Flag of Ukraine

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See also: List of Ukrainian flags and Flags of the regions of Ukraine

Ukraine
Flag of Ukraine.svg
UseNational flag and state ensign Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag
Proportion2:3
Adopted1848
(originally)
22 March 1918
(officially adopted)
24 August 1991
(de facto restored)
28 January 1992
(current design)
DesignA horizontal bicolour of blue and yellow
Naval Ensign of Ukraine.svg
Variant flag of Ukraine
NameNaval ensign
UseNaval ensign Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag
Proportion2:3
Adopted20 June 2006
DesignWhite with a blue Saint George's cross that extends to the edges of the flag, and with the national bi-colour in the canton.

The flag of Ukraine is the national flag of Ukraine which has equally sized horizontal bands of blue and yellow.[1] The combination of blue and yellow as a symbol of Ukrainian lands comes from the flag of the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia used in the 12th century. As a national flag, the blue and yellow bicolour has been used since the 1848 Spring of Nations, when it was hoisted over Lviv Town Hall. It was officially adopted as a state flag for the first time in 1918 by the short-lived West Ukrainian People's Republic and subsequently used by the Ukrainian People's Republic. When Ukraine was part of the Soviet Union, the flag of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic was used and the bicolour flag was outlawed. The blue and yellow flag was provisionally adopted for official ceremonies in September 1991 following Ukrainian independence, before officially being restored on 28 January 1992 by the Parliament of Ukraine.[2][3]

Following the 2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine, the flag and colours gained greater international use to show support for the Ukrainian people.[citation needed]

Ukraine has celebrated the Day of the National Flag on 23 August since 2004.[4]

Design[edit]

The Law of Ukraine states that the colours of Ukrainian flag are "blue and yellow", but other state bodies have determined the colours. In the table below the colours are given according to the technical specification DSTU 4512:2006:[5]

Flag of Ukraine (Ratio).svg
Scheme Strong azure Yellow
Pantone Pantone Coated 2935 C Pantone Coated Yellow 012 C[6]
RAL 5019 Azure 1023 Gold (golden)
RGB color model 0, 87, 183[7] 255, 215, 0[8]
CMYK 100, 63, 0, 2[7] 0, 2, 100, 0[8]
HEX #0057b7 #ffd700
Websafe #0066cc #ffcc00

There has been disagreement over the shade of blue used in the flag.[9] In 2013, scholar Dmytro Malakov argued that sky blue was the correct colour, and that, according to rules of heraldry, dark blue should not be used.[10] The head of the Ukrainian Heraldry Society said that this heraldry issue does not apply to flags.[9]

The flag is similar to that of the Austrian state of Lower Austria and the flag of the German city of Chemnitz, but both of those flags have a darker shade of blue. The flag is also somewhat similar to that of the Malaysian state of Perlis, but has a reversed arrangement of colours with darker shades of blue and yellow as well as a different flag aspect ratio.

Protocol and use[edit]

Legal status[edit]

Article 20 of the Constitution of Ukraine states the following, citing: "the State Flag of Ukraine is a banner of two equally sized horizontal bands of blue and yellow colour." (Ukrainian: "Державний Прапор України — стяг із двох рівновеликих горизонтальних смуг синього і жовтого кольорів.").[11][12]

Vertical flags[edit]

Hanging version of the Ukrainian flag

In addition to the normal horizontal format, many public buildings, such as the Verkhovna Rada, use vertical flags. Most town halls fly their town flag together with the national flag in this way; some town flags in Ukraine exist only in vertical form. The proportions of these vertical flags are not specified. When hung like a banner or draped, the blue band should be on the left. When flown from a vertical flagpole, the blue band must face the mast.

