Russian information war against Ukraine

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Russo-Ukrainian War
Russo-Ukrainian War Flag.svg
Major events
Major topics
Related topics
An outlet for Russian propaganda -TASS

Information war by Russia incorporates elements of propaganda, demoralization, distraction and political posturing in addition to cyberwarfare as NATO understands the word. "Informatsionnaya voyna" differs from cyberwarfare, usually framed as technical defenses to technical attacks in warfare.[1]

Even in times of peace,[2] Russia's information war continuously seeks strategic victory and reflexive control through tools as diverse as undersea cable, national origin stories, control of the news cycle, or polluting an information space with Russian bots and trolls.[3][4]

It has "a broad political objective — to distract, divide, and demoralize — but otherwise it is largely opportunistic, fragmented, even sometimes contradictory", carried out by an assortment of "political entrepreneurs" seeking Kremlin approval, wrote Mark Galeotti in Foreign Policy.[5]

Russian President Vladimir Putin cares most about his domestic audience, so the Russian Federation focuses its propaganda there.[6] Farhad Manjoo of The New York Times says this may explain why, outside Russia, "Russian propaganda about Ukraine has fallen so flat... the invasion is just too ugly a pig to pretty up — an act so baldly unjustified that no amount of propaganda could set it right."[6]

The United Nations International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled in March 2022 that Russia’s justification for the invasion was unfounded and it must halt military operations in Ukraine.[7] The Kremlin denies waging war in Ukraine, and claims to protect Russian speakers in Ukraine against Ukrainian Nazis[8] in a “special peacekeeping operation”.[9] A Russian law signed March 4, 2022 provides drastic penalties for spreading "false information" or protesting the war or "discrediting" Russia's actions in Ukraine.[10]

Schools also must follow the official narrative: a bloody coup in 2014 installed an “American puppet regime”, Donetsk and Luhansk in eastern Ukraine rebelled, then were besieged and subjected to “genocide” for eight years.[9]

Background[edit]

Valery Gerasimov, chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, has advocated a 4:1 ratio of nonmilitary to military measures. Nonmilitary competition comes under the military in Russia, and although United States Marine Corps research suggests that the ratio is still largely aspirational, it indicates a recognition of "the utility of nonmilitary measures in interstate confrontation, especially during what would be considered peacetime."[2]

Propaganda targeting the Russian people themselves, justifying a future war against Ukraine, appeared before Russia's 2014 incursion into Ukraine.[11] In 2009, Maxim Kalashnikov's "Independent Ukraine: Failure of a Project" portrayed Ukraine as a Yugoslavia on the verge of an ethnic breakup. Novels such as Fyodor Berezin's "War 2010: Ukrainian Front", Georgiy Savitsky's "Battlefield Ukraine: The broken trident" and Alexander Sever's "Russian-Ukrainian Wars" posited a war against Ukraine.[12][13] According to activists, Russia is also waging an information war against Ukraine through cinema.[14]

Kremlin-run media in 2014 created the impression in Crimea that "fascists, anti-Semites and extremists" were in power in Kyiv and chaos ruled the rest of Ukraine, but this had "little or nothing to do with reality."[15] The Russian Federation misinforms and misleads its citizens and the audience of its television channels in other countries - Channel One Russia and Russia-24 for example.[16]

Reasons for the conflict[edit]

Russian politicians idealize Soviet Russia: the rule of the Communist Party as a time of prosperity, and the ruling United Russia party as the heir to the country's "glorious past."[17] Since the collapse of the USSR, Russian politicians have talked about restoring Russia's influence in the post-Soviet countries. "According to Vladimir Bukovsky, a dissident who spent a decade in Soviet prisons before his exile to the West in 1976, Putin is totally genuine when he says that the disintegration of the Soviet Union was a "geopolitical catastrophe"."[18]

Putin sees the growing number of NATO members in Eastern Europe as an "existential threat",[19] and he has written that Russia and Ukraine are really one country.[20] This revanchism focuses on Ukraine, whose withdrawal from the USSR led to its collapse.[21][19] "Russia is restoring its unity—the tragedy of 1991, this terrible catastrophe in our history, has been overcome," exulted RIA Novosti, Russia's main state online news agency, on February 26, 2022.[22]

At the 2008 Bucharest summit April 2–4, 2008, Putin told United States President George W. Bush: "You understand, George, that Ukraine is not even a state! What is Ukraine? Part of its territory is Eastern Europe, and another part, and a significant one, was given to us!"[23][24][25]

He regularly refers to Russians and Ukrainians as one people, which is an utterly tone-deaf comment that many Ukrainians hear as a denial of their culture, history and language.

— Steven Pifer, former US Ambassador to Ukraine, interview with Stanford News[26]

In November 2013, the pro-Russian Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych blocked[27] the legislatively approved course towards European integration, and the Revolution of Dignity began. Putin "used disinformation to lay the groundwork to annex Crimea in 2014, and to support continued fighting in Ukraine's Eastern provinces of Donetsk and Luhansk," wrote Forbes contributor Jill Goldenziel.[28] Again in 2022, Kremlin propaganda had the goal of preparing world public opinion for the invasion of Ukraine.

At the beginning of the Russian-Ukrainian war in 2014, Russia took measures to increase its influence on Ukraine,[29][failed verification] The Russian government frames its hybrid war as a conflict between Russia and NATO, but while geopolitics and its desire for a post-Soviet sphere play into its focus on Ukraine, so do its domestic politics. An independent Ukrainian democracy might inspire Russians to demand the establishment of their own democracy and "perhaps even challenge Mr. Putin's authoritarianism."[26]

Identity[edit]

See also: Russian nationalism

Many Russians see Kyiv as the birthplace of their nation.[30] In the 2000s, Russia waged a large-scale propaganda campaign in Ukraine, based on the doctrine of the "Russian World".[31] Its ideological basis was the post-Soviet revanchism of the Russian Federation for the cultural, economic, and territorial restoration of pre-1991 borders and the restoration of the former Soviet "zone of influence" in Europe and Asia.[32][33][34][35]

This revanchism sees three categories of the world's population as "Russian": ethnic Russians, regardless of where they live; a Russian-speaking population regardless of nationality; compatriots who have never lived on the territory of the Russian Empire, the USSR and other state entities, as well as their descendants.[36]

Russian information policy[edit]

The Russian Federation has conducted purposeful information war against Ukraine as part of a continual conflict since 2014. Since then Ukraine has so far lost 13,000 people in the Donbas region alone, says former US ambassador and US State Department official Steven Pifer.[26] Diplomats and leaders of the Russian Federation spread false information in their speeches, including speeches to the United Nations. At a press conference in Moscow, when asked by a journalist whether the Russian military was blockading Ukrainian troops, Russian President Vladimir Putin said the troops were "Crimean self-defence" forces that Russia had had no part in training.[37]

"You could spend every hour of every day trying to bat down every lie, to the point where you don't achieve anything else. And that's exactly what the Kremlin wants," says Greg Pryatt, former US ambassador to Ukraine.[4]:59 Information warfare has deep roots in Russia. In addition to presenting a Russian narrative and version of events, it strives to cause confusion and cast doubt on the idea of truth.[38]

In June 2014, the Ukrainian National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine (NSDC) DC obtained materials used to train Russian information war specialists.[39] They instructed Russian soldiers to "actively influence the consciousness and system of knowledge and ideas of the target country," according to NSDC Secretary Andriy Parubiy.[40]

The Putin regime contrasts "ours" and "fascists" in Ukraine, and suggests that violence against "not ours" as desirable and even required.[15]

Information operations[edit]

In February 2017, the Russian Minister of Defence acknowledged the existence of "information operations forces" in Russia.[41] In 2021, Open Media,[42] VTimes,[43] and the Moscow bureau of Deutsche Welle were shut down.[44]

Following 2022 legislation making it illegal to publish information on the Ukrainian war that the Kremlin deems "false", some Western media withdrew its reporters due to concern for their safety.[45] Independent Russian media outlets that shut down in the wake of the law included Dozhd (TV-Rain) and Novaya Gazeta, whose editor received the Nobel Peace Prize in 2021.[44] News website Znak announced its closure, and Ekho Moskvy, owned by Kremlin-linked Gazprom, also shut down.[46] The websites of Deutsche Welle, the BBC, Meduza and Radio Free Europe became inaccessible from within Russia without a VPN.[44] News sites Mediazona, Republic, Snob.ru [ru] and Agentstvo were also blocked from the Russian internet after the law passed, and only available by VPN.[47]

Russia also jammed commercial broadcast signals and penetrated both civilian and military communications networks.

"Russia, they own or operate Ukrainian cellular companies, banks, electricity. They don't need to hack anything. It's a secret war conducted by agents of influence."— Oleksandr Danylyuk, former secretary of Ukraine's National Security and Defense Council[48]

Cyberwarfare[edit]

Telecommunications[edit]

Russia's Leer-3 RB-341V [fr] drone system can listen to or suppress cellular communications, and even send text messages to front-line soldiers. Family members of Ukrainian soldiers have also reported receiving calls saying they were dead.[48]

The Orlan-10 has also been extensively used in Ukraine.

Internet infrastructure[edit]

On March 9 internet service provider Triolan suffered an outage in Kharkiv and other cities csused by a factory reset of several of its devices. Recovery efforts were hampered by shelling in the area at the time, which made it dangerous to go on-site and may have damaged internet connectivity.[49] Attackers had previously disrupted its connectivity and DNS routing on February 24.[50]

In Russia, as of March 14 peering agreements were still in place but new regulation was expected to ban web hosting outside Russia and require the use of official DNS servers.[51]

War propaganda[edit]

Russia transmits war propaganda through news media in its ongoing war against Ukraine.[52][53] As early as September 2008, Alexander Dugin, a Russian fascist[54][55] known as "Putin's brain," advocated an invasion of Ukraine and other countries that had previously been part of the USSR:[56][54] "The Soviet empire will be restored. in different ways: by force, diplomacy, economic pressure ... Everything will depend on place and time."

On 13 April 2014, NATO Secretary-General Anders Fogh Rasmussen, in a statement posted on the alliance's website, accused Russia of promoting war and wanting to overthrow Ukraine.[57] In early 2022 the United States government warned that Russia was planning a false flag operation to invade Ukraine, and pointed to "a pattern of Russian behavior" that included invading and occupying parts of Georgia in 2008, and noted Russia's "failure to honor its 1999 commitment to withdraw its troops and munitions from Moldova, where they remain without the government's consent."[58] In 2014, Vladimir Putin called opponents of the war nothing more than "traitors" and a "fifth column".[55]

Children's television has also broadcast war propaganda, as when Phil the dog joined the army in 2014 to become "a real defender".[59]

The throttling of information into Russia also impedes the Kremlin’s own information diet. The Center for Strategic and International Studies wrote in 2022 that the Ukrainian invasion "bears an eerie resemblance to Soviet decision making in 1979 to invade Afghanistan," poor intelligence, misreading the international reaction, over-optimism, incomprehension of the costs.[60]

Control of news outlets[edit]

See also: Mass media in Russia and Mass media in Ukraine

Public relations[edit]

Russia has learned to use respected Western media like BBC News, Reuters, and AFP to promote anti-Ukrainian propaganda. These media outlets were unprepared for the Russian-Ukrainian war in 2014, and often became unintentional distributors of Russian anti-Ukrainian propaganda.[61][62] The Kremlin has instructed official Russian television outlets to rebroadcast Tucker Carlson’s show “as much as possible.”[63][64][65] Marjorie Taylor Greene has also gotten approving coverage on Kremlin media, as when she said that the US was responsible for the 2014 overthrow of the Russian puppet government in the Ukrainian Revolution of Dignity.[66]

Russia has also learned to skillfully use Western PR companies to disseminate the narratives it needs in the interests of various Russian government institutions and private corporations.[67]

Ukraine[edit]

See also: Television in Ukraine

Many Ukrainian news outlets are financed by wealthy investors.[68][69] Some of these investors have close ties to Russian political power.[70] This highly concentrated ownership of Ukrainian media has set a high barrier to entry for the market.[71] Four financial-political groups control nearly all broadcasting im Ukraine.[72][73]

The top 20 most-viewed TV channels almost all belong to Ukraine’s wealthiest oligarchs:

Russia supports and covertly funds pro-Russian media outlets in Ukraine:

> The decline in advertising revenues has left media outlets even more dependent on support from politicised owners, hence hindering their editorial independence. Paid content disguised as news (known as jeansa) remains widespread in the Ukrainian media, weakening theirs' and journalists' credibility, especially during electoral campaigns.[78]

Media ownership remains opaque, despite a February 2014 bill requiring full disclosure of ownership structures.[78]

Other oligarch-owned media outlets
    • SCM Holdings[81][82] Akhmetov has been its sole proprietor since 2009.[83]
      • Landline business Vega Telecom
      • Russian-language newspaper Segodnya has drawn criticism for coverage allegedly favoring certain politicians and public figures, say journalists at the paper.[84][85]
      • Ukraina Media Group.

