Czech president: Russia should be cut off from SWIFT". Reuters. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ "UK politics live: Boris Johnson making statement on sanctions; PM 'trying to persuade G7 to remove Russia from Swift payments system'". The Guardian. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ Pop, Valentina (25 February 2022). "EU leaders agree more Russia sanctions, but save some for later". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ "Germany Backs 'Targeted' Russian SWIFT Removal: Ukraine Update". Yahoo. Yahoo News. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ "Western allies will remove Russian banks from Swift". BBC News. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ Fleming, Sam; Solomon, Erika; Borrelli, Silvia Sciorilli (26 February 2022). "Italy move adds to EU momentum for cutting Russian banks from Swift". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022.
- ^ "Chinese banks limit financing for Russian purchases: Bloomberg". Agence France-Presse. 26 February 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ Cumming-Bruce, Nick (28 February 2022). "Switzerland says it will freeze Russian assets, setting aside a tradition of neutrality". New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
- ^ "Monaco clamps down on Russian assets after Ukraine invasion". Reuters. 28 February 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
- ^ "Singapore to impose banking, trade restrictions on Russia". Nikkei Asia. 28 February 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ Jaipragas, Bhavan (28 February 2022). "Singapore to slap unilateral sanctions on Russia in 'almost unprecedented' move". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ 김효정 (28 February 2022). "정부 "대러 전략물자 수출차단…국제은행결제망 배제 동참"" [Government announces "Export ban on strategic materials to Russia... International banking payment network exlcusion participation]. Yonhap News (in Korean). Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ Kajimoto, Tetsushi; Komiya, Kantaro (28 February 2022). "Japan joins sanctions on Russian central bank, says 'Japan is with Ukraine'". Reuters. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
- ^ a b Kowsmann, Patricia; Talley, Ian (27 February 2022). "Russia Sanctions Over Ukraine Largely Spare Energy Sector, Vital to Europe". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
- ^ "In an effort to choke Russian economy, new sanctions target Russia's central bank". NPR. 28 February 2022.
- ^ "The West's Plan to Isolate Putin: Undermine the Ruble". The New York Times. 28 February 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022.
- ^ "The West declares economic war on Russia". Politico. 28 February 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022.
- ^ "Sanctions on Russia Puts Focus on China's Central Bank". Bloomberg. 28 February 2022.
- ^ San Marino RTV (1 March 2022). "CGG: approvato all'unanimità odg su crisi ucraina. Ok dell'Aula a misure sanzionatorie contro Mosca" [CGG: unanimously approved ODG on Ukrainian crisis. Ok of the House to sanction measures against Moscow]. San Marino RTV (in Italian). Retrieved 2 March 2022.
- ^ "The West's $1 trillion bid to collapse Russia's economy". CNN. 1 March 2022.
- ^ "Sanctions on Russia: asset managers are making a disorderly retreat". Financial Times. 1 March 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
- ^ "Visa, Mastercard, Amex block Russian banks after sanctions". France 24. 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
- ^ Smith, Robert (2 March 2022). "Credit Suisse asks investors to destroy oligarch loans documents". Financial Times. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
- ^ "America has targeted Russia's technological fabric". The Economist. 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ "'Massive' EU sanctions to target Putin's war chest". EUobserver. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ "Russia's aggression against Ukraine: Press Statement by High Representative/Vice-President Josep Borrell". eeas.europa.eu. European External Action Service. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ "European Parliament president calls for "solid and swift" action if Ukraine crisis escalates". Archived from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ "MEPs will hold extraordinary plenary over Russian invasion". Malta Today. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ Sabin, Lamiat (26 February 2022). "France intercepts Russia-bound cargo ship 'Baltic Leader' in the English Channel". The Independent. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ "Poland says is preparing to close its airspace for Russian airlines". National Post. 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ a b "Russian air traffic ban widens". BBC News. 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ "Estonia to close airspace to Russian planes". Eesti Rahvusringhääling. 26 February 2022. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ Josephs, Leslie (25 February 2022). "Delta cuts Aeroflot ties as fallout from Russia's invasion of Ukraine spreads in air travel". CNBC. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ "Russia bans flights from Bulgarian, Polish and Czech carriers". CNN. 26 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ "4 more countries ban Russian airlines from their airspace". CNN. 26 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ Vogt, Adrienne; Said-Moorhouse, Lauren; Ravindran, Jeevan; Wilkinson, Peter; Yeung, Jessie; Lendon, Brad; George, Steve; Wagner, Meg; Vera, Amir (26 February 2022). "Russian aircraft banned from German airspace". CNN. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ SAPO. "Portugal fecha espaço aéreo a companhias aéreas russas" [Portugal closes airspace to Russian airlines]. SAPO (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ "Евросоюз полностью закроет свое небо для российских самолетов" [The European Union will completely close its skies to Russian aircraft]. Interfax (in Russian). 27 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022.
- ^ Raskin, Sam (27 February 2022). "EU boxing Russia in by barring from airspace, sending weapons, resources to Ukraine". New York Post. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ Chazan, Guy (22 February 2022). "Scholz takes heat off Germany with decision to freeze Nord Stream 2 project". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ "Ukraine war latest: Nord Stream 2 files for insolvency after sanctions target pipeline, Swiss official says". Financial Times. 1 March 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
- ^ "Turkey to implement pact limiting Russian warships to Black Sea". Reuters. 28 February 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
- ^ Pitel, Laura (2 March 2022). "Turkey's stance on Russian warships raises hope of reset in relations with west". Financial Times. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
- ^ Bloomberg News (1 March 2022). "The list of foreign companies pulling out of Russia keeps growing". Times of India.