Stamps[edit]

"Freedom for Ukraine" cinderella stamp, featuring the Ukrainian flag with a gold fringe and a gold coat of arms on top of the flag pole

The flag did not appear on Ukrainian official postal stamp issues until 1992, when they depicted the flag with the state coat of arms. Since then the flag has frequently appeared on stamps. Cinderella stamps of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists were printed outside Ukraine during the Soviet period and served patriotic purposes.

Decoration[edit]

Traditionally, the flag may be decorated with a golden fringe surrounding the perimeter of the flag, as long as it does not deface the flag proper. The beginning of this tradition was the flag of the Ukrainian SSR. The Great Soviet Encyclopedia shows a flag decorated with a gold star. Ceremonial displays of the flag, such as those in parades or on indoor posts, often use a fringe to enhance the beauty of the flag. No specific law governs the legality of this fringe. Traditionally, the Army, Guard, Navy and Air Force use a fringed flag for parades, colour guards and indoor displays, while the Office of the President and local authorities use a fringed flag for all purposes.

Places of continuous display[edit]

The Ukrainian flag flying on the Lviv Theatre of Opera and Ballet with the statue of Glory

Ukrainian flags are customly displayed continuously at certain locations.

Particular days for display[edit]

The flag should especially be displayed at full staff on the following days:

  • 1 January: New Year's Day
  • 7 January: Christmas (Julian)
  • 22 January: Ukrainian Unity Day
  • 8 March: International Women's Day
  • 1 & 2 May: International Workers' Day
  • 9 May: Victory Day over Nazism
  • 28 June: Constitution Day
  • 23 August: Flag Day
  • 24 August: Independence Day
  • 21 November: Day of Dignity and Freedom
  • 6 December: Armed Forces Day
  • 25 December: Christmas (Gregorian/Neo-Julian)

Display at half-staff[edit]

The flag is displayed at half-staff (half-mast in naval usage) as a sign of respect or mourning. Nationwide, this action is proclaimed by the president. Half-mast means the flag is flown two-thirds of the way up the flagpole with at least the height of the flag between the top of the flag and the top of the flagpole. Black ribbons indicate mourning on banners that can't be lowered to half-mast.

Flag Day[edit]

The flag of Ukraine at Kyiv City Hall
Main article: Day of the National Flag (Ukraine)

23 August has been celebrated as the Day of the National Flag in Ukraine since 2004. 24 July was previously marked as National Flag Day in Kyiv. The first ceremonial raising of the yellow-and-blue Ukrainian flag in modern times took place on 24 July 1990, at the flagstaff of the Kyiv City Council, two years before the flag was officially adopted as the National flag. Since 1992, the Independence Day of Ukraine is celebrated on 24 August. Following government decree, the flag must be flown from public buildings on this dates and some other holidays; not all of these days are public holidays. Flags also must be flown on election days for the Verkhovna Rada in addition to other regional-specific flag days. The public display of flags to mark other events, such as the election of the president or the death of a prominent politician (whereupon flags would be at half-mast), can be declared at the discretion of the Cabinet of Ministers. When flags are required to be flown at half-mast, vertical flags are not lowered. A black mourning ribbon is instead attached, either atop the mast (if hung from a pole) or to each end of the flag's supporting cross-beams (if flown like a banner).

History[edit]

Typical agricultural landscape of Ukraine in the Kherson Oblast
Cossack flags depicted in Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks by Ilya Repin, 1880–1891

The roots of Ukrainian national symbols come from pre-Christian times when yellow and blue prevailed in traditional ceremonies, reflecting fire and water.[13] The most solid proof of yellow and blue colours can be traced back as far as the Battle of Grunwald in 1410, in which militia formations from various lands of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth participated.

Yellow–blue, red-black, crimson-olive and especially raspberry colour banners were widely used by Cossacks between the 16th and 18th centuries. These were not the only possible combinations, since normally Cossacks would fly their hetman's banners, which were similar to the coats of arms of the nobility. Also, yellow and blue were the colours common on coats of arms in Galicia. In fact, the coat of arms of Lviv to this day remains a golden lion on a blue field.

