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Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian War

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Casualties in the Russo-Ukrainian War included six deaths during the 2014 annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, and thousands of deaths of civilians and military forces during the war in Donbas (2014–present) and the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine (2022–present).

Crimean crisis

Main article: Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation

During the Russian annexation of Crimea from 23 February through 19 March 2014, six people were killed. The dead included: three protesters (two pro-Russian and one pro-Ukrainian),[1][2][3][4] two soldiers[5] and one Crimean SDF trooper.[6] The two Ukrainian soldiers who were killed are regularly included in the military death toll from the war in Donbas.[7] On 10 August 2016, Russia accused the Special Forces of Ukraine of conducting a raid near the Crimean town of Armyansk which killed two Russian servicemen. The government of Ukraine dismissed the report as a provocation.[8]

War in Donbas, prior to 2022 invasion

Main article: War in Donbas

The overall number of confirmed deaths in the war in Donbas, which started on 6 April 2014, was estimated at 13,100–13,300 by 31 January 2021.[9] According to the Ukrainian government, 14,000 were killed by 13 May 2021.[10]

Total deaths

Breakdown Fatalities Time period Source
TOTAL 13,100–13,300 killed 6 April 2014 – 31 January 2021 United Nations[9]
TOTAL 14,000 killed 6 April 2014 – 13 May 2021 Ukrainian government[10]
Civilians 3,393 killed (312 foreign) 6 April 2014 – 30 September 2021 United Nations[11]
UAF, NGU and volunteer forces 4,641 killed[note 1] 6 April 2014 – 23 February 2022 Museum of Military History[7][12][13]
DPR and LPR forces 5,772 killed 6 April 2014 – 11 February 2022 United Nations & DPR[9][14]
Russian Armed Forces 400–500 killed[note 2] 6 April 2014 – 10 March 2015 US State Department[15]

Initially, the known number of Ukrainian military casualties varied widely due to the Ukrainian Army drastically understating its casualties,[16] as reported by medics, activists and soldiers on the ground, as well as at least one lawmaker.[16][17][18][19][20] Several medical officials reported they were overstretched due to the drastic number of casualties.[16] Eventually, the Ukrainian Defence Ministry stated that the numbers recorded by the National Museum of Military History were the official ones, although still incomplete,[21] with 4,629 deaths (4,490 identified and 139 unidentified) cataloged by 1 December 2021.[7][12]

According to the Armed Forces of Ukraine, 1,175 of the Ukrainian servicemen died due to non-combat causes by 5 March 2021.[22] Subsequently, the military did not publish new figures on their non-combat losses, stating they could be considered a state secret.[23]

Deaths by regions

2018 Ukrainian Deaths
Deaths of Ukrainian soldiers in 2018.[24]

The following table does not include the 298 deaths from the shootdown of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 or the deaths of Ukrainian servicemen, which are listed separately.

Region Fatalities Time period Source
Donetsk region 2,420 civilians and rebels killed[25] 6 April 2014 – 15 February 2015 OCHA
Luhansk region 1,185 civilians and rebels killed[note 3][25] 1 May 2014 – 15 February 2015 OCHA
Donetsk region 5,042 civilians and rebels killed[29] 6 April 2014 – 18 February 2022 DPR
Luhansk region 1,328 civilians and rebels killed[30][31] 6 April 2014 – 31 December 2017 LPR

Missing and captured

At the beginning of June 2015, the Donetsk region's prosecutors reported 1,592 civilians had gone missing in government-controlled areas, of which 208 had been located.[32] At the same time, a report by the United Nations stated 1,331–1,460 people were missing, including at least 378 soldiers and 216 civilians. 345 unidentified bodies, of mostly soldiers, were also confirmed to be held at morgues in the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast or buried.[33] In all, as of late October, 774 people were missing according to the government,[34] including 271 soldiers.[35] By the end of December 2017, the number of confirmed missing on the Ukrainian side was 402,[36] including 123 soldiers.[37] The separatists also reported 433 missing on their side by mid-December 2016,[38] and 321 missing by mid-February 2022.[29]

As of mid-March 2015, according to the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU), 1,553 separatists had been released from captivity during prisoner exchanges between the two sides.[39] Subsequently, Ukraine released another 322 people by late February 2016,[40][41][42][43] while by September, 1,598 security forces members and 1,484 civilians had been released by the rebels.[44] 1,110 separatist fighters and supporters, including 743 civilians, were reportedly still being held by Ukrainian forces as of late March 2016.[45] The figure of separatist prisoners was updated to 816, including 287–646 civilians, in December.[46][38] At the end of May 2015, the Ukrainian commander of Donetsk airport, Oleg Kuzminykh, who was captured during the battle for the complex, was released.[47]