- ^ "IMF, World Bank Chiefs Warn Of Global Impacts From Ukraine War". Barron's. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ "Food is unlikely to be part of sanctions against Russia, says agriculture firm". CNBC. 28 February 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
- ^ Thompson, Mark. "Russian stocks crash 33% and ruble plunges to record low". CNN. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ "Moscow Exchange resumes trading on its markets at 10:00am". Moscow Exchange. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ Mudgill, Amit (24 February 2022). "Russian stocks nosedive 20% as trading resumes on Moscow Exchange". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ "Moscow Exchange has suspended trading on all of its markets until further notice". Moscow Exchange. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ Teterevleva, Anastasia; Rodionov, Maxim (24 February 2022). "Moscow Exchange suspends trading on all markets". Reuters. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ "Moscow, Saint Petersburg Exchanges Say Trading Suspended". Agence France-Presse. Barron's. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ "Russia Cut to Junk Rating by S&P, Ukraine's Rating Lowered". The Wall Street Journal. 26 February 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
- ^ "Ukraine war: sanctions-hit Russian rouble crashes as Zelenskiy speaks of 'crucial' 24 hours". The Guardian. 28 February 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022.
- ^ "Russians queue for cash as West targets banks over Ukraine". Reuters. 27 February 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022.
- ^ Troinanovski, Anton (28 February 2022). "The ruble crashes, the stock market closes and Russia's economy staggers under sanctions". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ "Junk Russia Bonds Mirror Ruble Drop as Sanctions Bite". Bloomberg News. 28 February 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
- ^ "BP to offload stake in Rosneft amid Ukraine conflict". BBC News. 27 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ "BP quits Russia in up to $25 billion hit after Ukraine invasion". Reuters. 27 February 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ "Norway says its sovereign fund will divest from Russia". Reuters. 27 February 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ "Shell Joins Other Energy Giants in Pulling Back From Investments in Russia". Newsweek. 28 February 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
- ^ Ricciardi, Vanessa. "L'Italia si allontana dalla Russia: Eni cederà la quota del gasdotto Blue Stream" [Italy moves away from Russia: Eni sells its stake in the Blue Stream gas pipeline]. Domani (in Italian). Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
- ^ "Maersk suspends all container shipping to Russia". The Straits Times. 1 March 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
- ^ Liakos, Chris (1 March 2022). "World's biggest container shipping companies temporarily halt cargo bookings to and from Russia". CNN.
- ^ Ostroff, Caitlin (24 February 2022). "Ukraine Central Bank Halts Currency Market, Limits Cash Withdrawals". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ "French finance minister: We will bring about collapse of the Russian economy". The Local France. 1 March 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
- ^ Lockett, Hudson (24 February 2022). "Oil rises above $100 a barrel for the first time since 2014". The Financial Times. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ "What happens if Russia shuts off gas supplies to Europe?". Euronews. 28 February 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022.
- ^ "Factbox: What are Europe's options in case of Russian gas disruption?". Reuters. 28 February 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022.
- ^ "Business EU moves to speed up energy investments amid Ukraine war, rising gas prices". Deutsche Welle. 1 March 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022.
- ^ Swanson, Anna. "Ukraine Invasion Threatens Global Wheat Supply". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ a b "Russia's invasion of Ukraine will likely ratchet American food prices even higher, experts say". The Washington Post. 26 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ "How tensions in Ukraine could rile Egypt". The Economist. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ Tang, Frank (24 February 2022). "China lifts all wheat-import restrictions on Russia amid Ukraine crisis". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ Seitz, Amanda; Klepper, David (25 February 2022). "Propaganda, fake videos of Ukraine invasion bombard users". ABC News. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ "Ukraine conflict: Many misleading images have been shared online". BBC News. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022.
- ^ Kern, Rebecca; Scott, Mark; Goujard, Clothilde (24 February 2022). "Social media platforms on the defensive as Russian-based disinformation about Ukraine spreads". Politico. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
- ^ "Ukraine invasion latest: Russia looking to mass 'overwhelming forces' around Kyiv". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ Twitter Safety [@TwitterSafety] (25 February 2022). "For people using Twitter in Ukraine and Russia, we also paused some Tweet recommendations from people you don't follow on Home Timeline to reduce the spread of abusive content" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022 – via Twitter.
- ^ Wagner, Kurt (26 February 2022). "Twitter Pauses Ads in Russia, Ukraine to Keep Focus on Safety". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ Twitter Safety [@TwitterSafety] (25 February 2022). "We're temporarily pausing advertisements in Ukraine and Russia to ensure critical public safety information is elevated and ads don't detract from it" (Tweet). Retrieved 26 February 2022 – via Twitter.
- ^ "Twitter halts advertisements, recommendations in Russia, Ukraine". Business Standard. 26 February 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
- ^ Culliford, Elizabeth (27 February 2022). "Google temporarily disables Google Maps live traffic data in Ukraine". Reuters. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022.
- ^ Erlanger, Steven (27 February 2022). "How Volodymyr Zelensky rallied Ukrainians, and the world, against Putin". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
- ^ Wright, Tony (1 March 2022). "Volodymyr Zelensky, the first wartime hero of the social media age". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
- ^ "Russia Bans Media Outlets From Using Words 'War,' 'Invasion'". The Moscow Times. 26 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022.