Russia[edit]

Russian media have been used for propaganda to persuade domestic and world audiences.[86] Among the best-known are Sputnik, RT (formerly RussiaToday), RIA Novosti, Life (formerly LifeNews).[87][88]

Employees of Russian news outlets have been resigning since the 2022 incursion into Ukraine: “English-language RT staff member and one frequent RT contributor in Moscow have quit the network in recent days over the editorial position on the war, the Guardian has learned.”[89]

RT

RT is an important Russian weapon in the information war.[90] In 2014, John Kerry, then United States Secretary of State, called it a state-sponsored "propaganda bullhorn".[91] Its audience in 2015 was 700 million people in more than 100 countries.[92]

"RT's 2015 budget, according to its website, was 13.85 billion rubles (about $220 million at 2015 exchange rates). However, in a 2015 interview with the Russian independent media outlet Dozhd TV, Simonyan said the budget for that year was 18 billion rubles. The RT website claims its 2016 budget was $275 million (17 billion rubles), while a video published by RT contradicts this information by claiming its 2016 budget was $300 million (21 billion rubles). In 2019, RT announced on its Telegram channel that RT and Rossiya Segodnya's budget from federal funding was $440 million, yet the official federal budget number for 2019 was $430 million. [93]

In 2012, RT had the highest government spending per employee in the world, $183 thousand per person.[94]

As of 2014, Russia had spent more than $9 billion on its propaganda.[95][96] In 2021, it increased the state media budget to 211 billion rubles (about $2.8 billion), 34 billion rubles ($460 million) more than the previous year.[97]

Russian interference with Ukrainian media[edit]

On March 6 2014, "1 + 1" and Channel 5 in the territory of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea were turned off and Russia 24 captured the broadcasting frequencies of Crimea's private "Chernomorskaya TV and Radio Company". In Simferopol, state television and radio broadcaster Krym was also blocked[clarification needed] by people in camouflage uniforms. General Director Stepan Gulevaty called the police, but they did not respond.[98]

On March 6, 2014, an Internet poll on the ATR TV website found that most respondents opposed the annexation of Crimea.[99] The next day Russian military in Crimea disconnected the ATR website. They also shut down the analogue broadcast signal of the Ukrainian TV channel Inter, on the frequencies of which NTV is broadcast.[99]

On August 10, 2014, the German provider Hetzner Online AG sent a letter of apology to Glavkom. The provider had previously moved to block Glavkom at the request of the Russian Roskomnadzor for publishing material about the March for the federalization of Siberia.[100]

In July 2019, Hetzner Online warned The Ukrainian Week that the site would be blocked until "extremist content" was removed. The provider received a request for this from Roskomnadzor, which considers the 2015 material on Right Sector a violation of Russian legislation.[101]

For several months, DDoS attacks were carried out against Ukrainian information sites: Censor.NET, Tizhden.ua, Ukrayinska Pravda and others, as well as the website of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine, with the appearance of ads for V. Yanukovych.[102] Similarly, in January 2022 Ukrainian cyber official Victor Zhora reported attacks on over 90 websites of 22 government groups on January 14, 2022. About 50 websites were vandalized while the remainder suffered some damage.[103]

Methods and resources[edit]

Disinformation[edit]

Main article: Russian disinformation
Further information: Disinformation in the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis

Russia uses disinformation both to support an image of its greatness and importance — or of the weakness of its enemies — or sometimes to deny its actions.

Kyiv “hasn’t been bombed by anyone” Channel One pundit Artyom Sheynin assured viewers on February 24 2022, for example.[89] Also on February 24, “explosions and gunfire were heard through the day in Ukraine's capital and elsewhere in the country, with at least 70 people reported killed,” according to Reuters.[104] Most Russians get their information from television,[70] although younger Russians tend to prefer online sources. These now require a VPN connection, making the truth now “mostly is discovered by people who already distrust the Kremlin and its state-sponsored media.”Here's how propaganda is clouding Russians' understanding of the war in Ukraine, Nell Clark. NPR, March 15, 2022</ref>

The untethering of the Russian news diet from facts doesn’t just affect the populace. The Kremlin has been described as:

a bunch of old men who can't quite get over the fact that they're no longer running a superpower, and who also are increasingly surrounded by people who tell them what they want to hear.[105]

Other more subtle attacks, known as reflexive control, systematically distort and reinterpret words, leading "extremists" to become an accepted description for independent journalists and human rights activists, or peaceful demonstrators to be arrested as security threats.[15]


Falsehood and adamant denial
2014

In 2014 Putin for quite some time denied sending troops into Ukraine. He later said Russia was "protecting" the Russian-speaking population of Ukraine.[106] When Russia invaded Georgia in 2008, it gave many alternative explanations for its actions there as well, [107] and denied having plans to attack it. In 2014 Putin again denied his invasion, despite photos of military vehicles there from the North Caucasus Military District[108] One car had forgotten to camouflage an icon of the Guards Division. The soldiers also carried the Dragunov self-loading sniper rifle), only used by the Russian military.[109]

Since Ukraine's independence, the Russia has waged a constant information war against Ukraine, especially under the pro-Russian President Victor Yanukovych.[110] In February 2014, for example, Russians flatly denied that their military maneuvers in any way threatened Ukraine:

"The Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs denies the participation of the Black Sea Fleet in destabilizing the situation in Crimea."[111]

"These were local self-defense forces," Putin said of the men who tried to seize the Crimean parliament.[112]

In March 2022 Russians said they had found evidence at the decommissioned Chernobyl nuclear power plant that Ukraine was working on a nuclear bomb. Experts scoffed at the claim, which they said was both impossible with the fuel there and not how anyone would run a secret weapons program.[113]

Malaysia Airlines Flight 17

The most fake tweets in a day, or on a single topic, by Russian disinformation agency Internet Research Agency (IRA),[114] following the shooting down of the Malaysian MH17 airliner.[3] Russia took extensive measures and gave many narratives to hide its involvement.[115][116]

In three days after the crash, the Russian Internet Research Agency posted 111,486 tweets from fake accounts, mostly in Russian.[117] At first they said that Russian-backed rebels downed a Ukrainian plane; later tweets said Ukraine had shot the airliner down.[118] RT quoted a Twitter account purportedly of an air traffic controller named Carlos who said he had seen Ukrainian fighter jets following the airliner[119] Supposedly Ukraine mistook the airliner for the Russian presidential jet.[120] In August 2015 Komsomoloskaya Pravda published a wiretap transcript of two named CIA operatives planning the MH17 attack, ridiculed for English that recalled "Google translated Russian phrases read from a script".[121]

On December 20, 2017, the Intelligence and Security Committee of the British Parliament in a report specifically emphasized that Russia had waged a massive information war with intense, multi-channel propaganda to convince the world that Russia did not shoot down the plane.[122][123][124]

2022

In 2022 Russia insisted it was merely conducting military exercises on the Ukrainian borders, then declared that it needed to protect Russian speakers in eastern Ukraine.[125] Russia also amassed troops at the Ukrainian border with Belarus and held naval exercises in the Black Sea and Sea of Azov, which Kyiv called "an unjustified complication of international shipping", that made navigation "virtually impossible".[126] On February 15, 2022 Russia said it would "partially pull back" from Ukraine's borders, but according to the US, in fact sent additional troops.[105] "We can't really take the Russians for their word" said Canadian ambassador to the United Nations Bob Rae, after Russia resumed shelling within hours of announcing a ceasefire for civilian evacuation.[127]

After shelling a nuclear power plant complex in Zaporizhzhia, the Kremlin said its military seized it "to prevent Ukrainians and neo-Nazis from 'organizing provocations'".[113]

Tropes[edit]

See also: Propaganda in the Russian Federation

Since the collapse of the USSR, Russia has circulated propaganda and disinformation to demonize Ukrainians. Neo-Nazis play a recurring role in Russian propaganda; in 2022 to justify military "denazification."[113] In Mariupol, Russians were told in 2022, Ukrainians fired on Russian soldiers despite the cease-fire, and according to TASS neo-Nazis were "hiding behind civilians as a human shield."[113]

According to Kacper Rękawek, a postdoctoral fellow with the Center for Research on Extremism at the University of Oslo, simultaneously portraying Ukrainians as fascists and depraved pro-gay liberals, as opposed to the solid conservative values of Russian speakers in eastern Ukraine, has roots in a longstanding narrative of politicians both in and outside Ukraine that ties Ukrainian speakers in Western Ukraine to far-right nationalists who fought against Soviets in World War II.[128]

Russia "has an extensive network of allies and front organizations, and reconstructs reality and rewrites history to legitimize itself and undermine others," says a 2018 article in Nature.[129]

In the early 1990s the first such propaganda tropes presented events with the phrases "after the collapse of the USSR", and "with the collapse of the USSR", to create the impression that these phenomena arose because of the collapse of the USSR, and not the reverse.[citation needed] Propaganda tried to portray Ukraine as economically and politically bankrupt as a state. In 2009 Russia accused Ukraine of "stealing Russian gas".[130]

Ukrainian figures have been allegedly quoted making provocative statements.[131] A criminal case was brought against the leader of the Ukrainian Right Sector, Dmytro Yarosh, for supposedly publishing an appeal to Dokka Umarov to carry out terrorist attacks in the Russian Federation. A day later authorities announced that the "appeal" had been the work of hackers.[132]

In the same way as Russian propaganda sought to portray its swift victory as inevitable against incompetent Ukrainian commanders, Russian media also sought to create fear and loathing with stereotypes of its own Chechen fighters.[133]

Social media[edit]

In 2022 government groups posed as independent news entities and created fake personas on Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, YouTube, Telegram and also the Russian-language Odnoklassniki and V Kontakte, to disseminate Russian narratives, such as the alleged haplessness of Ukrainians and videos of their fighters surrendering.[134]

According to The Washington Post, in 2014 the Russian military intelligence (GRU) created more than 30 pseudo-Ukrainian groups and social media accounts, as well as 25 "leading English-language" publications. Posing as ordinary Ukrainians, intelligence operatives concocted news and disseminated comments to turn pro-Russian citizens against the protesters.[135]

In early 2016 Ukrainian journalists discovered a network of dozens of social media groups, run from Moscow on multiple social media, that used nationalist rhetoric to undermine the Ukrainian government and mobilize protesters.[136]

Access to social media
  • MSNBC in October 2017 reported that Russian information warfare operatives "reported" the Facebook posts of Ukrainian activists, baselessly claiming that they were pornography or another regulated type of message.[137]
  • On July 14, 2014, Facebook blocked the page "Book of Memory of the Fallen for Ukraine", after warning that the content of some messages "violate(d) Facebook standards".[138][139][140] They were primarily messages about the death of Ukrainian soldiers from the OZSP NSU "Azov".[87]
  • On March 5 2022 Russia blocked access to Facebook and Twitter, in response to their freezes and bans on Russian state-owned media.[141] A few days later it announced it would block access to Instagram.[142]

Wikipedia[edit]

The high PageRank of Wikipedia does not go unnoticed. One of the most used disinformation methods is influence on historical narratives. For example, constant edit wars take place over the article "Kievan Rus [ru]" on the Russian-language version of Wikipedia.