Some put the starting point of the adoption of the current national flag of Ukraine to 1848 when, during the Spring of the Nations on 22 April 1848, a yellow-and-blue banner was adopted by the Supreme Ruthenian Council[14] in Lemberg (Lviv), the capital of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, and flew over the city's magistrate for the first time. Although this move did not have significant consequences, the newly formed Ukrainian divisions in the Austrian army used yellow-and-blue banners in their insignia.

During the Russian Revolution of 1905, this flag was used by Ukrainians of the Dnieper Ukraine, or the Russian part of Ukraine.

Early independence: 1917–1921[edit]

UPR flag with the blue and yellow flag, Ukrainian War of Independence, 1918
Ukrainian Galician Army troops with the blue and yellow flag, 1918

Both blue–yellow and yellow–blue flags were widely used during the Ukrainian struggle for independence in 1917. For the first time in the Russian Empire the blue-yellow flag was flown on 25 March 1917 in Petrograd during a 20,000-strong mass demonstration.[14] On the territory of the Russian Ukraine (Little Russia) the national flag of Ukraine was flown for the first time in Kyiv on 29 March 1917 by soldiers.[14] On 1 April 1917, Kyiv saw a 100,000-strong demonstration that carried over 320 national flags.[14] After the demonstrations, similar demonstrations with Ukrainian flags took place across the whole Russian Empire, even going beyond the Ukrainian ethnic lands.[14] Numerous famous Ukrainian politicians wrote their recollection about the 1 April demonstration such as Mykhailo Hrushevsky and Serhiy Yefremov, stating that there were blue-and-yellow flags, while Dmytro Doroshenko claimed that there were yellow-and-blue.[14] The blue-yellow flag was flown at the First Ukrainian Military Congress on 18 May 1917.[14]

There are reliable sources that indicate that the official flag that was declared by the Ukrainian People's Republic in 1918 is blue–yellow. Some sources mention that the yellow–blue was adopted by Tsentralna Rada on 22 March 1918.[15] Other sources point out that no hard proof of a decision exists.[14][16] Instead, they refer to the decision on the Fleet Flag, which was set to be light blue–yellow[17] as an indication that the official flag was light blue–yellow.[18] There were also several adoptions of other service flags of the Ukrainian People's Republic.[19]

The official flag of Pavlo Skoropadsky's Hetmanate also was light blue–yellow and became the same under the Directorate of Symon Petlura. The flag of the West Ukrainian People's Republic was blue-yellow. The stateless Free Territory, which existed during the Ukrainian War of Independence, used the black flag.

Among Ukrainian immigrant organisations, there were proponents of both blue–yellow and yellow–blue flags. Eventually, it was agreed to use the blue–yellow flag until the issue was resolved in the independent Ukraine.

Soviet Ukraine: 1922–1991[edit]

Main article: Flag of the Ukrainian SSR
Photo of the Ukrainian flag confiscated by the KGB after it was installed on one of the Kyiv universities in 1966. The flag contains lines of the Ukrainian anthem "Ukraine has not perished, it has not been killed".

During Soviet rule, the Ukrainian flag was banned,[22] and any person displaying it was criminally prosecuted for "anti-Soviet propaganda". The first flag of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic was adopted on 10 March 1919, to serve as the symbol of state of Soviet Ukraine. Details of the official flag changed periodically before the break-up of the Soviet Union in 1991, but all were based on the red flag of the October Revolution in Russia and an exact replica of the flags of the neighbouring Russian SFSR. The first flag was red with the gold Cyrillic sans-serif letters У.С.С.Р. (USSR, acronym for Ukrayinskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Sovetskaya Respublika in the Russian language). In the 1930s a gold border was added. In 1937, a new flag was adopted, with a small gold hammer and sickle added above the gold Cyrillic serif letters У.Р.С.Р. (URSR, for Ukrayins’ka Radyans’ka Sotsialistychna Respublika in the Ukrainian language).