- ^ "Use Only Official Sources About Ukraine War, Russian Media Watchdog Tells Journalists". The Moscow Times. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ "Russia Tells Media to Delete Stories Mentioning Ukraine 'Invasion'". Newsweek. 26 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022.
- ^ a b c "Russian Government Orders Media Outlets To Delete Stories Referring To 'Invasion' Or 'Assault' On Ukraine". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, RFE/RL. 26 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022.
- ^ "How is the Ukraine invasion being viewed in Russia?". Al Jazeera. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022.
- ^ "Russian State Media Bolster Putin's Narrative for Ukraine Invasion". The Wall Street Journal. 26 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022.
- ^ Elsworth, Sophie (26 February 2022). "Foxtel strips Russia Today from its platforms over concern of its content on the Ukraine invasion". The Australian. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ Vlessing, Etan; Vlessing, Etan (28 February 2022). "Canada's Cable TV Giants Pull Russian State-Backed RT Channel". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
- ^ Kayali, Laura; Goujard, Clothilde (24 February 2022). "Europe increases pressure on Kremlin-backed broadcaster RT". Politico Europe. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ "RT broadcasts suspended on Rock as Govt tightens visa rules for Russians". Gibraltar Chronicle. 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ "Russia Today hit by resignation of several UK-based journalists within hours of Putin's invasion of Ukraine". inews.co.uk. 26 February 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022.
- ^ "Exclusive: Russian news agency in Berlin faces staff exodus over Ukraine invasion". Reuters. 28 February 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022.
- ^ "Anonymous takes down Kremlin, Russian-controlled media site in cyber attacks". ABC News. 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ Purtill, James (25 February 2022). "Anonymous takes down Kremlin, Russian-controlled media site in cyber attacks". ABC News. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ Smith, Adam (25 February 2022). "Anonymous launches attacks against Russia to support Ukraine". The Independent. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ "Russia Puts 'Partial Restriction' on Facebook Access Citing Censorship on State Media". India.com. 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022.
- ^ "Russia is limiting access to Facebook. The company says it was ordered to stop fact-checking". NPR. 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ Sabes, Adam (25 February 2022). "Facebook bans Russian state media from advertising and monetizing content on its platform". Fox Business. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ Tidy, Joe; Clayton, James (26 February 2022). "Ukraine invasion: Russia restricts social media access". BBC News. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ Dwoskin, Elizabeth; Zakrzewski, Cat (28 February 2022). "Facebook and TikTok ban Russian state media in Europe". Archived from the original on 1 March 2022.
- ^ a b c "The Kremlin forces schools and theaters to uphold Putin's invasion propaganda". Coda Media. 1 March 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022.
- ^ "Ukraine invasion: YouTube to block access to RT and Sputnik across Europe 'immediately'". Sky News. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
- ^ Dang, Sheila; Culliford, Elizabeth (1 March 2022). "TikTok war: How Russia's invasion of Ukraine played to social media's youngest audience". Reuters. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
- ^ Lott-Lavigna, Ruby (28 February 2022). "Russia's Only Independent TV Station Won't Censor the Ukraine War". Vice. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022.
- ^ "Russia Blocks 2 Independent Media Sites Over War Coverage". The Moscow Times. 1 March 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022.
- ^ "Moscow threatens to block Russian-language Wikipedia over invasion article". National Post. 1 March 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
- ^ Cole, Samantha (2 March 2022). "Russia Threatens to Block Wikipedia for Stating Facts About Its War Casualties, Editors Say". Vice.
- ^ a b "Special OSCE Permanent Council meeting held following Russian decision to recognize parts of Donetsk and Luhansk regions of Ukraine as independent". www.osce.org. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
- ^ "Joint statement by OSCE Chairman-in-Office Rau and Secretary General Schmid on Russia's launch of a military operation in Ukraine". www.osce.org. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
- ^ "OSCE parliamentarians condemn Russian military action in Ukraine, call for de-escalation at Vienna Winter Meeting". www.osce.org. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
- ^ "The Reinforced Meeting of the OSCE Permanent Council at the Ministerial Level". www.osce.org. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
- ^ "Statement of the Secretary General on the temporary evacuation of OSCE staff from Ukraine". www.osce.org. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
- ^ "Human impact of military action in Ukraine of increasing concern, OSCE human rights head says". www.osce.org. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
- ^ "Peaceful demonstrations to protest attack on Ukraine must be allowed unhindered, OSCE human rights office says". www.osce.org. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
- ^ "Safety of journalists must be ensured in conflict situations, says OSCE Media Freedom Representative". www.osce.org. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
- ^ "Continued obstruction of free flow of information and safety of journalists pose serious restrictions to media freedom in Russia, says OSCE Representative". www.osce.org. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
- ^ "OSCE mourns death of National Mission Member of the OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine". www.osce.org. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
- ^ "OSCE says member of monitoring mission was killed in Kharkiv shelling". Reuters. 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
- ^ "Personal Representatives condemn the missile attack on Babyn Yar". www.osce.org. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
- ^ "'Give Peace a Chance', Secretary-General Urges Russian Federation at Security Council Meeting on Ukraine, Saying too Many People Have Died | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases". www.un.org. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
- ^ MacNamee, Garreth. "'We will hold the Kremlin accountable': International anger as Russia attacks Ukraine". TheJournal.ie. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ Demianyk, Graeme (24 February 2022). "Boris Johnson Condemns Russia's 'Unprovoked Attack' On Ukraine". HuffPost UK. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ Parti, Tarini (24 February 2022). "Biden Calls Putin's Ukraine Actions an 'Unprovoked and Unjustified' Attack". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ Blanchfield, Mike; Berthiaume, Lee. "Trudeau condemns Russia's attack on Ukraine, says Russia will suffer consequences". CP24. The Canadian Press. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ Leesman, Madeline (24 February 2022). "EU to hit Russia With New Sanctions Over Its 'Barbaric' Invasion of Ukraine". Townhall. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ Rankin, Jennifer; Holmes, and Oliver; Lock, Samantha; Harding, Luke; Boffey, Daniel; Boffey, Daniel; Chrisafis, Angelique; O'Carroll, Lisa; Roth, Andrew (24 February 2022). "Ukraine crisis latest news: Russia invading on multiple fronts, former Ukrainian defence minister says". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ "At U.N., Russia vetoes U.S. resolution condemning Ukraine invasion". The Washington Post. 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ Nichols, Michelle (27 February 2022). "U.N. Security Council calls rare General Assembly session on Ukraine". Reuters. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022.