Attempts to censor Russian Wikipedia
Main articles: Russian Wikipedia § Censorship and disinformation during the Russo-Ukrainian War, and Russian Wikipedia § Troubles with the Russian government
Further information: Disinformation in the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis

Ever since the early 2010s, Russian Wikipedia and its editors have experienced numerous and increasing threats of nationwide blocks and country-wide enforcement of blacklisting by the Russian government, as well as several attempts to Internet censorship, propaganda, and disinformation,[143][144][145][146][147][148] more recently during the 2014 Russo-Ukrainian conflict in the Donbas region[3][149][150][151] and the 2022 Russo-Ukrainian War.[152]

In February and March 2022,[152] the first week after the Russian invasion of Ukraine and breakout of the Russo-Ukrainian War,[152] Russian Wikipedia editors warned their readers and fellow editors of several, reiterated attempts by the Putin-led Russian government of political censorship, Internet propaganda, disinformation, attacks, and disruptive editing towards an article listing Russian military casualties as well as Ukrainian civilians and children due to the ongoing military conflict.[152]

On March 11, 2022, Belarusian political police GUBOPiK arrested one of the most active users of Russian Wikipedia Mark Bernstein for the "spread of anti-Russian materials".[153]

Timeline[edit]

2014[edit]

See also: Euromaidan and Revolution of Dignity

During and before its annexation of Crimea and encroachment into Donetsk and Luhansk with AstroTurf rebellions, Russia demonized Ukrainians in the eyes of the Russian and international communities.[154][155][156]

  • January 21 - Protesters received text messages saying that they were "registered as a participant in the mass disturbances."[157] Cell service providers denied sending the messages, but two of them were owned by Russian companies. Experts suggested state actor involvement.[158][159]

February 2014[edit]

  • Protests in Ukraine
  • Overthrow of Yanukovych - Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych elected to accept Russian foreign aid rather than join the EU,[160] and violent protests broke out.[161] Yanukovich fled Kyiv.[162] The Ukrainian Parliament decided that he had abdicated and removed him from office.[163]
  • Yanukovych called the vote a coup[164][165]
  • Russian foreign minister Sergey Lavrov said that "illegal extremist groups" had taken control in Kyiv.[166] This and similar language frequently recurred in the ensuing years.[167][168]
  • Parliament appointed Alexander Turchinov acting president pending an election scheduled for May.
  • 19 February - Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs referred to Euromaidan revolution as "Brown revolution" and Euromaidan protesters as "rampant thugs."[169][170]
See also: 2014 Crimean crisis, Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, Timeline of the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, and 2014 Crimean status referendum
  • 20 February - Russians enter Crimea
    • According to Russian media, Euromaidan supporters brutalized a bus convoy of anti-Maidan activists on the night of February 20–21, 2014 in Korsun-Shevchenkivskyi, Cherkasy Oblast, burned several buses, and killed seven passengers. On April 3, 2014, occupation forces in Crimea said seven people had died and 30 gone missing. Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch and the local police force all questioned the accuracy of this account.[171] However, Putin said this story was the reason for the military operation in Crimea,[172] and the alleged killings of anti-Maidan activists near Korsun were later reflected in the Russian pseudo-documentary Crimea. The Way Home.
  • February 27, 2014 - Russian soldiers seize Crimean Parliament
See also: Little green men
    • Sergey Aksyonov installed
    • Putin gives multiple versions of Russian participation[173]
    • Donetsk People's Republic separatist Igor Girkin said in January 2015 that Crimean members of parliament were held at gunpoint, and forced to support the annexation of Crimea.[173]

March 2014[edit]

See also: War in Donbas and OSCE Special Monitoring Mission
  • March 2, 2014, Russian media reported that Ukrainian saboteurs shot at a crowd and the House of Trade Unions near the Crimean Cabinet in Simferopol. The masked saboteurs were armed with modern Russian weapons, including the latest GM-94 grenade launcher, and the "victims" of the attack were unharmed.[172]
  • March 18 - Annexation of Crimea
  • March 19 - Russian media reported arrest of a 17-year-old Lviv sniper in Simferopol the day before, killing an APU serviceman Sergei Kokurin and a Russian mercenary. No further Information about the 17-year-old sniper was given, but Igor Girkin later admitted that his unit was responsible. (See also: 2014 Simferopol incident)
  • On March 24, 2014, several media outlets reported that the deputy commander of the Kerch Marine Battalion, Nikiforov Alexey Vladimirovich [uk], had written a statement about joining the Russian army. However, he went to the mainland and studied at a Ukrainian military university.[174]


April 2014[edit]

  • Russia annexes Crimea.
  • The Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic secede.[30]
  • April - Oleg Bakhtiyarov arrested in a plot to storm Ukraine's parliament and Kyiv Cabinet of Ministers building. He recruited some 200 people, paid them each $500 to help, and stockpiled petrol bombs and tools.[175] Bakhtiyarov arranged for Russian TV channels to film the incident, then blame it on Ukrainian radicals.[176]
  • Vitaliy Yarema said that Russian Special Forces units, including the 45th Parachute Guards Regiment from Moscow, were operating in Kramatorsk and Sloviansk. On 16 April, 450 Russian special forces troops were said to be there.[177][178]
  • On April 27, 2014, Russian media aired a story about "EU concentration camps in Ukraine." Construction began at the site in 2012, under pro-Kremlin Viktor Yanukovych, an EU-funded project to detain illegal migrants.[179]
  • On April 29, 2014, Russian news agency ITAR-TASS called a brutal attack by a pro-Russian mob on a peaceful Ukrainian march in Donetsk as "[Ukrainian] radicals attacked thousands of anti-fascist marchers."[180]
  • In June 2014, after the capture of Nadezhda Savchenko, Russian TV channels NTV and Channel 5 aired a misleading sound bite in a LifeNewd interview with Nastya Stanko from a soldier named Volodymyr Kosolap, an Aidar Battalion fighter from Shchastia. Russian media presented him as a "punisher" from a barricading detachment, ordered to shoot anyone who did not want to kill members of pro-Russian armed groups. In the full video of June 16, 2014, Kosolap had said that he would have shot any Aidar fighter who tried this. LifeNews took this sound byte out of context.[181]

April-May 2014: Sloviansk[edit]

May 2014 - Ukrainians attack[edit]

  • Russia broadcaster Channel One[183] falsely claimed Ukrainian soldiers tortured and crucified a three-year-old child[184][185]
  • On July 15, 2014, the English-language Russian broadcaster Voice of Russia published an article in which pro-Russian militants attributed the killing of Pentecostals in Slovyansk to "Ukrainian nationalists,"[186] twisting the words of Anton Gerashchenko,[186] then a government spokesperson. The killings have since been attributed to Donetsk separatists.[187][186]
  • In May 2014, a television commercial surfaced that was created in the autumn of 2013 for a Russian Defense Ministry recruitment campaign. The video was criticized for promoting war and the account that had posted it was removed from Vimeo. (It is now only posted on YouTube).[188]
  • May 25 - Oligarch Petro Poroshenko wins Ukrainian presidential election
  • Summer 2014, Azov helped retake Mariupol[189][190]

July-August 2014[edit]

  • In late July-early August 2014, a video of Bohdan Butkevich of Tyzhden was widely publicized, allegedly calling for the killing of 1.5 million Donbas residents.[191][192] The video was a rough snippet which completely distorted the meaning of what he said.
  • August 2014 - Ukrainian government blocked 14 Russian TV channels to stop them from spreading war propaganda.[70]
  • August 2014 - captured Russian special forces from the 331st regiment of the 98th Svirsk airborne division say they crossed the border by accident. Ukrainian spokesman Andriy Lysenko [uk] said: "This wasn't a mistake, but a special mission they were carrying out."[193][194][195]
  • August 2014 - The Ukrainian government bans a number of Russian news outlets for broadcasting war propaganda.[196]

October[edit]

  • October 2014 - Pravda and Izvestia accused Right Sector of terrorizing the Jewish community of Odessa and beating more than 20 people. Mikhail Maiman, quoted by Izvestia, was fictional, and there had not been a single incident of violence.[197]
  • October 24 - CyberBerkut claims to hack electronic vote counting system, Ukraine's CEC website[198]
  • October 28 - Russian intelligence and security services were behind a plot.[199] to create a people's republic in Odessa, said the SBU, which also said it had found a munitions cache and arrested the alleged separatists.

December[edit]

2015[edit]

January-February 2015[edit]

  • 28 January on the outskirts of Khartsyzk, east of Donetsk - the OSCE observed "five T-72 tanks facing east, and immediately after, another column of four T-72 tanks moving east on the same road which was accompanied by four unmarked URAL-type military trucks." as well as intensified movement of unmarked military trucks, covered with canvas.[201]
  • January - After the shelling of residential areas in Mariupol, NATO's Jens Stoltenberg said: "Russian troops in eastern Ukraine are supporting these offensive operations with command and control systems, air defence systems with advanced surface-to-air missiles, unmanned aerial systems, advanced multiple rocket launcher systems, and electronic warfare systems."[202]
  • February 9 - Artillery shell causes explosion at a chemical plant in Donetsk.[203]
  • February 12 - Minsk II accords signed[204]
  • February 15 - Minsk II ceasefire took effect
  • February 16 - Minister of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine Pavlo Klimkin said pro-Russian forces fired on Ukrainians over 100 times in the past day. Separatists accuse Ukrainians of violating the ceasefire.[205]
  • February 17 - Rebels conquered most of Debaltseve and encircled 10,000 Ukrainian troops in the area. Rebels claimed the town was not part of the recently established ceasefire.[206]

March 2015[edit]

  • On March 23, 2015, Russian outlets broadcast a news story about a 10-year-old girl from allegedly killed by Ukrainian shelling in the Petrovsky district of Donetsk.[207] BBC correspondent Natalia Antelava discovered in Donetsk that the story was Russian propaganda. She asked Russian media employees about the girl's death, a and they replied that "she is not here anymore" and that no-one was killed. When asked about the news stories they answered that they had been "forced".[208][209]

June 2015[edit]

  • June 22 - European sanctions against Russia because of its actions in Crimea and eastern Ukraine. Kremlin calls them “unfounded and illegal.”[210]

2016[edit]

  • Oxford Dictionaries named the term "post-truth" the word of year.[211]
  • In April 2016 the Internet Research Agency released a video claiming that an advertising sign in New York's Times Square had been hacked to show an image of Vladimir Putin winking. The video was a fake.[citation needed]
  • On December 12, 2016, the press centre of the Special Operations Forces of Ukraine reported that unauthorized information resources appeared with symbols and photo materials of the Special Operations Forces of the Armed Forces of Ukraine that might provide distorted or unverified information.
  • On December 13, 2016, Russian media preliminarily accused Ukraine of gas theft.[212]
  • On December 22, 2016, American cybersecurity company CrowdStrike released a report according to which Russian hackers from the Fancy Bear group monitored the location of APU D-30 howitzers through an Android application written by Ukrainian gunner Yaroslav.[213]

2017[edit]

May 2017 - Poroshenko blocked access in Ukraine to Russian servers for VKontakte, Odnoklassniki, Yandex and Mail.ru, claiming they participated in an information war against Ukraine.[214]

  • July 2017 -Putin signed a bill, which took effect 1 November 2017, banning software and websites to circumvent internet filtering in Russia, including anonymizers and Virtual private network (VPN) services.