Interbellum Ukraine[edit]

The Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists is a Ukrainian political organisation which as a movement originally was created in 1929 in Western Ukraine (at the time interwar Poland). For a long time, the OUN did not officially have its own flag; however, during the Hungarian and Polish aggression against the Republic of Carpathian Ukraine in 1939, Carpathian Sich, a militarised wing of the OUN, adopted its flag from the OUN's emblem – a golden nationalistic trident on a blue background. The flag was finalised and officially adopted by the organisation only in 1964 at the 5th Assembly of Ukrainian Nationalists.

The Ukrainian Insurgent Army was a Ukrainian nationalist paramilitary and later partisan army that engaged in a series of guerrilla conflicts during World War II against Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, and both Underground and Communist Poland. The group was the military wing of the Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists — Bandera faction (the OUN-B), originally formed in Volyn in the spring and summer of 1943. Its official date of creation is 14 October 1942. The battle flag of the UPA was a 2:3 ratio red-and-black banner. The flag continues to be a symbol of the Ukrainian nationalist movement. The colours of the flag symbolise 'Ukrainian red blood spilled on Ukrainian black earth'.

In 1949, the flag of the Soviet Ukraine was changed once again.[9] The Soviet Union managed to obtain two additional seats in the United Nations by adding as members Ukraine along with Byelorussia.[9] The change was because all the Soviet flags were the same.[9] The new Ukrainian flag consisted of red (top, 2/3) and azure (bottom, 1/3) stripes,[9] with the golden star, hammer and sickle in the top left corner. The Communist party leaders such as Khrushchev and Kaganovich were afraid of using words 'light blue' and 'blue', which were used by the Ukrainian diaspora.[9]

During the Soviet period, there were multiple unsanctioned attempts to hoist the national blue-and-yellow flag. In 1958, in village of Verbytsia, Khodoriv Raion, there was established an underground group, members of which at night were raising national flags and spread anti-Soviet pamphlets.[23]

Return of the national flag[edit]

The Ukrainian national flag was raised outside Kyiv's City Hall for the first time on 24 July 1990.
A girl with the Ukrainian flag at a vyshyvanka parade

Under the influence of Mikhail Gorbachev's policies of perestroika and glasnost, the individual Soviet republics had strengthened their sense of national identity, which led to the Collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. This concerned the three Baltic states and Western Ukraine, which were the last territories annexed into Soviet Union. These efforts were accompanied with attempts to restore the respective historical national symbols. In 1988, the Supreme Soviet of the Lithuanian SSR re-established Lithuania's national flag and coat of arms as the state symbol. The Parliaments of Latvia and Estonia soon followed.

The events in the Baltic countries soon led to similar processes in Ukraine. Particularly, West Ukraine and Ukrainian SSR's capital Kyiv constantly held political demonstrations with the national yellow-and-blue flags waving above the heads of demonstrators.

  • On 14 March 1990, the Ukrainian flag was raised for the first time after the establishment of the Soviet Union in the small city of Stryi.[24]
  • On 20 March 1990, the town council of Ternopil voted upon the usage and re-establishment of the yellow-and-blue flag and the tryzub as well as the national anthem Shche ne vmerla Ukrainy. On the same day, the yellow-and-blue national flag was flown for the first time in about 80 years on a governmental building in Kyiv, replacing the then official red-azure flag of the Ukrainian SSR.
  • On 28 April 1990, the oblast council (oblasna rada) of Lviv also allowed the use of the national symbols of Ukraine within the Oblast.
  • On 29 April 1990, the yellow-and-blue flag was flown from the Ternopil city theatre's flagstaff without the flag of the Soviet Union hanging above it.
  • After 24 July 1990, the yellow-and-blue flag was flown for the first time over an official governmental building of the Kyiv City Council on the Maidan Nezalezhnosti square of the Khreschatyk street.[25]
  • After the declaration of independence of Ukraine on 24 August 1991, the national yellow-and-blue flag flew for the first time over the Ukrainian Parliament (Verkhovna Rada) building on 4 September 1991.