- ^ Tawfik, Nada (28 February 2022). "Rare UN meeting gets under way". BBC News. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ Nebehay, Stephanie (1 March 2022). "Western envoys, allies walk out on Lavrov speech to UN rights forum". Reuters. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
More than 100 diplomats from some 40 Western countries and allies including Japan walked out of a speech by Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov to the top U.N. human rights forum on Tuesday in protest over Russia's invasion of Ukraine.
- ^ Cumming-Bruce, Nick (1 March 2022). "Diplomats walk out of Lavrov's speech at the U.N. in Geneva". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
Ukraine's ambassador to the United Nations in Geneva led the walkout, which left a largely empty conference hall to hear the remarks by Foreign Minister Sergey V. Lavrov at a conference on disarmament.
- ^ Shah, Furvah (1 March 2022). "UN diplomats walk out on Russian minister's speech in protest at Ukraine invasion". The Independent. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
Dozens of officials, including those from Britain, the US and the European Union, left the UN Human Rights Council meeting in Geneva, Switzerland on Tuesday as a video message from Vladimir Putin's ally played.
- ^ "OHCHR | UN Human Rights Chief urges an immediate halt to the Russian Federation's military action against Ukraine". www.ohchr.org.
- ^ Pamuk, Humeyra; Landay, Jonathan (2 March 2022). "U.N. General Assembly in historic vote denounces Russia over Ukraine invasion". Reuters.
- ^ "U.S. sending F-35s jets to Baltics, extends stay of its troops". Reuters. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ a b Timsit, Annabelle; Rauhala, Emily (24 February 2022). "NATO 'more united and determined than ever' after Russia's 'brutal act of war' on Ukraine". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022.
- ^ "NATO vows to defend its entire territory after Russia attack". AP NEWS. 24 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ "Poland and Baltic countries trigger consultations under NATO article 4". CNN. 23 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ "Statement by the North Atlantic Council on Russia's attack on Ukraine". 24 February 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
Today, we have held consultations under Article 4 of the Washington Treaty. We have decided, in line with our defensive planning to protect all Allies, to take additional steps to further strengthen deterrence and defence across the Alliance.
- ^ "NATO puts warplanes on alert, to increase troop presence on eastern flank". The Star. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022.
- ^ Cook, Lorne. "NATO leaders agree to bolster eastern forces after invasion". ABC News. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022.
- ^ a b "NATO Agrees To Partial Deployment Of Response Force To Eastern Member Countries". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ Coleman, Julie (25 February 2022). "NATO takes command of US carrier strike group as allies send more jets and warships to deter Russia's threat against Ukraine". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ "Germany commits 100 billion euros to new armed forces fund". MSN. Associated Press. 27 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ "Germany to Boost Military Spending in Latest Historic Shift". Bloomberg News. 27 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ a b Hautala, Heli (2 February 2022). "Russia Is Driving Sweden and Finland Closer to NATO". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022.
- ^ Forsberg, Robin; Moyer, Jason (2 February 2022). "Sisters But Not Twins: Prospects of Finland and Sweden's NATO Accession". Wilson Center. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022.
- ^ Paúl, María (25 February 2022). "Russia threatens Finland and Sweden over potential NATO membership". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ "Finnish President: Putin's mask comes off, showing 'cold face of war'". Yle. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ "Russia-Ukraine live updates: Ukrainian forces hold Kyiv amid fierce fighting as Russian advance slows". The Washington Post. 26 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ "Ukraine war: MPs in Finland mull petition for a referendum on joining NATO". Euronews. 1 March 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
- ^ Kayali, Laura (27 February 2022). "EU to ban Russia's RT, Sputnik media outlets, von der Leyen says". Politico. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ "'Watershed moment': EU to buy and deliver weapons to Ukraine". Euronews. 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ "Zelensky asks to join the European Union". The Washington Post. 28 February 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ AFP-Agence France Presse. "Czechs, Latvia, Lithuania Halt Visas For Russians". www.barrons.com. Barron's. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ Alexander, Peter (25 February 2022). "One of Russia's closest allies denies request for troops". NBC News. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ a b Досымшалова, Гүлнара (1 March 2022). "Президент Тоқаев Украинадағы жағдайға қатысты пікір білдірді" [President Tokayev commented on the situation in Ukraine]. Tengrinews.kz (in Kazakh). Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
- ^ "Қазақстан Украина мен Ресей арасына келіссөз алаңын ұсынуға дайын" [Kazakhstan is ready to provide a platform for negotiations between Ukraine and Russia]. 24.kz (in Kazakh). 28 February 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
- ^ Rankin, Jennifer; Chao-Fong, Léonie; Hall, Rachel; Lock, Samantha; Richards, Giles; Boffey, Daniel; Makoii, Akhtar Mohammad; Giuffrida, Angela; Beaumont, Peter; Fidler, Matt; Davidson, Helen (25 February 2022). "Ukraine invasion news: Russia sends troops into Kyiv as explosions hit Kharkiv – live updates". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
- ^ a b Frank, Joel (25 February 2022). "China Foreign Ministry: Ukraine's territory and sovereignty should be respected, urges talks". FXStreet. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022.