2018[edit]

  • Kerch Strait incident - EU Commissioner for Security Sir Julian King said that prior to the incident Russia had spread rumours:
    • that the Ukrainians were dredging the Azov Sea to prepare for a NATO fleet[215]
    • that Ukraine planned to infect the Black Sea with cholera[215]
    • that it planned to blow up the Crimean Bridge with a nuclear bomb[216][215]

2019[edit]

See also: 2019 Ukrainian presidential election

April 2019[edit]

2021[edit]

See also: Prelude to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
  • May 11, Viktor Medvedchuk and fellow Opposition Platform — For Life lawmaker Taras Kozak named suspects for high treason and illegal exploitation of natural resources in Ukraine's Russian-annexed Crimea.[217][218]
  • 13 May - Viktor Medvedchuk put under house arrest[74] and fitted with an electronic tracking device.[219]
  • May 2021 - Russian authorities began liquidating the Russian company Novye Proekty allegedly used by Medvedchuk for his alleged illegal exploitations in Crimea.[220] In 2021, Poroshenko was named as a co-suspect in the criminal case against Medvedchuk.[221]
  • November 2021 - Zelenskyy accused Rinat Akhmetov of helping to plan a coup by Russia in Ukraine.[222][223] Akhmetov called the allegations "an absolute lie."[224]Zelenskyy later said the plot had tried to enlist Akhmetov but without success.
  • December 2021 - Mythos Labs found 697 accounts tweeting Russian disinformation about Ukraine, vs. 58 in November, 2021. The number of Ukraine-related tweets by these accounts soared 3,270% from September to December[225]

2022[edit]

Further information: Disinformation in the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis § Disinformation themes

January[edit]

  • 6 January - Assets of former president Poroshenko frozen as part of Ukrainian proceedings for high treason.[226]
  • 22 January - United Kingdom announced it had intelligence of planned Russian coup in Ukraine[227]

February[edit]

  • "Russian-backed forces are already shelling targets in the east, as Moscow's propaganda organs blame the violence on the Ukrainian government."[228]
  • 3 February - TV channel NewsOne banned by presidential decree.[229][230] Since then, NASH has taken the place of the banned pro-Russian TV channels.
  • 18 February - Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic, the separatist areas of eastern Ukraine involved in the War in Donbas, broadcast an urgent appeal for citizens to evacuate to Russia. Investigation showed that the messages were pre-recorded.[231][232]
  • February 21 - United States president Joe Biden warned of an impending invasion of Ukraine[233]
  • February 28 - Google turns off live traffic updates for Ukraine out of safety concern for users.[234]

March[edit]

  • March - Azov Battalion fighting Russian invaders in Mariupol[189]
  • March 1 - Russians deploy vacuum bomb at Ukrainian army base in the northeastern town of Okhtyrka, killing 70 soldiers.[235]
  • March 4 - Russia blocks access to the BBC and Voice of America from within Russia, as well as Deutsche Welle and Radio Free Europe.[236][237]
  • March 9 - Mariupol hospital airstrike[238] Four died.[239][240] Russian forces deny this event happened.[241] Twitter removed a tweet by the Russian embassy in London to this effect, calling it disinformation.[242]
  • March 9 - 22 bombs defused in Chernihiv, according to Ukrainians, who released images of what appear to be 500lb FAB-500s. [243]
  • March 13 - Russians shell Chernihiv.[244][245]
  • Mariupol theatre airstrike
  • March 16 - TASS says Mariupol theater was blown up by Asov Battalion[246]
  • March 16 - Russian spokesman Igor Konashenkov denied that Russian forces had killed 10 civilians queuing for bread, calling footage of the event a “hoax launched by the Ukrainian Security Service”; ”“No Russian soldiers are or have been in Chernihiv. All units are outside of the Chernihiv city limits, blocking roads, and are not conducting any offensive action,” he said.[247]
  • March 16 - Two adults and three children were killed in Russian shelling in Chernihiv.[248]
  • March 16 — Colonel-General Mikhail Mizintsev said Moscow would “turn to international organizations” because, it said, Ukraine was holding Ukrainians hostage in Kyiv, Kharkov, Chernihiv and Sumy rather than allowing them to travel to the Russian Federation.[249]
  • March 17 - Russia’s ambassador to the United Nations denied bombing a theatre in Mariupol that had been serving as a bomb shelter.[250]
  • March 17 - Russian media (Pravda) said that three members of the Tennessee National Guard, all relatives, had been killed while fighting as mercenaries in Ukraine. The guardsmen had been home for more than a year.[251]
  • March 21 - Ukrainian media reported a missile strike on Kyiv's Retroville Shopping Mall.[252] Russian media released drone footage allegedly showing an MLRS system stationed near the mall.[253]

Staged videos[edit]

  • On July 22, 2015, the head investigator of the Lugansk Prosecutor General's Office, Leonid Tkachenko, said that a warehouse of American weapons had been discovered during the excavation of debris near Luhansk airport. The video allegedly showed army boxes and an American Stinger MANPADS.[254] Analysis of the video found that the "Stinger" was a poorly built prop made of welded plumbing pipes. The markings on it came from the video game Battlefield 3, including the identification number and the errors in the English.[255][256][257] The fake was distributed by Russian media, in particular Komsomolskaya Pravda, RIA Novosti and TV-Zvezda.[258][259]
  • On January 18, 2016, the eve of the Dutch referendum on the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement, Russian sources circulated a video of Azov Battalion fighters allegedly burning the flag of the Netherlands and threatening to commit terrorist acts there if the agreement was not approved. Bellingcat concluded that the video was a forgery and distributed if not created by the Kremlin-linked Internet Research Agency in St Petersburg.[260]
  • Another video released by the Donetsk People's Republic (DNR) and CyberBerkut had links to the IRA. The Defense Intelligence Agency considers Cyberberkut a front for the Kremlin's internet activities, and the Kremlin maintained plausible deniability as to the activities of the IRA by bankrolling it through Yevgeny Prigozhin, known as "Putin's chef".[261] It accused Ukraine's Azov Battalion of fighting alongside ISIS militants. Photos and videos made by the pro-Russian militants showed armed men wearing ISIS and Azov symbols firing on industrial buildings.[262][263] The BBC identified the buildings as hangars at the Isolation mineral wool plant in Donetsk, which in 2011 was converted into an art space, the Isolation art project, then seized in June 2014 by pro-Russian militants.[264][265]
  • On July 23, 2018, a video spread through the Russian media alleged that a special unit of the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) stormed the base of Ukrainian volunteers[clarification needed] using armoured personnel carriers. The video then purported to show the SBU beating them. As early as July 25, the video was exposed[who?] as fake: the SBU uniform had outdated elements and insignia; the armoured personnel carrier had white identification lines in a form that had not been used for a long time, as well as anti-accumulation grilles, which the SBU does not put on its equipment. The actors who played SBU special forces spoke with a foreign accent, threw around emotional phrases about hatred for Bandera members and unprofessionally pretended to kick the volunteers.[266] On September 11, an armoured personnel carrier was filmed in Donetsk.[267][268] On September 20, the location of the staged assault was identified — the grounds of the abandoned Reaktiv chemical plant in occupied Donetsk.[269]
  • On August 16, 2018, a video of alleged brutal detention of a person at a Ukrainian checkpoint was published on a YouTube channel with no subscribers or other videos. The video was distributed among the Russian occupation forces, in particular through the Lost Armor website. The Ukrainian mil.in portal published a debunking. The appearance of all Ukrainian checkpoints (Majorca, Marinka, Gnutovo, Stanitsa Luhanskaya, as well as Chengar and Kharkiv) was analyzed, and none of them matched the video. There were few cars and practically no people, untrue of any of the checkpoints. License plate numbers were also falsified. The video purported to show a rebel fighter attempting to surrender under the SBU “Waiting for you at home" program, which offered amnesty to fighters who returned to peaceful life. Since the video showed the purported fighter on the ground being kicked, it may have been an attempt to discredit the program and reduce attrition in the rebel forces. [270]
  • During the Russian invasion in March, videos were discovered purporting to show Ukrainian-produced disinformation about strikes inside Ukraine which were then "debunked" as some other event outside Ukraine. However, this may be the first case of a disinformation false-flag operation, as the original, supposedly "Ukraine-produced" disinformation was never disseminated by anyone, and was in fact preventive disinformation created specifically in order to be debunked and cause confusion and mitigate the impact on the Russian public of real footage of Russian strikes within Ukraine when it eventually got past Russian-controlled media. According to Patrick Warren, head of Clemson's Media Forensics Hub, "It's like Russians actually pretending to be Ukrainians spreading disinformation. ... The reason that it's so effective is because you don't actually have to convince someone that it's true. It's sufficient to make people uncertain as to what they should trust."[271]
  • On March 14, 2022, a video was released purporting to show a helicopter attacking a Russian convoy, resulting in the destruction of military aircraft and tanks. Upon further analysis, the footage was revealed to have been produced using the "Arma 3" video game.[272]
  • On March 16, 2022, a one-minute deepfake video aired on the website of the Ukraine 24 television channel. In it, Zelenskyy appeared to tell Ukrainian soldiers to surrender. Ukraine 24 said they had been hacked, but Russian social media boosted it. Zelenskyy immediately disavowed the video and responded with one of his own, and Facebook and YouTube began to remove it. Twitter allowed the video in tweets discussing the fake, but said it would be taken down if posted deceptively. Hackers inserted the disinformation into the live scrolling-text news crawl. It was not immediately clear who created the deepfake.[273][274]

Results[edit]

On November 23, 2016, the European Parliament passed a resolution opposing Russian propaganda.[275] Putin responded by calling the work of the Russian news agencies RT and Sputnik effective.[276]

2022[edit]

On March 1 YouTube blocked channels connected to RT and Sputnik across Europe,[141] then world-wide on March 11 due to its insistence that Russia was not waging war in Ukraine.[277] Roku and DirectTV also dropped RT.[278]

Countermeasures[edit]

No precise equivalent appears to exist to the systemic Russian disinformation campaign, although Ukraine and other interested parties have used speeches, television appearsnces, social media, cyber warfare and viral memes against Russia. Not all of these actions can be attributed with certainty, but the United States has deployed soft power on Ukraine’s behalf, at least one self-identified Anonymous account has claimed to have damaged Russian infrastructure, and a number of official Ukraine social media accounts have successfully created a favorable narrative.

The U.S. government, suspecting a buildup to a false flag attack, released its intelligence findings about Russian troop movements before the invasion began undermining its posited plans to blame an attack on Ukraine; "the U.S. government was very forthcoming...there wasn't an information vacuum that the Russians could step in and fill" explained researcher Laura Edelson.[279]

Ukraine on the other hand has created a narrative of Ukrainian bravery and indomitability.

“If Ukraine had no messages of the righteousness of its cause, the popularity of its cause, the valor of its heroes, the suffering of its populace, then it would lose,” said Peter W. Singer, a strategist and senior fellow at New America, a think tank in Washington. “Not just the information war, but it would lose the overall war.”[280]

Zelenskyy[edit]

Zelenskyy's speeches have repeatedly gone viral and galvanized the Ukrainian population.[281] An underdog hero tackling evil forces attacking him is an ancient human narrative as fundamental and continuing as Gilgamesh and Luke Skywalker, and Zelenskyy has told it masterfully.[282] Wearing a green military t-shirt,[283][284] he passionately appealed for help for his people in fiery virtual speeches to the parliaments of Canada,[285] the United Kingdom[286] and the European Union,[287] as well as a joint session of the U.S. Congress, to a standing ovation each time.

He has spoken to the Russian people directly,[288] in Russian, his first language. Also in Russian, he positioned himself on March 3 as a "neighbor" and an "ordinary guy", needling Putin for recently receiving his visitors at an extraordinarily long table:

"Come sit with me! Just not 30 meters away like with [French President Emmanuel] Macron and [German Chancellor Olaf] Scholz. … I'm your neighbor … What are you afraid of?"[289]

Putin's previous shirtless photo-ops sought to position[290] him as a strong and virile leader. Images of the younger Zelenskyy wearing body armor and drinking tea with Ukrainian soldiers starkly contrasted with news broadcasts of Putin in rococo and very socially distanced[291] The body armor photo was taken in 2021,[292] and he actually drank tea with the soldiers a few days before the invasion began,[293] but the images were real if out of context, and the pictures of Putin at an enormously long table, apparently for fear of COVID-19, were also real.[294]

Ukrainian media has been particularly savvy in playing up the eleventh hour rise of its president, Volodymyr Zelenskyy, whose line, "I need ammunition; not a ride," may rival the likes of William Shakespeare's "cry havoc and let slip the dogs of war" in terms of quotability.[295]

Memes[edit]

Further information: Ghost of Kiev

Also shot February 25, a video of an elderly woman scolding a Russian soldier appears to record an actual event in Henichesk. She gave him sunflower seeds so sunflowers would grow when he died.[296][297]

The wildly popular social media legend, Ghost of Kiev, "a Ukrainian fighter pilot who shot down six Russian planes cannot be confirmed", said Deutsche Welle on March 1.[298] The story was tweeted by the official Ukraine account and authenticated by former Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko but the photo of the pilot posted by Poroshenko turned out to be three years old.[298] The story's factuality has been questioned by both Russian and Western media. The Ukrainian military has not verified it, for one thing, and some of the images were definitely repurposed from elsewhere.[299] But on February 25, the Ministry of Defence of Ukraine suggested that that "The Ghost of Kyiv" might be a returning reserve pilot, so they didn't deny it either.