In December 2017, a large prisoner exchange took place where the rebels released 73 out of 176 prisoners they were holding, while Ukraine released 306 out of 380 of their prisoners. Out of those that were released by Ukraine, 29 brought to the exchange point refused to go back to separatist-held territory, while 40 who were already previously released did not show up for the exchange. Meanwhile, out of those released by the rebels, 32 were soldiers. This brought the overall number of prisoners released by the rebels to 3,215.[36] Among those still held by the separatists, 74 were soldiers.[48] The number of released prisoners was updated to 3,224 in late June 2018,[49] while the number of those still held by the rebels was put at 113.[50] At the end of December 2019, a new prisoner exchange took place, with Ukraine releasing 124 separatist fighters and their supporters, while 76 prisoners, including 12 soldiers, were returned to Ukraine by the rebels. Another five or six prisoners released by the separatists decided to stay in rebel-controlled territories.[51][52]

Foreign fighters

Foreign volunteers have been involved in the conflict, fighting on both sides. The NGO Cargo 200 reported that they documented the deaths of 1,479 Russian citizens while fighting as part of the rebel forces.[53] The United States Department of State estimated 400–500 of these were regular Russian soldiers.[15] Two Kyrgyz and one Georgian have also been killed fighting on the separatist side.[54][55] Additionally, at least 211 foreign-born Ukrainian citizens and 13 foreigners died on the Ukrainian side.[56] One of those killed was the former Chechen rebel commander Isa Munayev.[57]

In late August 2015, according to a reported leak by a Russian news site, Business Life (Delovaya Zhizn), 2,000 Russian soldiers had been killed in Ukraine by 1 February 2015.[58][59]

Foreign civilians and journalists

Further information: List of journalists killed during the Russo-Ukrainian War § Start of war in Donbas, 2014–2015

Between 306 and 313 foreign civilians were killed in the war in Donbas prior to the 2022 invasion:

Landmines and other explosive remnants

As a consequence of the conflict, large swathes of the Donbas region have become contaminated with landmines and other explosive remnants of war (ERW).[65] According to the UN Humanitarian Coordinator in Ukraine, in 2020 Ukraine was of one of the most mine-affected countries in the world, with nearly 1,200 mine/ERW casualties since the beginning of the conflict in 2014.[66] A report by UNICEF released in December 2019 said that 172 children had been injured or killed due to landmines and other explosives.[67][68]

2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

Main article: 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

Total deaths

Breakdown Fatalities Time period Source
Civilians 3,034–3,300 killed (Mariupol,
Kharkiv & Chernihiv only) 		24 February – 22 March 2022 Ukrainian government[69][70][71][72]
953 killed 24 February – 21 March 2022 United Nations[73]
UAF, NGU, and volunteer forces 2,000–4,000 killed 24 February – 9 March 2022 US estimate[74]
1,300 killed 24 February – 12 March 2022 Ukrainian government[75]
Russian Armed Forces 498 killed 24 February – 2 March 2022 Russian government[76]
3,000–10,000 killed[note 4] 24 February – 18 March 2022 US estimate[77]
557 killed[note 5] 24 February – 21 March 2022 BBC News Russian[78][79]
Donetsk PR forces 349 killed 25 February – 17 March 2022 Donetsk PR[80]

On 2 March, Russia's Ministry of Defence confirmed that 498 Russian soldiers had been killed in combat, with another 1,597 being injured.[76] It also claimed 2,870 Ukrainian soldiers had been killed, 3,700 wounded and 572 captured by this point.[81] Additionally, the DPR claimed 979 Ukrainian soldiers were killed and 1,134 wounded in the Donbass region alone by 11 March.[82] In contrast, on 22 March, Ukraine claimed Russian combat losses were almost 15,300,[83] while its forces suffered 1,300 dead by 12 March.[75] In addition, according to Ukraine, 562 Russian soldiers were being held as prisoners as of 20 March,[84] with 10 previously reported released in prisoner exchanges.[85][86]

With respect to Russian military losses, Ukrainian estimates tended to be high, while Russian estimates of their own losses tended to be low. Combat deaths can be inferred from a variety of sources, including satellite imagery and video image of military actions.[87] According to a researcher at the Department of Peace and Conflict Research at Uppsala University in Sweden, Ukraine’s government was engaged in a misinformation campaign aimed to boost morale and Western media was generally happy to accept its claims, while Russia was “probably” downplaying its own casualties. Ukraine also tended to be quieter about its own military fatalities.[88] According to BBC News, Ukrainian claims of Russian fatalities were possibly including the injured as well.[78] Analysts warned about accepting the Ukrainian claims as fact, as Western countries were emphasizing the Russian military's toll, while Russia wanted to downplay its losses.[89]

The number of civilian deaths as well as military deaths is impossible to determine with precision given the fog of war.[90][87]

On 20 March 2022, the pro-government Russian tabloid newspaper Komsomolskaya Pravda (KP) published on its website casualty figures allegedly cited to the Russian Ministry of Defence that showed 9,861 Russian servicemen had died and 16,153 had been wounded in Ukraine.[91] However, soon after, the information was deleted by KP and officially denied by the newspaper, which said that the media outlet had been hacked.[92][93] The figures were not formally released or confirmed by the Russian Ministry[94] and they were not reported by any other outlets.[95] Though a Western official said that the figure of 10,000 Russian fatalities was a "reasonable estimate",[96] others noted it was unclear if the number was accurate.[93][97]

Foreign civilian deaths

Excluding the Ukrainian civilian casualties, at least 28 people from twelve countries were killed during the war. Below is a list of the nationalities of the foreign victims.