  • Flag of Post-Soviet Ukraine from 24 August 1991 to 28 January 1992 (red-blue)[26]

  • Flag of Post-Soviet Ukraine used from 8 September 1991 to 28 January 1992 (blue-yellow)

  • Flag of Ukraine used from 1992–2006

Flag controversies and criticism[edit]

Main article: National colours of Ukraine

Origin[edit]

One claimed version is that, since one of the first known coloured depictions of the Coat of Arms of Kyiv was mainly in yellow-blue colours, this tradition may have existed since the time of the Nordic-Slavic Grand Prince of Kyiv Volodymyr the Great. However, the blue-yellow colouring dates back to Kyivan Ruthenia, as an early version of the Tryzub, Ukraine's national coat of arms, sported the same colouring as the seal of Sviatoslav I of Kyiv (c. AD 945). During the 1709 Battle of Poltava, the Cossacks following Mazepa fought under yellow-blue banners, while their Swedish allies were under yellow ones.

Yellow-blue vs blue-yellow[edit]

Ukrainians commonly refer to the flag as "yellow and light blue" (Ukrainian: жовто-блакитний, zhovto-blakytnyy)[27]—a different version of the flag used during UNR (Ukrainian National Republic) years (1917–1921) with yellow on the top and blue on the bottom. The yellow on the top allegedly represents golden domes (cupolas) of Christian churches and the blue the Dnieper river.

Although most Ukrainians identify their flag in the spoken language as "yellow and light blue", the current flag in reality is blue (the upper band) and yellow (the lower band). The issue is quite significant, because the historical alteration of the flag (from yellow–blue to blue–yellow) did not affect the spoken language.[citation needed] Back in 1848, the flag was yellow and blue,[citation needed] and it was later changed to blue and yellow to be more appealing to the common person.[citation needed] A common explanation of "blue sky above yellow field of wheat" was invented around that time, as Ukraine is considered Europe's breadbasket, or "blue sky over sunflowers," which is their national flower.[citation needed] Although this evocation of a Ukrainian landscape has nothing to do with the choice of colours or the history of the original yellow and blue, it has formed the Ukrainians' conception of their flag.[citation needed]

The head of the Ukrainian Heraldry Society, Andriy Grechylo, points to the fact that the discussion about order of colours was taking place as far back as 1918.[9] Nonetheless, both governments of the Ukrainian People's Republic as well as the Ukrainian State defined that the upper half would be light-blue, while the lower would be yellow.[9] During 1918 it was taken into consideration that light blue would lose its shade under sun, therefore it was decided to make the colour darker.[9]

Already in the 1918 draft of the Constitution of the Ukrainian People's Republic, the order of colours was defined as blue and yellow.[9] The same order could be found in legislative acts of the West Ukrainian People's Republic for November 1918 and the Republic of Carpathian Ukraine on 15 March 1939.[9] The argument on the order of colours was taking place in the Ukrainian diaspora as well.[9] In 1949 it was decided that, until Ukraine defined a single state flag, the diaspora would use the blue-and-yellow banner.[9]

Attempts to revive Soviet flags[edit]

On 21 April 2011, the Verkhovna Rada adopted a law which allows to raise the Victory Banner on Victory Day.[28] The current Victory Banner was adopted in Russia back in 2007. On 20 May 2011, the law was signed by the President of Ukraine Viktor Yanukovych.[29] On 17 June 2011, the Constitutional Court of Ukraine recognised the law as non-constitutional and proposed the parliament to implement required amendments to the Constitution of Ukraine.[30] On 9 April 2015, the Ukrainian parliament passed legislation on decommunization, banning the promotion of symbols of “Communist and National Socialist totalitarian regimes".[31] From then on Soviet symbols, like the Victory Banner, are only allowed if located in a cemetery.[32]