See also[edit]

Bibliography[edit]

In English

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ War of the Cyber World: The Law of Cyber Warfare, Phillip Pool, The International Lawyer. Vol. 47, No. 2 (FALL 2013), pp. 299-323 (25 pages). Published By: American Bar Association, via JStor
  2. ^ a b [Russia's Information Warfare: Exploring the Cognitive Dimension], Blagovest Tashev, PhD; Lieutenant Colonel Michael Purcell (Ret); and Major Brian McLaughlin (Ret). Marine Corps University, MCU Journal vol. 10, no. 2, Fall 2019 https://doi.org/10.21140/mcuj.2019100208129 p.133
  3. ^ a b c Stukal, Denis; Sanovich, Sergey; Bonneau, Richard; Tucker, Joshua A. (February 2022). "Why Botter: How Pro-Government Bots Fight Opposition in Russia" (PDF). American Political Science Review. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press on behalf of the American Political Science Association. 116 (1): 1–15. doi:10.1017/S0003055421001507. ISSN 1537-5943. LCCN 08009025. OCLC 805068983. S2CID 247038589. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
  4. ^ a b Gilles, Keir. "Handbook of Russian Information Warfare. Fellowship Monograph 9. NATO Defense College ISBN 978-88-96898-16-1 p.4" (PDF).
  5. ^ I'm Sorry for Creating the 'Gerasimov Doctrine': I was the first to write about Russia's infamous high-tech military strategy. One small problem: it doesn't exist, Mark Galeotti. Foreign Policy, March 5, 2018
  6. ^ a b Putin No Longer Seems Like a Master of Disinformation, Farhad Manjoo. New York Times Opinion, March 2, 2022
  7. ^ ICJ Orders Russia to Immediately Suspend Military Operations in Ukraine, Reuters. Council on Foreign Relations, March 17, 2022
  8. ^ Putin says he will 'denazify' Ukraine. Here's the history behind that claim, Miriam Berger. Washington Post, February 24, 2022
  9. ^ a b Do not call Ukraine invasion a ‘war’, Russia tells media, schools: Instead, ‘special military operation’ should be used to describe Moscow’s assault on Ukraine, according to officials, Al-Jazeera, March 2, 2022
  10. ^ Russia Takes Censorship to New Extremes, Stifling War Coverage, Anton Troianovski. New York Times, March 4, 2022
  11. ^ American salo' tastes like Russian propaganda lard, Alina Pastukhova. Kyiv Post, April 1, 2009
  12. ^ Sci-fi writers imagined the Ukraine conflict that they're now fighting in: Life imitates art, Carl Franzen. The Verge, July 14, 2014, via Slate
  13. ^ В России начали штамповать книги о войне с Украиной (Russia began to stamp books about the war with Ukraine) March 2, 2009 (in Russian)
  14. ^ Активісти започаткували ініціативу «Бойкот російського кіно». (Activists launch Boycott of Russian Cinema initiative) (in Ukrainian) Mediasapiens. 22.09.2014
  15. ^ a b c Russlands imitierter «Kampf gegen Faschismus».— DiePresse.com (Russia's mock "fight against fascism) (in German)
  16. ^ Доктор Комаровський про російські канали: такої брехні не було ніколи в усьому Радянському Союзі (Dr. Komarovsky on Russian channels: there has never been such a lie in the entire Soviet Union) March 3, 2014
  17. ^ The Soviet Union's Demise As Seen by Today's Russians, Larisa Deriglazova. Russia File, Kennan Institute, Wilson Center, December 9, 2021
  18. ^ Vladimir Putin: The rebuilding of 'Soviet' Russia, BBC 28 March 2014
  19. ^ a b What does Putin want in Ukraine?: The conflict explained, Eliza Mackintosh and Rob Picheta. CNN, February 28, 2022, accessed March 3, 2022
  20. ^ How the Soviet Union's collapse explains the current Russia-Ukraine tension, Greg Myre. NPR, December 24, 2021
  21. ^ Ukraine: Conflict at the Crossroads of Europe and Russia, Jonathan Masters. Council on Foreign Relations, December 2, 2021
  22. ^ The Kremlin's propaganda machine is running at full throttle: But the truth is breaking through. The Economist, February 28, 2022
  23. ^ "Блок НАТО разошелся на блокпакеты" [NATO Divided About New Membership Applications]. Коммерсантъ. April 7, 2008.
  24. ^ "Лавров подтверждает слова Путина "Украина — это даже не государство" ["Lavrov confirms Putin's words "Ukraine is not even a state"]. УНІАН (in Russian). August 4, 2008.
  25. ^ Putin Has the U.S. Right Where He Wants It, Fiona Hill. New York Times, February 24, 2022
  26. ^ a b c Kremlin's unwillingness to recognize Ukraine as a sovereign state has resulted in major strategic failure for Russia Stanford scholar says, Melissa de Witte, Stanford News, January 6, 2022
  27. ^ Ukraine protests after Yanukovych EU deal rejection, BBC, 30 November 2013
  28. ^ How Ukraine Can Win The Information War Against Russia, Jill Goldenziel. Forbes, February 26, 2022
  29. ^ Лія Ахеджакова вважає, що пропаганда і цензура в Росії посилюються (Lia Akhedzhakova believes that propaganda and censorship in Russia are intensifying), 14.03.14 ТСН.ua
  30. ^ a b A timeline of the tensions between Russia and Ukraine, Matthew Mpoke Bigg. Feb. 18, 2022, New York Times
  31. ^ Fog of Falsehood: Russian Strategy of Deception and the Conflict in Ukraine, Katri Pynnöniemi and András Rácz (eds.), Finnish Institute of International Affairs, (in English) p.93
  32. ^ Цензура в Росії: закрили ЗМІ, що пишуть правду про Україну (CENSORSHIP IN RUSSIA: MEDIA OUTLETS COVERING THE TRUTH ABOUT UKRAINE HAVE BEEN SHUT DOWN), Volynnews, 13 March 2014 (in Ukrainian)
  33. ^ МЗС України стурбоване ситуацією зі свободою слова в Росії. (The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine is concerned about the situation with freedom of speech in Russia) Кореспондент (Korrespondent}, April 20 2014 (in Ukrainian)
  34. ^ Цензура в дії: Мінкульт Росії заборонив виставу про Майдан на книжковому фестивалі. Еспресо TV
  35. ^ У російських соціальних мережах автоматично видаляють пости з критикою Путіна. Український тиждень
  36. ^ Russian Information Warfare: Lessons from Ukraine, Margarita Levin Jaitner, Swedish Defense University. Chapter 10 in Kenneth Geers (Ed.), Cyber War in Perspective: Russian Aggression against Ukraine, NATO CCD COE Publications, Tallinn 2015, p.93
  37. ^ Путін звинуватив Литву і Польщу в підготовці силовиків для акцій у Києві Українська правда, 4 березня 2014 р.
  38. ^ A Russian Federation Information Warfare Primer, Conor Cunningham. University of Washington, November 12, 2020
  39. ^ Парубий рассказал, какой инструктаж получают российские силовики для ведения информационной войны в Украине
  40. ^ Агрессия России против Украины, Диверсанты на Востоке УкраиныПарубий рассказал, какой инструктаж получают российские силовики для ведения информационной войны в Украине: Россия инструктирует свои силовые подразделения о том, как вести информационную войну в Украине и влиять на сознание украинцев. (Russia's aggression against Ukraine, Saboteurs in Eastern Ukraine: Parubiy told what kind of instruction the Russian security forces receive to conduct an information war in Ukraine), CENSOR.NET 06/16/2014 (in Russian)
  41. ^ Phil Muncaster (24 February 2017). "Russia Admits Major Info Warfare Mission". Infosecurity Magazine.
  42. ^ Russian news outlet to close after being blocked by state media watchdog, Reuters. August 5 2021
  43. ^ Russian news site to close over 'foreign agent' designation: VTimes, one of country's last remaining independent media outlets, to shut this month, Andrew Roth. The Guardian, Moscow, 3 Jun 2021
  44. ^ a b c Russia: Fewer independent media outlets every day: Media outlets in Russia have to call the war against Ukraine a "special military operation." Journalists who try to resist face harsh consequences. The latest casualty is Russia's best-known independent radio station, Nicole Goebel, ed. Deutsche Welle, 03.03.2022 (in English)
  45. ^ More Russian media outlets close as Moscow cracks down, Anna Cooban, CNN Business. London, March 04, 2022. Accessed March 12, 2022
  46. ^ Russia Cracks Down on Dissenting Media and Blocks Facebook, James Ellingworth, Associated Press, TIME, March 5, 2022
  47. ^ Russian authorities block independent media outlets including Mediazona, says digital rights group Al-Jazeera, 6 March 2022
  48. ^ a b LETTER FROM DONBAS: 'Kill Your Commanding Officer': On the Front Lines of Putin's Digital War With Ukraine, Kenneth R. Rosen. Politico. 02/15/2022
  49. ^ As Russia Invaded, Hackers Broke Into A Ukrainian Internet Provider. Then Did It Again As Bombs Rained Down, Thomas Brewster. Forbes, March 10 2022.
  50. ^ Ukraine internet outages spark concerns of broader blackout: Outage reports have centered around Kharkiv, the second-largest city, Corin Faife. The Verge, February 24, 2022
  51. ^ Russia’s internet is still connected — but with stiff limits: The physical and network infrastructure of the Russian internet is more or less unchanged, but moves to heavily limit certain kinds of access may be afoot, Jon Gold. Network World, March 14 2022.
  52. ^ У Києві блокують російські телеканали «за пропаганду війни», Українська правда (Ukrainian Pravda). 4 March 2014 (Russian TV channels blocked in Kyiv "for propaganda of war")
  53. ^ "В Госдуме РФ призвали "на всех уровнях" помогать террористам на востоке Украины.— Укрінформ, 01.07.2014 13:49". Archived from the original on 2014-07-15. Retrieved 2019-05-16.
  54. ^ a b Аргумент.уа: Профессор Дугин, обычный русский фашист
  55. ^ a b Le Raspoutine de Poutine. Chantre d'un fascisme panslave, l'ultranationaliste Alexandre Douguine est un conseiller occulte du chef du Kremlin. Son but? Annexer une partie de l'Ukraine et reconstituer l'empire russe (Putin's Rasputin: Bard of a panslavic fascism, ultranationalist Alexander Dougin is a secret advisor to the head of the Kremlin. His goal? Annexing part of Ukraine and rebuilding the Russian empire). Le Nouvel Observateur, 30 April 2014 (in Russian)
  56. ^ «Мозг» Путина, фашист Дугин: «Лучше всего, если российская армия перейдет границу с Украиной».— Цензор. НЕТ, 13.05.14 09:10
  57. ^ Генсек НАТО звинуватив Росію в пропаганді війни і бажанні повалити владу в Україні. — РБК-Україна, 13.04.2014 13:57
  58. ^ Fact vs. Fiction: Russian Disinformation on UkraineFACT SHEET, Office of the Spokesperson, United States Department of State, January 20, 2022
  59. ^ Российское ТВ начало пропаганду войны среди детей! «Спокойно ночи, малыши» ушли в армию!. ВИДЕО. Цензор.НЕТ (Russian TV began propaganda of the war among children! "Good night, kids" went to the army!), Censor.net 12.03.2014
  60. ^ https://www.csis.org/analysis/russias-possible-invasion-ukraine
  61. ^ Russian passports: Putin's secret weapon in the war against Ukraine. atlanticcouncil.org. 13 April 2021. In English.
  62. ^ How Putin made the international media his unwitting accomplices. atlanticcouncil.org. 1 квітня 2021. In English
  63. ^ Putin’s Goons Say Tucker Carlson Is Must-See TV: The Kremlin has told state-run TV to air Carlson’s pro-Russia talking points as much as possible, Bess Levin. Vanity Fair, March 14, 2022
  64. ^ Kremlin memos urged Russian media to use Tucker Carlson clips – report: Russian government document instructed outlets to show Fox News host ‘as much as possible’, Mother Jones says, Martin Pengelly. 14 March 2022
  65. ^ Ukraine war: US senator blames Fox News’ Tucker Carlson for starting Russia’s bio lab accusation, South China Morning Post. 16 March 2022
  66. ^ Marjorie Taylor Greene parrots Russian propaganda claim that Ukraine’s 2014 revolution was US-backed coup:!Russian propaganda sources frequently characterise Ukraine’s 2014 ‘Revolution of Dignity’ as an illegitimate US-backed coup, Andrew Feinberg. The Independent, March 18, 2021
  67. ^ Russia's Use of PR as a Foreign Policy Tool // Russian analytical digest No. 81/10. 2010. pp. 7-10. (in English)
  68. ^ "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Ukraine". US Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. 6 March 2007. Retrieved 26 March 2017.
  69. ^ Zhuk, Alyona (24 September 2015). "Experts: Media owners overtake government as top threat to free speech". Kyiv Post. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015.