- ^ "Modi Appeals for 'Cessation of Violence' in Call With Putin, First Indian Reaction to Russian Attack". The Wire. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022.
- ^ Chao-Fong, Léonie; Rankin, Jennifer; Hall, Rachel; Lock, Samantha (25 February 2022). "Ukraine invasion news: Russia says it has taken airport north of Kyiv as city enters 'defensive phase' – live updates". The Guardian.
- ^ Jadhav, Rajendra; Anand, Nupur; Ahmed, Aftab (25 February 2022). "India explores setting up rupee trade accounts with Russia to soften sanctions blow – sources". Reuters. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022.
- ^ Dragojlo, Sasa (25 February 2022). "Serbia Supports Ukraine's Sovereignty But Opposes Sanctions on Russia, Vucic says". Balkan Insight. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022.
- ^ "Serbia will denounce Russia if Zelenskiy condemns NATO's 1999 bombing". Euractiv. 23 February 2022. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022.
- ^ n.a. (25 February 2022). "Serbian President: Serbia will not impose sanctions on Russia". N1 (TV channel). Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ Dragojlo, Sasa (25 February 2022). "Serbia Supports Ukraine's Sovereignty But Opposes Sanctions on Russia, Vucic says". Balkan Insight. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ Tončić, Bojan (26 February 2022). "Srbija se opredijelila: Trezveni suicid hladne glave" [Serbia has opted for: Sober cold-headed suicide] (in Croatian). Al Jazeera Balkans. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ "Vuković: Srbija pokazala da joj je odnos sa Rusijom prioritet u odnosu na EU" [Vukovic: Serbia has shown that its relationship with Russia is a priority in relation to the EU] (in Croatian). Al Jazeera Balkans. 26 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ "Žene u crnom: Stop ratu u Ukrajini (FOTO)" [Women in Black: Stop the War in Ukraine (PHOTO)] (in Croatian). Danas (newspaper). 27 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ "Patrijarh Porfirije: Šaljemo pomoć braći u Ukrajini" [Patriarch Porphyry: We are sending help to the brothers in Ukraine] (in Croatian). Radio Television of Serbia. 27 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ "The Republic of China (Taiwan) government strongly condemns Russia's invasion of Ukraine in violation of the UN Charter, joins international economic sanctions against Russia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan). Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ Antonescu, Bogdan (26 February 2022). "Liderul de la Tiraspol, Vadim Krasnoselski: Transnistria este un stat pașnic. Nu am avut niciodată planuri de natură agresivă față de vecinii noștri" [Tiraspol leader Vadim Krasnoselski: Transnistria is a peaceful state. We have never had aggressive plans against our neighbors]. stiripesurse.ro (in Romanian).
- ^ "'Dark Hour': Council Of Europe Suspends Russia". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. 26 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ "Большинство россиян поддерживают военную операцию в Украине: ВЦИОМ". Новости Mail.ru (in Russian). 28 February 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
- ^ Hooper, Cynthia (2 March 2022). "Russia's invasion of Ukraine has Kremlin battling for hearts and minds at home". The Conversation. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
- ^ Vogt, Adrienne; Said-Moorhouse, Lauren; Ravindran, Jeevan; Wilkinson, Peter; Yeung, Jessie; Lendon, Brad; George, Steve; Wagner, Meg; Vera, Amir (26 February 2022). "Pope expresses "his deepest sorrow" in phone call with Zelensky". CNN. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ "Christian Orthodox spiritual leader calls for end of Ukraine war". Reuters. 27 February 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ "Moscow Patriarch Kirill, Ukrainian Orthodox leaders issue calls for peace". Religion News Service. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022.
- ^ "Moscow patriarch prays for unity of 'single space' of Russia and Ukraine". www.pillarcatholic.com. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
- ^ "Слово Святейшего Патриарха Кирилла в Неделю о Страшном Суде после Литургии в Храме Христа Спасителя / Патриарх / Патриархия.ru". Патриархия.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 3 March 2022.