Flag of the head of state[edit]

Throughout the history of Ukraine, various heads of state have used different flags. The designs differ according to the historical era they were used in and in accordance with the political scene in Ukraine at the time. The first flag to be used by a head of state of Ukraine was that of Pavlo Skoropadskyi. The current design, the flag of the President of Ukraine, was adopted in 1999. In 2022 the President of Ukraine used a variant where the left side of the blue upper-half contains the yellow Tryzub.[33]

Military flags[edit]

Navy and National Guard flags during military parade

  • Armed Forces

  • Ground Forces

  • Air Force

  • National Guard

  • Navy

Historical[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Article 20)
  2. ^ "Ukraine's national flag celebrating 25th anniversary today". UNIAN. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  3. ^ Trach, Nataliya (26 August 2016). "The story behind 2 top Ukrainian symbols: National flag and trident". Kyiv Post. Retrieved 27 August 2016.
  4. ^ Ukraine celebrates National Flag Day Archived October 7, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, Xinhua News Agency (August 23, 2012)
    Ceremony of hoisting Ukraine's national flag held at presidential administration, Kyiv Post (August 23, 2011)
    Україна відзначає День Державного прапора "On Tuesday, August 23, all of Ukraine celebrates National Flag Day. Measures to raise the national flag are planned throughout the country." Archived 1 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine, 1+1 (August 23, 2011)
  5. ^ "ДСТУ 4512:2006 — Вікіджерела". uk.wikisource.org (in Ukrainian). Wikimedia. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  6. ^ Svirko, W.; A. Rubcov; A. Gorpinchenko; W. Sinel'nikova; G. Docenko; O. Kupko; I. Potapenko; E. Ershova (September 2006). State Flag of Ukraine. DSTU 4512:2006. Kyiv: State Standards of Ukraine. p. 7.
  7. ^ a b "PANTONE® 2935 C - Find a Pantone Color | Quick Online Color Tool | Pantone". www.pantone.com.
  8. ^ a b "PANTONE® Yellow 012 C - Find a Pantone Color | Quick Online Color Tool | Pantone". www.pantone.com.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Gazeta.ua (23 August 2013). "Хрущов і Каганович боялися слова "жовто-блакитний" (Khrushchev and Kaganovich were afraid of the word "zhovto-blakytnyi")". Gazeta.ua (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  10. ^ Skorokhod, Olga (25 July 2013). "Синьо-жовтий прапор – це знущання над українською традицією" [The dark blue and yellow flag is a mockery of Ukrainian tradition]. Gazeta.ua (in Ukrainian).
  11. ^ Constitution of Ukraine.
  12. ^ Конституція України. Верховна Рада України (in Ukrainian).
  13. ^ Saprykov, V. (30 May 2003). Флаг Украины [Flag of Ukraine]. geraldika.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h "Синьо-жовтий чи жовто-блакитний? Міфи про "перевернутий" прапор (Blue-yellow or yellow-blue? Myths about the flipped flag)". Ukrayinska Pravda Історична правда. 14 January 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  15. ^ State Symbols of Ukraine, Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, website.
  16. ^ Флаги Украинской Народной Республики [Flags of the Ukrainian People's Republic] (in Russian). vexillography.narod.ru. 14 July 2002. Archived from the original on 28 February 2005.
  17. ^ Rozovyk, D. F. (1999). Документи та матеряли: Про створення української національно-державної символіки у роки визвольної боротьби (1917-1920 рр.) [Documents and materials: On the creation of Ukrainian national-state symbols during the battle for liberation (1917-1920)] (PDF). Ukrainian Historical Journal (in Ukrainian). Kyiv: history.org.ua. 4: 115–121. ISSN 0130-5247. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 July 2007.