  70. ^ a b c d e f g Propaganda by Proxy: Ukrainian oligarchs, TV and Russia's influence, Jakob Hedenskog and Mattias Hjelm. Swedish Defense Research Agency, RUFS Briefing No. 48 Project No: A112001, October, 2020 FOI Memo: 7312
  71. ^ de Jong, Sijbren; Oosterveld, Willem Th.; Usanov, Artur; Kertysova, Katarina; Ilko, Ihor; Fernández-Garayzábal González, Juncal (2015). Beyond the Cold War of Words: How Online Media can make a Difference in the Post-Soviet Space (PDF). The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. pp. 55–56. ISBN 978-94-92102-15-7.
  72. ^ Ryabinska, Natalya (2011). "The Media Market and Media Ownership in Post-Communist Ukraine: Impact on Media Independence and Pluralism" (PDF). Problems of Post-Communism. 58 (6): 3–20. doi:10.2753/PPC1075-8216580601. ISSN 1075-8216. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-03-13. Retrieved 26 March 2017.
  73. ^ "Media Ownership Monitor: Ukrainian media prone to power plays more than ever". Reporters Without Borders. 11 October 2016. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
  74. ^ a b Court gives permission to detain Kozak, Ukrayinska Pravda (20 May 2021)
  75. ^ a b c d e "РНБО отримала докази фінансування каналів «112 Україна», ZIK і NewsOne з Росії — заступник голови ОП" [The National Security and Defense Council has received evidence of funding for 112 Ukraine, ZIK and NewsOne channels from Russia - Deputy Chairman of the OP]. hromadske.ua (in Ukrainian). 3 February 2021.
  76. ^ Ukraine's Security Council imposes sanctions on Nash TV channel for five years, Ukrinform. February 22, 2022 (in English)
  77. ^ Alternatively Pro-Russian: How NASH Operates: The NASH news network controlled by Murayev has taken the place of the banned TV channels of Medvedchuk. It mostly features the same guests and similar messages, Ukraine World, April 26, 2021
  78. ^ a b c d e f g Freedom House, Ukraine 2015 Freedom of the Press report
  79. ^ Медіа-Іскандери не сміються: «Вєсті», «UBR», «Strana.UA» і «Україна.РУ» як лобі Москви. informnapalm.org/ua/. 12.02.2017
  80. ^ Альтернативно проросійський: як працює телеканал «НАШ». radiosvoboda.org. 2 травня 2021
  81. ^ Denysenko, Vadym (2020). "Donetsk financial industrial groups consolidation at the turn of the XXI century". СХІД. Mariupol. 6 (170): 10. doi:10.21847/1728-9343.2020.6(170).219301. ISSN 1728-9343. S2CID 234384676. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  82. ^ Недашківський, Владислав (29 October 2021). "30 років незалежності України в ключових економічних подіях" [30 years of Ukraine's independence in key economic events]. Finance.ua (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 9 September 2021. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  83. ^ "Ахметов сконцентрировал 100% акций СКМ" [Akhmetov concentrated 100% of SCM shares]. Finance.ua (in Russian). 8 April 2009. Archived from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  84. ^ Kyiv Post, 15 December 2011, Trouble brews at Akhmetov's Segodnya daily, by Oksana Faryna.
  85. ^ Kyiv Post, 16 December 2011, Akhmetov: Segodnya newspaper must become stronger.
  86. ^ Russian information offensive in the international relations, Ryszard Szpyra. Security and Defence Quarterly 2020 30(3):31–48 DOI: https://doi.org/10.35467/sdq/124436
  87. ^ a b Natalia Popovich. "Як Росія програє інформаційну війну самій собі" [How Russia is losing the information war to itself]. Українська правда_Життя. Retrieved March 5, 2022.
  88. ^ Russia profile - Media, BBC. 26 April 2012 Updated 8 June 2021
  89. ^ a b ‘Pure Orwell’: how Russian state media spins invasion as liberation: State propaganda mobilised to sooth public’s deep unease over incursion into Ukraine, Pjotr Sauer. NPR, Moscow, 25 Feb 2022
  90. ^ RT, Sputnik and Russia's New Theory of War: How the Kremlin built one of the most powerful information weapons of the 21st century — and why it may be impossible to stop, Jim Rutenberg, New York Times, September 13, 2017
  91. ^ "Secretary Kerry on Ukraine" (Press release). CSPAN. April 24, 2014. Archived from the original on January 25, 2022. Retrieved February 25, 2022.
  92. ^ "Inside Putin's Media Machine". TIME.com. Retrieved 2017-12-21.
  93. ^ Kremlin-Funded Media: RT and Sputnik's Role in Russia's Disinformation and Propaganda and Ecosystem, Global Engagement Center. United States Department of State, January 2022, accessed March 3, 2022
  94. ^ Andrey Demartino (2021). False Mirrors: The Weaponization of Social Media in Russia's Operation to Annex Crimea. Books on Demand. ISBN 3838215338 – via Google Books. 9783838215334
  95. ^ "Росія вклала 9 мільярдів доларів у свою пропаганду – екс-конгресмен Ден Майка (виправлено)". Радіо Свобода. Retrieved 2017-12-21.
  96. ^ "The Russians came Pt.2 How much does the Russian information war cost?". Информационное сопротивление. 2015-11-10. Archived from the original on 2017-12-22. Retrieved 2017-12-21.
  97. ^ Putin Ramps Up RT's Propaganda Budget as Poll Rating Slumps. Anna Nemtsova, Daily Beast, March 05, 2021. Accessed March 3, 2022
  98. ^ "У Криму відключили 5-ий канал і "1+1"". Українська правда (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 2022-02-04.
  99. ^ a b "У Криму відключили від інтернету єдиний кримськотатарський телеканал". Українська правда (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 2022-02-04.
  100. ^ "Ми перемогли". glavcom.ua (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 2019-07-19.
  101. ^ "Росія тисне на Тиждень через Німеччину". tyzhden.ua (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 2019-07-19.
  102. ^ "РИА Новый Регион — Киев: Украинские СМИ сообщают о DDOS-атаках безграмотных российских хакеров. 03.03.14 21:08". Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 16 May 2019.
  103. ^ U.S. reveals Russian plot to use fake video as pretense for Ukraine invasion, Nicole Sganga. FEBRUARY 4, 2022, CBS NEWS
  104. ^ Missiles rain down around Ukraine, Natalia Zinets and Aleksandar Vasovic. Reuters, February 24 2022
  105. ^ a b The increasingly complicated Russia-Ukraine crisis, explained: How the world got here, what Russia wants, and more questions, answered. Jen Kirby and Jonathan Guyer, Vox, February 23, 2022, accessed March 2, 2022
  106. ^ "Putin Pledges To Protect All Ethnic Russians Anywhere. So, Where Are They?, Robert Coalson. Radio Free Europe". April 10, 2014.
  107. ^ Rand p.32
  108. ^ (according to the Russian edition of The New Times)
  109. ^ У «Самооборони» Криму, про яку говорить Путін, російська зброя Українська правда, 4 березня 2014
  110. ^ Информационная война: пять примеров российской пропаганды
  111. ^ МИД РФ переплюнул Геббельса: «российские войска в Крыму ничего не нарушают» (Russian Foreign Ministry surpassed Goebbels: "Russian troops in Crimea do not violate anything"). Censor.net, 2014-03-03, accessed 2022-03-02
  112. ^ У "Самооборони" Криму, про яку говорить Путін, російська зброя (In the "Self-Defense" of Crimea, which Putin talks about, Russian weapons), March 4, 2014, Pravda.ua, accessed March 3, 2022
  113. ^ a b c d 4 Falsehoods Russians Are Told About the War, Stuart A. Thompson. March 10, 2022]
  114. ^ Sear, Tom (2018). "#MH17: Initial observations of Russian influence operations relating to Australia". Researchgate.net. doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.36564.86404. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
  115. ^ Aric Toler, The Kremlin's Shifting, Self-Contradicting Narratives on MH17 January 5, 2018 (Russian: Непостійні, взаємно-суперечливі історії Кремля щодо MH-17) (in English) // Bellingcat, 5 січня 2018
  116. ^ Why Russia loves banging on the 'fake news' drum, Nathan Hodge. CNN, February 4, 2022
  117. ^ Sear, Tom (2018). "#MH17: Initial observations of Russian influence operations relating to Australia". Joint Standing Committee on Electoral Matters, Australian Parliament. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
  118. ^ Knight, Amy (31 May 2019). "Russia Deployed Its Trolls to Cover Up the Murder of 298 People on MH17". The Daily Beast.
  119. ^ Rand p.33
  120. ^ "A Powerful Russian Weapon: The Spread of False Stories, Neil MacFarquhar, New York Times. August 28, 2016".
  121. ^ Reid Standish. "Propaganda Watch: Listen to Two Russians Badly Impersonate CIA Spies to Pin MH17 on U.S." Foreign Policy. Retrieved August 14, 2015.
  122. ^ "MI6: установка, з якої збили "Боїнг", має російське походження". Українська правда. Retrieved 2022-03-02.
  123. ^ "У Великій Британії заявили, що літак рейсу МН17 збили з російської установки". tyzhden.ua (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 2018-01-12.[dead link]
  124. ^ "Малазійський літак MH17 збили з російської установки, - британська розвідка". espreso.tv. Retrieved 2022-03-02.
  125. ^ US: Over 130,000 Russian troops now staged outside Ukraine, Ellen Knickermeyer, Jim Heintz and Aamer Madhani. Associated Press, February 13, 2022, accessed March 3, 2022
  126. ^ Ukraine tensions: Russia stages military drills with Belarus, BBC. 10 February 2022
  127. ^ Ukraine suspends evacuation in Mariupol amid Russian shelling: Ceasefire effort falters as both sides accuse each other of firing. Associated Press, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, March 5, 2022, accessed March 5, 2022
  128. ^ Why Vladimir Putin Trotted Out a ‘Nazi’ Smear to Justify Invading Ukraine: The Russian president didn’t invent the notion that Ukraine is run by Nazis, but he’s given the trope its biggest airing yet, Tim Hume. Vice, February 24, 2022
  129. ^ Karlsen, G.H. Divide and rule: ten lessons about Russian political influence activities in Europe Palgrave Communications 5, 19 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-019-0227-8
  130. ^ The Russo-Ukrainian gas dispute of January 2009: a comprehensive assessment Archived November 16, 2009, at the Wayback Machine Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, Section 3, Retrieved on October 13, 2009
  131. ^ Неизвестные взломали аккаунт лидера «Правого сектора» Д.Яроша и разместили фейковое обращение
  132. ^ "РИА Новый Регион: Роскомнадзор заблокировал "ВКонтакте" сообщества Евромайдана и "Правого сектора", 03.03.14 13:45". Archived from the original on 3 March 2014. Retrieved 16 May 2019.
  133. ^ Russia Tries to Terrorize Ukraine With Images of Chechen Soldiers, Justin Ling. Foreign Policy, February 26, 2022
  134. ^ Fake social media accounts aimed at Ukraine, says Meta. France24, February 28, 2022
  135. ^ National Security: Inside a Russian disinformation campaign in Ukraine in 2014, Ellen Nakashima. Washington Post, December 25, 2017
  136. ^ Russian Social Media Influence: Understanding Russian Propaganda in Eastern Europe, Todd C. Helmus, Elizabeth Bodine-Baron, Andrew Radin, Madeline Magnuson, Joshua Mendelsohn, William Marcellino, Andriy Bega, and Zev Winkelman. RAND Corporation, 2018. ISBN 978-0-8330-9957-0
  137. ^ Бедратенко, Оксана. ""Як Facebook допоміг російському вторгненню до України" - MSNBC" ["How Facebook Helped Russia's Invasion of Ukraine" - MSNBC]. VOA (in Ukrainian). Retrieved March 3, 2022.
  138. ^ "Facebook заблокував сторінку "Книги пам'яті полеглих за Україну"". www.unian.ua (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 2019-07-14.
  139. ^ "Facebook заблокував сторінку "Книги пам'яті полеглих за Україну"". www.ukrinform.ua (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 2019-07-14.
  140. ^ "Facebook заблокував сторінку "Книги пам'яті полеглих за Україну"". Українська правда (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 2019-07-14.
  141. ^ a b RT America Shuts Down Amid Russian State-Media Bans, Rebecca Alter. Vulture, March 6, 2022
  142. ^ Russia continues its online censorship spree by blocking Instagram: Why Putin's crackdown on social media is a worrying sign, Shirin Ghaffary. Vox, March 11, 2022
  143. ^ "Russian Lawmakers Set to Debate Internet Blacklist". RIA Novosti. 6 July 2012. Archived from the original on 8 July 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