- ^ "International Olympic Committee urges sports bodies to cancel events in Russia, Belarus". ESPN. 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ "Russia stripped of major events as invasion of Ukraine intensifies". Reuters. 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ a b "IOC, FIFA clamp down on Russian and Belarussian athletes and teams". The Washington Post. 28 February 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ "UCI statement concerning the situation in Ukraine" (Press release). UCI. 26 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ "FIG decision regarding the conflict in Europe" (Press release). International Gymnastics Federation. 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ International Judo Federation (27 February 2022). "International Judo Federation – statement suspending Putin". Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ Boren, Cindy; Bonesteel, Matt (1 March 2022). "Russia, Belarus barred from competition by International Skating Union". The Washington Post. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
- ^ "Champions League Final Will Be Played in Paris, Not Russia". The New York Times. 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ "UEFA Champions League final moved from St. Petersburg to Paris". NBC Sports. 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ Vogt, Adrienne; Said-Moorhouse, Lauren; Ravindran, Jeevan; Wilkinson, Peter; Yeung, Jessie; Lendon, Brad; George, Steve; Wagner, Meg (26 February 2022). "Poland refuses to play Russia in next month's 2022 World Cup qualifier over Ukraine". CNN. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ "FIFA suspends Russia from playing international soccer indefinitely". The Washington Post. 28 February 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ ESPN (25 February 2022). "Finnish hockey team leaves KHL playoffs over Ukraine invasion". Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ "Dinamo Riga withdraws from KHL following Russian invasion into Ukraine". New York Post. 27 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ "Dinamo Rīga pulls out of KHL". Public Broadcasting of Latvia. 28 February 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ "Sebastian Vettel and Max Verstappen call for Russian GP boycott". The Daily Telegraph. 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ "Formula 1 statement on the Russian Grand Prix". F1. 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ Owen S. Good (2 March 2022). "EA Sports removes Russian teams from NHL, FIFA video games". Polygon. Vox Media. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
- ^ Thomas, Tobi (25 February 2022). "Russia is banned from Eurovision after invasion of Ukraine". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ "EBU statement regarding the participation of Russia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2022". Eurovision Song Contest (Press release). European Broadcasting Union. 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ Requintina, Robert (1 March 2022). "Miss Supranational bans Russia from joining in solidarity with Ukraine". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
- ^ "Disney, Sony and Warner Bros pause film releases in Russia over Ukraine invasion". The Guardian. 1 March 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
- ^ ""Нет войне": итоги акции против войны с Украиной 24 февраля". OVD-Info. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ "Списки задержанных в связи с акциями против войны с Украиной 27 февраля 2022 года". OVD-Info. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ Luhn, Alec [@ASLuhn] (24 February 2022). "Russia's interior ministry tells TV viewers to 'refrain from unsanctioned protests' or they'll be 'arrested brought to responsibility.' That's because there are 'coronavirus restrictions, including on public events.' Not because of calls to protest the war or anything" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022 – via Twitter.
- ^ "Ukraine attack: Hundreds arrested in anti-war protests in Russia". Al Jazeera. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ "Nobel Peace Prize winner, other prominent Russian figures condemn country's attack on Ukraine". The Washington Post. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ Allsop, Jon (24 February 2022). "Propaganda, confusion, and an assault on press freedom as Russia attacks Ukraine". Columbia Journalism Review. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ Miller, Greg (28 February 2022). "Ukraine invasion opens faint, but once unthinkable, fissures between Putin and Russian oligarchs". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ Petriczko, Ada (28 February 2022). "A few members of the Russian Parliament speak out against the war". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ NEXTA [@nexta_tv] (25 February 2022). "⚡The war must end immediately, said Mikhail #Matveev, a member of the #KPRF faction: 'When I voted for the recognition of the #DNR/#LNR, I voted for peace, not for war. I wanted #Russia to become a shield so that #Donbas would not be bombed, not for #Kyiv to be bombed.'" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022 – via Twitter.
- ^ a b "Anti-war sentiment grows in Russia as troops close in on Ukrainian capital". PBS. 26 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022.
- ^ Lomas, Natasha (1 March 2022). "Scores of IT workers in Russia sign public anti-war petition". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022.
- ^ "Nearly 20,000 Russian artists are demanding a withdrawal from Ukraine". Quartz. 2 March 2022.
- ^ "Global research community condemns Russian invasion of Ukraine". Nature. 1 March 2022.
- ^ a b "Russia's anti-war lobby goes online". France 24. 26 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022.
- ^ Rowan, Claudia; Parekh, Marcus; Stephens, Max (3 March 2022). "Russia-Ukraine latest news: Invasion going 'strictly to plan', claims Vladimir Putin" – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
- ^ Limited, Alamy. "The Russian Embassy near the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin germany Stock Photo". Alamy. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ a b c Soria, Horacio Fernando; Lo Bianco, Miguel (25 February 2022). Jourdan, Adam; O’Brien, Rosalba (eds.). "'She woke up with bombs': Ukrainian diasporas in Latin America protest invasion". Maximilian Heath. Buenos Aires/Lima: Reuters. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ ""There are people in Armenia who are against the war, Russia's imperialist policy." Protest in front of the Russian Embassy". aysor.am. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ Earl, Carly (25 February 2022). "Ukraine supporters gather in Sydney to protest Russian invasion – video". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ "Bakıda Ukraynaya dəstək aksiyası olub" [A rally in support of Ukraine was held in Baku]. Azadlıq Radiosu (in Azerbaijani). Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ "Hundreds of Belarusians protest Russian attack on Ukraine". www.timesofisrael.com. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022.