  18. ^ Chmyr, Mykola (2006). Українське військо у ХХ-ХХІ сторіччі: 'Командні хоругви' Галицької Армії (серпень 1919 р.) [Ukrainian Army in the 20th-21st Century: 'Command banners' of the Galician Army (August 1919)]. vijsko.milua.org (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  19. ^ Grechylo A. Ukrayinska Terytorialna Heraldyka. Lviv, 2010, pp. 98–118. ISBN 978-966-02-5259-2
  20. ^ Smith, Ned (24 February 2001). "Green Ukraine / Ukrainian Far East (1921, Russian Far East)". FOTW "Flags Of The World". CRW Flags. Retrieved 24 October 2018. In “Flags of Non-Russian Peoples Under Soviet Rule” by Prof. Walter Trembicky [tbc69], pages 134 and 135, it mentions two proposed flags for Green Ukraine, or the Ukrainian Far East, neither of which was officially adopted, since the movement quickly proved abortive. There are simple black & white line drawings illustrating the two proposed flags on p. 133 of [tbc69]. The green in the two flags was described as dark or deep green. ... One [of the two proposed flags] was the Ukrainian blue-over-gold bicolor with a green triangle at the hoist.
  21. ^ Trembicky, Walter (1969). Flags of Non-Russian Peoples Under Soviet Rule. Flag Research Center. pp. 134, 135.
  22. ^ "The Revolution On Granite: Ukraine's 'First Maidan'". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  23. ^ "Невідомі прапороносці. Жовто-блакитний проти червоного (Unknown flag-bearers. Yellow-blue against Red)". Ukrayinska Pravda Історична правда. 29 July 2011. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  24. ^ "History of evolution of the State Flag of Ukraine". Ukrinform (in Ukrainian). 23 August 2015. Retrieved 4 March 2022. Archived August 17, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
  25. ^ "22 роки тому в Києві офіційно підняли синьо-жовтий прапор (Twenty two years ago in Kyiv officially was raised the blue-yellow flag)". BBC News Україна (in Ukrainian). 24 July 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  26. ^ "Про Державний прапор України". Офіційний вебпортал парламенту України (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  27. ^ A little less often they use also "yellow and blue", "blue and yellow" and "yellow and azure".
  28. ^ "РАДА ЗОБОВ'ЯЗАЛА ВИВІШУВАТИ ЧЕРВОНІ ПРАПОРИ НА 9 ТРАВНЯ (Rada enforced raising red flags on the May 9)". Ukrayinska Pravda Історична правда. 21 April 2011. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  29. ^ "ЯНУКОВИЧ ПІДПИСАВ ЗАКОН ПРО ЧЕРВОНИЙ ПРАПОР (Yanukovych signed the law about the Red Banner)". Ukrayinska Pravda Історична правда. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  30. ^ "КС Украины признал неконституционным использование красного знамени Победы (CC of Ukraine recognised the use of Red Victory Banner as non-constitutional)". Russian Gazette Российская газета (in Russian). 17 June 2011. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  31. ^ Peterson, Nolan (10 April 2015). "Ukraine Purges Symbols of Its Communist Past". Newsweek. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
    "Rada bans Communist, Nazi propaganda in Ukraine". Interfax-Ukraine. 9 April 2015. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
    Hyde, Lily (20 April 2015). "Ukraine to rewrite Soviet history with controversial 'decommunisation' laws". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 16 May 2015. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
  32. ^ Shevchenko, Vitaly (14 April 2015). "Goodbye, Lenin: Ukraine moves to ban communist symbols". BBC News. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
    Ukraine lawmakers ban 'Communist and Nazi propaganda', Deutsche Welle (9 April 2015)
  33. ^ Basu, Zachary (1 March 2022). "Zelensky tells European Parliament "nobody is going to break us" in emotional appeal". Axios. Retrieved 4 March 2022.

External links[edit]

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