  144. ^ "Забастовка Википедии на русском языке". 10 July 2012. Archived from the original on 11 July 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
  145. ^ "Russian Wikipedia goes dark in protest at censor law". BBC News. 10 July 2012. Archived from the original on 10 July 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
  146. ^ "Wikipedia down in protest in Russia". Euronews. 10 July 2012. Archived from the original on 12 July 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
  147. ^ Andrew E. Kramer (31 March 2013). "Russians Selectively Blocking Internet". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 4 April 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2013.
  148. ^ "Russian media regulator confirms Wikipedia blacklisted". Russia Beyond the Headlines. 5 April 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2013.
  149. ^ Sorokanich, Robert. "A Tweetbot Caught the Russian Gov't Editing Flight MH17 Wikipedia Info". Archived from the original on 15 November 2016. Retrieved 3 December 2016.
  150. ^ Dewey, Caitlin (21 July 2014). "Flight MH17's Wikipedia page edited by Russian government; An IP address associated with Vladimir Putin's office has made multiple edits to the Wikipedia page for the MH17 flight page". Toronto Star. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
  151. ^ Zeveleva, Olga (6 August 2014). "Knowledge is power: why is the Russian government editing Wikipedia?". The Calvert Journal. Archived from the original on 18 November 2016. Retrieved 3 December 2016.
  152. ^ a b c d Cole, Samantha (1 March 2022). "Russia Threatens to Block Wikipedia for Stating Facts About Its War Casualties, Editors Say". VICE. New York City: VICE Media. ISSN 1077-6788. OCLC 30856250. Archived from the original on 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
  153. ^ Song, Victoria (2022-03-11). "A top Wikipedia editor has been arrested in Belarus". The Verge. Archived from the original on 2022-03-11. Retrieved 2022-03-11.
  154. ^ Tsodikova, Liza (2014-03-24). ""Волк, который кричал "Фашист!" - патология российской пропаганды против Украины. Часть 1". StopFake (in Russian). Retrieved 2022-02-04.
  155. ^ Voice of America (19 June 2014). "Російська пропаганда це злочин проти культури - заява письменників" [Russian propaganda is a crime against culture, the writers said]. Українська правда (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 2022-02-04.
  156. ^ "Як діє російська has пропаганда" [How Russian Propaganda Works]. Українська правда (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 2022-02-04.
  157. ^ Сутички на Грушевського. The Insider (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 21 January 2014.
  158. ^ Rachkevych, Mark (21 January 2014). "Mobile phone providers deny sending text messages to EuroMaidan participants". Kyiv Post. Archived from the original on 21 January 2014.
  159. ^ Fraceshci, Lorenzo (21 January 2014). "Someone Sent a Mysterious Mass Text to Protesters in Kiev". Mashable. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 21 January 2014.
  160. ^ Special Report: Why Ukraine spurned the EU and embraced Russia, Elizabeth Piper. Reuters, December 13, 2019
  161. ^ Ukraine crisis: deadly clashes shatter truce – Thursday 20 February Matthew Weaver and Tom McCarthy. The Guardian, 20 Feb 2014
  162. ^ Ukraine's President Voted Out, Flees Kiev Alan Taylor. The Atlantic, February 22, 2014
  163. ^ Ukrainian MPs vote to oust President Yanukovych, BBC, 22 February 2014
  164. ^ Ukraine’s president calls efforts to push him from office a ‘coup’, Phil Black. Chelsea J. Carter and Victoria Butenko. CNN, February 22, 2014
  165. ^ Viktor Yanukovych urges Russia to act over Ukrainian ‘bandit coup’: Deposed president says Crimea should remain part of Ukraine and expresses surprise at Vladimir Putin's restraint, Shaun Walker. The Guardian, 28 Feb 2014
  166. ^ Ukrainian MPs vote to oust President. BBC, 22 February 2014, accessed March 3, 2022
  167. ^ Why Vladimir Putin Invokes Nazis to Justify His Invasion of Ukraine, Anton Troianovski. New York Times, March 17, 2022
  168. ^ Russia: Don't Trust Ukraine's Opposition, Natalya Krainova. The Moscow Times, Feb. 23, 2014
  169. ^ "Russian Foreign Ministry called the Ukrainian revolution "brown"". lenta.ru. RU. 19 February 2014.
  170. ^ "МИД России: В Украине "коричневая" революция, мы применим все влияние" [Russian Foreign Ministry: In Ukraine the "brown" revolution, we will apply all the influence]. Ukrayinska Pravda (in Russian). UA. 19 February 2014.
  171. ^ Debunking the Kremlin myth about the 'Korsun pogrom', Olena Goncharova, Kyiv Post. March 18, 2015
  172. ^ a b "Путин попросил ввести войска РФ в Крым из-за инсценированного боя со стрельбой и "липовыми" жертвами. Украинская правда. Процитовано 21 грудня 2016" [Putin asked to send Russian troops to Crimea because of a staged battle with shooting and "fake" victims] (in Ukrainian). Pravda. March 2, 2014. Retrieved March 2, 2022.
  173. ^ a b "Putin's narrative on Crimea annexation takes an evolutionary leap". Kyiv Post. 11 March 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
  174. ^ правды», Комсомольская правда | Сайт "Комсомольской (2014-03-24). "В Крыму сдалась последняя украинская воинская часть". KP.RU — сайт «Комсомольской правды» (in Russian). Retrieved 2017-05-26.
  175. ^ SBU detains Russian provocateur believed to have planned raid on parliament, cabinet buildings, Christopher J. Miller. Kyiv Post, March 31, 2014
  176. ^ Alexander Dugin: The Crazy Ideologue of the New Russian Empire – The Daily Beast. Thedailybeast.com. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
  177. ^ "Russian forces operating in two Donetsk cities, Ukraine minister says :: Daily News :: Research :: Concorde Capital. IPO, M&A, research, sales and trading. IPO в Украине". Concorde.ua. Archived from the original on 17 April 2014. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
  178. ^ "Ukraina: Zidentyfikowano ludzi, którzy pojawili się w Słowiańsku i Kramatorsku. To żołnierze rosyjscy" (in Polish). Wiadomosci.gazeta.pl. 16 April 2014. Archived from the original on 21 April 2014. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
  179. ^ How Russian Media Turned Construction Site Into 'Concentration Camp', Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. May 02, 2014
  180. ^ https://tass.com/world/729871 Ukrainian radicals attack peaceful antifascist procession in Donetsk, TASS, April 29, 2014
  181. ^ The lie of Russian mass media: Ukrainian soldiers kill their own men unwilling to fight, StopFake. June 27, 2014
  182. ^ Ukraine and Russia are both trapped by the war in Donbas: The Minsk-2 peace agreement is a sham, but neither side can pull out, The Economist, May 25th 2017
  183. ^ A Test for Ukraine in a City Retaken From Rebels, Andrew Higgins, New York Times, Aug. 1, 2014
  184. ^ Russian media fabricated story about a child getting killed by Ukrainian shelling, the BBC says, Karoun Demirjian. Washington Post. April 8, 2015
  185. ^ There's No Evidence the Ukrainian Army Crucified a Child in Slovyansk: GRISLY FABRICATION, Anna Nemtsova, Daily Beast, updated July 12, 2017, first published July 15, 2014
  186. ^ a b c A Ukrainian murder mystery ensnares a church in former rebel stronghold: That pro-Russia separatists kidnapped and murdered four members of a Pentecostal church in Slaviansk seems sure. But very little else about the incident is, Scott Peterson, Christian Science Monitor. August 12, 2014
  187. ^ Police finds murderers of Pentecostals in Slovyansk, Religious Information Service of Ukraine, January 31, 2018
  188. ^ Українці затролили росіян пародіями на вірусну рекламу їх армії. 07.05.2014 (Ukrainians trolled Russians with parodies of their army's viral advertisements) May 7, 2014
  189. ^ a b The Azov Battalion: Extremists defending Mariupol, Roman Goncharenko. Deutsche Welle, March 16, 2022 (in English)
  190. ^ The scars of Ukraine's war in Mariupol, Christian F. Trippe. Deutsche Welle, July 27 2016 (in English)
  191. ^ "Украинский журналист предложил убить 1,5 млн жителей Донбасса" [Ukrainian journalist proposed to kill 1.5 million residents of Donbass]. ВЗГЛЯД.РУ (in Russian). August 1, 2014. Retrieved 2022-02-04.
  192. ^ Богдан Буткевич Все просто, нужно убить 1 5млн жителей Донбасса, retrieved 2022-02-04 YouTube video, Hromadske TV
  193. ^ Captured Russian troops 'in Ukraine by accident', BBC. 26 August 2014
  194. ^ "КАПИТАН, КОТОРЫЙ ИЗМЕНИЛ ХОД ВОЙНЫ" [The captain who changed the course of the war]. Censor.net (in Russian). Retrieved 31 October 2016.
  195. ^ "КОГДА И КАК ВЗЯЛИ В ПЛЕН ДЕСЯТЬ РОССИЙСКИХ ДЕСАНТНИКОВ 24 АВГУСТА 2014 ГОДА?" [When and how 10 Russian paratroopers were captured]. Censor.net (in Russian). Retrieved 31 October 2016.
  196. ^ Ukraine bans Russian TV channels for airing war 'propaganda', Reuters. August 19, 2014
  197. ^ Russian Disinformation Distorted Reality in Ukraine. Americans Should Take Note: Putin's propaganda portrayed Ukraine as a fascist state filled with anti-Semites. Despite Ukrainians' election of a Jewish president, the image has stuck, Sam Sokol, Foreign Policy, August 2, 2019
  198. ^ CyberBerkut says it hacks into electronic counting system, Ukraine's CEC website, October 25 2014, TASS (in English)
  199. ^ "Ukraine Says It Uncovered Plot to Create People's Republic in Odessa". The Moscow Times. 28 October 2014. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
  200. ^ "RWB Opposes Creation of Information Ministry". Reporters without Borders. 2 December 2014. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  201. ^ "Latest from OSCE Special Monitoring Mission (SMM) to Ukraine based on information received as of 18:00 (Kyiv time), 28 January 2015". osce.org. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  202. ^ Malgin, Andrei (28 January 2015). "Russia Is Denying the Obvious in Ukraine". The Moscow Times. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  203. ^ "Tensions in Ukraine: Tense Moments as Fireball Erupts Into Night Sky".
  204. ^ "Ukraine crisis: Leaders agree peace roadmap". BBC News. 12 February 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
  205. ^ "Agence France-Presse: 'Stop shooting' EU pleads as fresh Ukraine ceasefire teeters".
  206. ^ "Ukraine soldiers taken prisoner in fighting for railway hub".
  207. ^ Russian media fabricated story about a child getting killed by Ukrainian shelling, the BBC says, Karoun Demirjian. Washington Post, April 8, 2015
  208. ^ "Girl killed in Ukraine 'never existed'". BBC News. Retrieved 2022-02-04.
  209. ^ "Журналісти ВВС дізналися, що сюжет про смерть 10-річної дівчинки в Донецьку був вигадкою" [BBC journalists learned that the story of the death of a 10-year-old girl in Donetsk was a fabrication]. racurs.ua (in Ukrainian). April 8, 2015. Retrieved March 8, 2022.
  210. ^ Ukraine: Everything you need to know about how we got here, Nick Thompson. CNN, February 3, 2017
  211. ^ Mariia Zhdanova, University of Glasgow and Dariya Orlova, European Journalism Observatory. Computational Propaganda in Ukraine: Caught Between External Threats and Internal Challenges. Working Paper. 2017.9. Project on Computational Propaganda
  212. ^ Ukraine accused of stealing Russian gas as fuel flow declines: Kiev insists it is honouring transit supply agreement: Pipeline pressure starts to fall in neighbouring states, Tom Parfitt, The Guardian 2 January, 2009
  213. ^ Danger Close: Fancy Bear Tracking of Ukrainian Field Artillery Units Crowdstrike, December 22, 2016
  214. ^ Luhn, Alec (16 May 2017). "Ukraine blocks popular social networks as part of sanctions on Russia". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 May 2017.
  215. ^ a b c Russian info war preceded Ukrainian ship seizures: EU, Agence France-Presse, RFI, Oct 12, 2018