- ^ "Russian embassy target of Ukrainian anger". VRT (broadcaster). Brussels. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ "Bosnians, remembering their own war, protest in support of Ukraine". Reuters. 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ "Grupo protesta contra invasão da Ucrânia em frente ao consulado da Rússia em São Paulo neste sábado" [Group protests against the invasion of Ukraine in front of the Russian consulate in São Paulo this Saturday]. G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ "На протеста пред руското посолство: Киев покръсти Русия, Киев ще я опее" [At the protest in front of the Russian embassy: Kiev baptised Russia, Kiev will sing it]. Dnevnik (news) (in Bulgarian). 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ Perez, Jackie (24 February 2022). "Ukrainian-Canadians rally outside embassy in Ottawa ahead of Russian invasion". CTV News. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ Cobb, Julia Symmes; Jourdan, Adam; Cambero, Fabian (25 February 2022). "Some Latin American nations call for Russian withdrawal from Ukraine". Bogota/Buenos Aires/Santiago: Reuters. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
Demonstrators stick a portrait of Vladimir Putin during an anti-war protest in front of the Russian embassy, after Russia launched a massive military operation against Ukraine, in Santiago Chile
- ^ New York Post Editorial Board (26 February 2022). "The Post says: Stand with Ukraine". Captioned photo by Mauricio Duenas Castaneda. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
Ukrainian, Russian and Colombian citizens protest in front of the Russian embassy in Bogota, Colombia against the Russian invasion of Ukraine
- ^ "Video Ukrajinci prosvjeduju pred ruskim veleposlanstvom u Zagrebu: 'Nadam se da će se nešto popraviti u tim bolesnim glavama'" [Video Ukrainians protest in front of the Russian embassy in Zagreb: 'I hope that something will improve in these sick heads']. N1 (in Croatian). 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ Søe, Carl-Emil (24 February 2022). "Demonstration mod Rusland i Danmark: – Jeg er mundlam" [Demonstration against Russia in Denmark – I have no words]. TV 2 (in Danish). Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ "Vabaduse väljakul toimub Ukraina toetuseks meeleavaldus" [A demonstration in support of Ukraine is taking place in Freedom Square] (in Estonian). Postimees. 26 February 2022. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ "À Paris, manifestation contre l'invasion de l'Ukraine devant l'ambassade de Russie" [In Paris, protest against the invasion of Ukraine in front of the Russian Embassy]. France 24 (in French). Agence France-Presse. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ "In Photos: Georgians March for Ukraine". Civil Georgia. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ "Ukraine-Russia conflict: Protests in Berlin". Deutsche Welle. 23 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ "Η διαδήλωση Ελλήνων και Ουκρανών σε 15 εικόνες" [The demonstration of Greeks and Ukrainians in 15 images]. Athens Voice (in Greek). 26 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ "'Ruszkik haza, ruszkik haza!' – tüntetés a budapesti orosz nagykövetségnél" ['Rusks home, Russians home!' – demonstration in front of the Russian Embassy in Budapest]. Telex.hu (in Hungarian). 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ Másson, Snorri (24 February 2022). "Mótmæli við sendiráðið: 'Erfitt að lýsa þessu með orðum'" [Protest at the embassy: 'It is difficult to put it into words']. Vísir.is (in Icelandic). Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ "Iran Police Disperse Crowd Chanting 'Death To Putin And Supporters'". 26 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ Benjamin Weinthal (26 February 2022). "Iranians defy Khamenei, protest Putin outside Ukrainian embassy". Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ "'This is a tragedy' – Ukrainians protest outside Dáil, Russian embassy". RTÉ. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ "'Putin is the new Hitler': Israelis protest invasion outside Russian embassy". ToI. Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ "Thousands Rally in Tel Aviv Against Russian Invasion of Ukraine". Haaretz. Haaretz. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ "Manifestazione a Milano contro la guerra in Ucraina, in migliaia in piazza tra bandiere e slogan: 'Subito la pace'" [Demonstration in Milan against the war in Ukraine, thousands in the square between flags and slogans: 'Immediately peace']. la Repubblica (in Italian). 26 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ "Ukrainians vent ire at Russian moves with rally outside embassy". The Asahi Shimbun. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ ОМАР, Заңғар (24 February 2022). "Ресей консулдығының алдында пикет өткізгендерді полиция ұстап әкетті" [Picket passed by the police before the Russian consulate]. Азаттық радиосы (in Kazakh). Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ "[UPDATED] Ukrainians in Malaysia protest invasion at Russian embassy". The Vibes. 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ "Protest la Ambasada Federației Ruse din Chișinău: 'Kremlin, oprește-te!'" [Protest at the Embassy of the Russian Federation in Chișinău: 'Kremlin, stop!']. Jurnal.md (in Romanian). 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ "Skup podrške Ukrajini u Podgorici" [Demonstration of support for Ukraine in Podgorica]. Vijesti.me (in Croatian). 27 February 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
- ^ "Tientallen demonstranten voor Russische ambassade en op Plein" [Dozens of demonstrators in front of Russian embassy and in Het Plein]. NU.nl (in Dutch). 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ Nilsen, Thomas. "Russians, Ukrainians and Norwegians in joint anti-war protest". The Barents Observer. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ "Manifestação em Lisboa, frente à embaixada da Federação Russa: 'Queremos armas!'" [Demonstration in Lisbon, in front of the Russian Federation embassy: 'We want weapons!']. Expresso (in European Portuguese). 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ "Profesorul de istorie Marcel Bartic protestează în fața Ambasadei Rusiei din București în semn de solidaritate cu Ucraina/ A fost amendat de jandarmerie pentru protest neautorizat" [History professor Marcel Bartic protests in front of the Russian Embassy in Bucharest in solidarity with Ukraine / Was fined by the gendarmerie for unauthorised protest]. G4Media (in Romanian). 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ "Nesúhlas s útokom na Ukrajinu vyjadrili v Bratislave, v Prievidzi i v Košiciach" [They expressed their disapproval of the attack on Ukraine in Bratislava, Prievidza and Košice]. Pravda.sk (in Slovak). 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ "V Ljubljani in Mariboru danes protesti proti vojni v Ukrajini" [Protests against the war in Ukraine in Ljubljana and Maribor today]. Primorske novice (in Slovenian). 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ "Un millar de personas protesta en Madrid contra la guerra" [A thousand people protest in Madrid against the war]. RTVE.es (in Spanish). 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ "Sweden: Hundreds protest in Stockholm against Russian military offensive in Ukraine". www.ruptly.tv. Ruptly. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ "Genève – "Ce qui se passe en Ukraine peut arriver chez nous"" [Geneva – "What happens in Ukraine can happen here"]. 20 minutes (in French). 26 February 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022.