Foreign casualties of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
Country Deaths Reference(s)
 Greece 12 [98][99]
 Azerbaijan 4 [100]
 Belarus 2 [101]
 US 2 [102]
 Ireland 1 [103]
 Afghanistan 1 [104]
 Algeria 1 [105]
 Armenia 1 [106]
 Bangladesh 1 [107]
 India 1 [105][108]
 Iraq 1 [109]
 Israel 1 [110]

Foreign fighters deaths

Excluding the Russian and Ukrainian military casualties, at least five combatants from other countries were killed during the war. Below is a list of the nationalities of the foreign fighter casualties.

Foreign fighter casualties of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
Country Deaths Allegiance Reference(s)
 Georgia 3 Ukrainian Armed forces
Georgian Legion 		[111]
 Belarus 2 Ukrainian Armed forces
Kastuś Kalinoŭski Battalion 		[112]

Identification and repatriation

Sergiy Kyslytsya, the Ukrainian Ambassador to the United Nations, announced on 27 February 2022 that the country had reached out to the International Committee of the Red Cross for help in the repatriation effort of the bodies of killed Russian soldiers.[113] Due to concerns that Russia was not reporting the number or any casualties of soldiers in Ukraine, the Ukrainian Interior Ministry began issuing appeals that same day for relatives of Russian soldiers to help identify wounded, captured, or killed soldiers. The initiative, called Ishchi Svoikh (Russian: Ищи Своих, lit. 'Look for Your Own'), appeared aimed in part at undermining morale and support for the war in Russia and was quickly blocked by the Russian government's media regulator the day the initiative began at the request of Russia's Prosecutor-General's Office.[114][88]

Notable deaths

Ukrainian military
Ukrainian civilians and journalists
Further information: List of journalists killed during the Russo-Ukrainian War § Russian invasion of Ukraine, 2022
Foreign civilians and journalists
Further information: List of journalists killed during the Russo-Ukrainian War § Russian invasion of Ukraine, 2022
Russian and DPR/LPR military
See also: List of Russian generals killed during the 2022 invasion of Ukraine
DPR/LPR civilians

Prisoners of war

There have been many instances of troops being captured by both Ukrainian and Russian forces throughout the invasion.

On 8 March, a Ukrainian defense reporter with The Kyiv Independent announced that the Ukrainian government was working towards having Russian POWs help revive Ukraine's economy in full compliance with international law.[142] Ukraine's ambassador to the U.S., Oksana Markarova, reported that a platoon of the 74th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade from Kemerovo Oblast surrendered to Ukraine, saying they "didn't know that they were brought to Ukraine to kill Ukrainians".[143] Ukraine held a series of press conferences with about a dozen POW's, where the POW's made comments against the invasion, how they had been manipulated and for the conflict to end. While some have raised concerns that the conferences breach the Geneva Convention through potential unnecessary humiliation, US journalists who spoke to POW's independently of the conference claimed there was no intervention by Ukraine officials, by physical or mental coercion.[144] Amnesty International argued that Article 13 of the Third Geneva Convention prohibits videos of captured soldiers.[145]

On 11 March it was stated by the Ukrainian Defense Ministry that Russian armed forces were attempting to coerce Ukrainian POW's to fight for Russia in exchange for amnesty.[146] The head of the Ukrainian Coordination Headquarters for POW Treatment, Iryna Vereshchuk, raised concerns that Russia had not released information to Ukrainian authorities on the location of any Ukrainian POW's and the International Red Cross had not been allowed to see them, as of 16 March.[147]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The number of Ukrainian soldiers killed includes the deaths of two servicemen during the Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation.
  2. ^ The deaths of the Russian soldiers have not been confirmed by their government and have possibly been included in the toll of dead rebel fighters.
  3. ^ Out of the 1,185 civilians and rebels killed in the Luhansk region by 15 February 2015,[25] 456 were civilians who died by 29 October.[26] In addition, 526 of the civilians and rebels died in Luhansk city alone by 11 September,[27] of which 300 were confirmed as civilians by 31 August.[28]
  4. ^ One US estimate puts the number of Russian fatalities at 7,000.
  5. ^ These are confirmed deaths from official announcements or local media posts, not an overall estimate of the number of Russian military deaths.

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