- ^ Thomas, Cat (25 February 2022). "We're All Ukrainians Today: Rally Held in Taipei to Protest the Invasion of Ukraine". Ketagalan Media. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ Hacaloğlu, Hilmi; Çolak, Umut (25 February 2022). "İstanbul'daki Rusya Karşıtı Protestolar İkinci Gününde" [On the Second Day of Anti-Russian Protests in Istanbul]. Voice of America (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ Barradale, Greg (24 February 2022). "Hundreds protest outside Downing Street to demand tougher sanctions on Russia after invasion of Ukraine". The Big Issue. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ "Demonstrators protest outside Russian Embassy in Washington after Russia invades Ukraine". CBS News. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ Muller, Robert. "Czech PM recalls 1968 Soviet invasion at Prague anti-war protests". Reuters. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ "A ntiwar rally draws at least 100,000 in Berlin". DW.COM. 27 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ "Belarus holds referendum to renounce non-nuclear status". Reuters. 27 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ "Kölner Rosenmontagszug fällt auch 2022 aus" [The Cologne Rose Monday procession will also be canceled in 2022] (in German). 27 December 2021. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
- ^ "ZDF und WDR sagen alle Karnevalssendungen im TV ab" [ZDF and WDR cancel all Carnival programs on TV] (in German). DWDL de GmbH. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ "Rosenmontag: Friedensdemo statt jeckem Treiben" [Shrove Monday: Peace demonstration instead of Jeckem goings-on]. tagesschau.de (in German). Tagesschau. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ "Supermarket chains removing Russian-origin products from shelves". ERR.ee. ERR. 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ "Lithuanian supermarkets give up Russian, Belarusian products in wake of Ukraine attack". LRT. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ "More Latvian stores join Russia and Belarus product boycott". LSM.lv. Public Broadcasting of Latvia. 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ Rocca, Ryan; Rodrigues, Gabby (25 February 2022). "LCBO pulling all Russian-made products from retail store shelves". Global News. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ Olivier, Annabelle (25 February 2022). "Quebec directs SAQ to remove Russian products from shelves over country's invasion of Ukraine". Global News. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ Brooks, Matt (27 February 2022). "Cox orders all Russian products pulled from Utah liquor store shelves". Deseret. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ Ravikumar, Vandana (26 February 2022). "Bars, liquor stores in US pull Russian vodka off shelves to protest attack on Ukraine". Miami Herald. McClatchy. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ Fernstedt, Nora (28 February 2022). "Systembolagets beslut: Slutar sälja rysk alkohol" [Systembolaget's decision: Stops selling Russian alcohol]. Aftonbladet (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
- ^ "Finnish retailers pull Russian products from shelves". Yle News. 28 February 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
External links
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. |
- Part of Putin's national address pre-invasion. Comments archived at archive.today. Video archived at ghostarchive.org.
- Russia invades Ukraine Live Update. CNN.
- Ukraine live updates. BBC News.
- U.S. and International Response to Russia's Invasion of Ukraine. C-SPAN.
| Overview | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Military engagements |
| ||||||||
| Impact | |||||||||
| Response |
| ||||||||
| People |
| ||||||||
| Other related topics | |||||||||
| Main events | |
|---|---|
| Impact and reactions | |
| Cyberwarfare | |
| Media | |
| See also | |
| ||
| Political activities |
|  |
| Presidency | ||
| Domestic policy | ||
| Foreign policy | ||
| Family |
| |
| Public image |
| |
- 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
- Russo-Ukrainian War
- 2022 controversies
- 2022 in international relations
- 2022 in Russia
- 2022 in Ukraine
- Belarus–Ukraine relations
- Ongoing conflicts in Europe
- Conflicts in 2022
- Donetsk People's Republic
- February 2022 events in Ukraine
- Foreign relations of Ukraine
- Invasions by Russia
- Invasions of Ukraine
- Luhansk People's Republic
- March 2022 events in Europe
- Military history of Ukraine
- Post-Soviet conflicts
- Russian irredentism
- Russia–NATO relations
- Russia–Ukraine military relations
- Ukraine–NATO relations
- Vladimir Putin
- Volodymyr Zelensky
- Wars involving Belarus
- Wars involving Chechnya
- Wars involving Russia
- Wars involving Ukraine
- Wars involving the Donetsk People's Republic
- Wars involving the Luhansk People's Republic