  216. ^ Boffey, Daniel (10 December 2018). "Russia 'paved way for Ukraine ship seizures with fake news drive'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 13 December 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2018.
  217. ^ "Ukrainian Secret Services Search House Of Kremlin-Friendly Politician Medvedchuk". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  218. ^ "Медведчук прибув до Офісу генпрокурора (відео)". www.unian.ua (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  219. ^ Danilov believes that Medvedchuk can be exchanged for Kremlin political prisoners, Ukrayinska Pravda (15 May 2021)
  220. ^ Russian authorities have decided to liquidate the company through which Medvedchuk received suspicion, Ukrayinska Pravda (14 May 2021)
  221. ^ "Ukraine ex-leader Poroshenko faces 'treason' charges".
  222. ^ "Ukraine's Zelensky alleges Russia plotting coup against him for next week". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2021-11-28.
  223. ^ [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/nov/26/ukrainian-intelligence-warns-russia-backed-december-coup Ukraine has uncovered Russian-linked coup plot, says president Volodymyr Zelenskiy says there is evidence of ‘coup d’état’ being planned for early December], Patrick Wintour. The Guardian, 26 November 2021
  224. ^ Akhmetov calls “absolute lie” Zelensky coup allegations as SCM bonds fall Research Concorde Capital, 29 November 2021
  225. ^ Number of Twitter Accounts Spreading Pro-Russian Disinformation/Propaganda increased dramatically in December and Early January compared to November 2021, Mythos Labs. January 8, 2022
  226. ^ Former President Poroshenko Not Worried He'll Be Arrested Upon Return To Ukraine, Current Time, Radio Free Europe, January 14, 2022
  227. ^ [Kremlin plan to install pro-Russian leadership in Ukraine exposed: Foreign Secretary Liz Truss gave a statement on the Kremlin plan to install pro-Russian leadership in Ukraine], Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office and The Rt Hon Elizabeth Truss MP, 22 January 2022
  228. ^ Putin's Preparations for Ukraine: The autocrat has been trying for decades to end what he sees as a prolonged period of Russian humiliation, David Remnick, The New Yorker. February 21, 2022
  229. ^ "Ukraine: Zelenskiy bans three opposition TV stations". DW.com. 3 February 2021.
  230. ^ "Alternatively Pro-Russian: How NASH Operates". Ukraine World. 26 April 2021.
  231. ^ Zaks, Dmitry (2022-02-21). "Information War Rages Ahead of Feared Russian Invasion". The Moscow Times. AFP. Archived from the original on 2022-02-21. Retrieved 2022-02-23.
  232. ^ Bowman, Verity (2022-02-21). "Four Russian false flags that are comically easy to debunk". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2022-02-21. Retrieved 2022-02-23.
  233. ^ Inside the High-Stakes Fight to Control the Narrative on Ukraine: As Putin searches for a pretext to invade Ukraine, the Biden Administration has moved to release, in real time, what it knows of Russia's war plans, Joshua Yaffa and Adam Entous. The New Yorker, February 21, 2022
  234. ^ https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-60561089 Ukraine crisis: Google Maps live traffic data turned off in country], Marc Cieslak and Tom Gerken. BBC News, 28 February 2022
  235. ^ Russia used powerful vacuum bomb on Ukraine, envoy says: Thermobaric weapon works by taking in oxygen to create powerful, high-temperature explosions Camille Gijs and Douglas, Politico, March 1, 2022
  236. ^ Russia blocks access to BBC and Voice of America websites Reuters, March 4 2022
  237. ^ Russia restricts access to several Western media websites: Russian communications watchdog restricts access to sites including BBC, Deutsche Welle and Radio Free Europe following request by prosecutors, Al-Jazeera, March 4, 2022
  238. ^ Anatomy of the Mariupol hospital attack, Katie Polglase, Gianluca Mezzofiore and Livvy Doherty. CNN, March 17, 2022. Design by Sarah-Grace Mankarious, CNN
  239. ^ Ukraine war: Three dead as maternity hospital hit by Russian air strike, BBC. 9 March 2022
  240. ^ Pregnant woman, baby die after Russian bombing in Mariupol, Mstyslav Chernov, Associated Press, March 14, 2022
  241. ^ Mariupol bombing victim gives birth after Russian embassy falsely claimed she was an actress and faked her injuries: Mariana Vishegirskaya gave birth to a baby girl after being injured during a Russian airstrike on the maternity and children’s wards of a hospital in Mariupol on Wednesday, Joe Duggan.
  242. ^ Dan Milmo, Hibaq Farah (March 10, 2022). "Twitter removes Russian embassy tweet on Mariupol bombing". Guardian. Retrieved March 11, 2022.
  243. ^ https://www.businessinsider.com/video-ukraine-workers-defuse-500kg-bomb-in-chernihiv-after-attack-2022-3 Video shows 2 workers defusing unexploded bomb in Ukrainian city under Russian attack, using bottled water and very steady hands], Mia Jankowicz. Business Insider, March 11, 2022
  244. ^ Inside One of Russia’s Deadliest Assaults on a Ukraine City. ‘They Want to Terrorize.’: In the ancient city of Chernihiv, bodies were pulled from the rubble for days after a bombing shortly after the start of Russia’s invasion, James Marson. Wall Street Journal, March 13, 2022
  245. ^ "Three FAB-500 aerial bombs found in Chernihiv". news 24. 2017-02-15. Retrieved 2022-03-05.
  246. ^ Azov battalion militants blow up Mariupol theater building — Defense Ministry, TASS. March 16, 2022
  247. ^ Ukraine says 10 civilians shot dead by Russian forces while waiting in bread line, Sean Boynton. Global News March 16, 2022
  248. ^ Five bodies, including three of children, retrieved from rubble after Chernihiv dorm bombed by Russians, Ukrinform, March 16, 2022
  249. ^ РФ обратится в международные организации из-за геноцида мирного населения со стороны Киева (Russia will turn to international organizations because of the genocide of civilians by Kyiv), TASS. March 16 2022 (in Russian)
  250. ^ Ukraine news - live: Doubts over Russian assault on Kyiv as ambassador denies Moscow bombed Mariupol theatre, Sam Hancock, Joe Middleton, Graeme Massie and Alisha Rahaman Sarkar. The Independent, March 17, 2022
  251. ^ National Guard refutes Russian state media reports that falsely claim Tennessee National Guard members killed in Ukraine, National Guard, March 17, 2022
  252. ^ Terajima, Asami (2022-03-21). "At least 8 killed by Russian missile attack on Kyiv shopping mall (PHOTOS)". The Kyiv Independent. Retrieved 2022-03-22.
  253. ^ Aima, Ngozi (2022-03-21). "Russia explains attack on Kiev shopping center". TDPel Media. Retrieved 2022-03-22.
  254. ^ Debunking the Kremlin myth about the 'Korsun pogrom' (VIDEO), Olena Goncharova, Kyiv Post. March 18, 2015
  255. ^ "Фейк по-лугански: "Стингеры" из Battlefield 3" [Fake in Lugansk: "Stingers" from Battlefield 3]. Настоящее Время (in Russian). July 23, 2015. Retrieved 2022-02-04.
  256. ^ InfoResist.org (2022-02-04). "В Интернете высмеяли "Стингеры" из Луганского аэропорта: боевики переиграли в компьютерные игры | ФОТО". InfoResist (in Russian). Retrieved 2022-02-04.
  257. ^ From InfoResist: "incorrectly translated stencils on vehicles ("re-usable" instead of "re usable", "date loaded" instead of "date louded"), a wooden box (when the Stinger is always supplied in a branded metal one)"
  258. ^ "Склад с оружием из США нашли при разборе завалов в аэропорту Луганска". РИА Новости (in Russian). 2015-07-22. Retrieved 2022-02-04.
  259. ^ tvzvezda.ru, Редакция (2015-07-22). "Склад смертельного оружия из США нашли ополченцы в аэропорту Луганска". Телеканал «Звезда» (in Russian). Retrieved 2022-02-04.
  260. ^ Behind the Dutch Terror Threat Video: The St. Petersburg "Troll Factory" Connection, Bellingcat, April 3, 2016
  261. ^ Feed the Bears, Starve the Trolls: Demystifying Russia's Cybered Information Confrontation Strategy, Nina A. Kollars and Michael B. Petersen. The Cyber Defense Review SPECIAL EDITION: International Conference on Cyber Conflict (CYCON U.S.), November 14-15, 2018: Cyber Conflict During Competition (2019), pp. 145-160 (16 pages) Published by: Army Cyber Institute, via Jstor, p.148
  262. ^ Andrey Soshnikov (13 November 2017). "Inside a pro-Russia propaganda machine in Ukraine". BBC Russian.
  263. ^ "Kiber Berkut". archive.is. 2016-11-18. Retrieved 2022-02-04.
  264. ^ "Мистецтво фейку: арт-центр в Донецьку перетворили на "базу ІДІЛ"". BBC News Україна (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 2022-03-08.
  265. ^ "ІЗОЛЯЦІЯ в вигнанні" [Isolation in exile]. Izolyatsia (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 2022-02-04.
  266. ^ @DFRLab (2018-09-19). "#MinskMonitor: Supposed Security Service Video Actually Separatists". DFRLab. Retrieved 2022-02-04.
  267. ^ "У "ДНР" помітили БТР із пропагандистського ролику "Роззброєння бази "Правого сектору"" [In the "DPR" noticed the armored personnel carrier from the propaganda video "Disarmament of the base of the" Right Sector "]. espreso.tv (in Ukrainian). September 11, 2018. Retrieved 2022-02-04.
  268. ^ Цензор.НЕТ (September 11, 2018). "БТР из российского фейка о "разоружении базы "Правого сектора" засветился в оккупированном Донецке. ФОТОрепортаж" [An armored personnel carrier from the Russian fake about "the disarmament of the base of the" Right Sector "lit up in the occupied Donetsk. PHOTO-report]. Цензор.НЕТ (in Russian). Retrieved 2022-02-04.
  269. ^ Inside a pro-Russia propaganda machine in Ukraine, Andrei Soshnikov. BBC Russian, 13 November 2017
  270. ^ "Жёсткое задержание на украинском блокпосту или очередной постановочный кинофильм "ДНР"" [Severe detention at a Ukrainian checkpoint or another staged "DNR" film]. Мілітарний (in Ukrainian). August 17, 2018. Retrieved 2022-02-04.
  271. ^ Silverman, Craig; Kao, Jeff (8 March 2022). "In the Ukraine Conflict, Fake Fact-Checks Are Being Used to Spread Disinformation". ProPublica. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
  272. ^ Gómez, Emiliano Tahui. "Fact check: Footage of helicopter attacking convoy is from video game, not invasion of Ukraine". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2022-03-22.
  273. ^ Allyn, Bobby (March 16, 2022). "Deepfake video of Zelenskyy could be 'tip of the iceberg' in info war, experts warn". NPR. Retrieved March 17, 2022.
  274. ^ This deepfake of Zelenskyy went viral. Let it be a warning to us all: Officials spotted a fake video purporting to show Ukraine's president surrendering. We may not be so lucky next time, Ja'han Jones. MSNBC, March 17, 2022
  275. ^ "Європарламент прийняв резолюцію про протидію російській пропаганді" [The European Parliament has adopted a resolution against Russian propaganda]. Зеркало недели | Дзеркало тижня | Mirror Weekly. October 23, 2016. Retrieved 2022-03-03.
  276. ^ "Путін прокоментував ухвалення Європарламентом резолюції з протидії російській пропаганді" [Putin commented on the adoption by the European Parliament of a resolution to counter Russian propaganda]. ТСН.ua. November 23, 2016. Retrieved 2022-03-03.
  277. ^ YouTube blocks Russian state-funded media channels globally: The Google-owned platform said the invasion of Ukraine fell under its violent events policy and violating material would be removed, Guardian staff and agencies. Fri 11 Mar 2022
  278. ^ Roku, DirecTV drop Russian-backed RT channel: US providers are dropping the channel from their lineups, Catie Keck, Verge, March 1, 2022
  279. ^ Russia's Information War Is Being Waged on Social Media Platforms: But tech companies and governments are fighting back, Sophie Bushwick. Scientific American, March 8, 2022
  280. ^ [https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/03/technology/ukraine-war-misinfo.html Fact and Mythmaking Blend in Ukraine’s Information War Experts say stories like the Ghost of Kyiv and Snake Island, both of questionable veracity, are propaganda or morale boosters, or perhaps both], Stuart A. Thompson and Davey Alba. New York Times, Published March 3, 2022 Updated March 8, 2022
  281. ^ Why Zelenskyy's 'selfie videos' are helping Ukraine win the PR war against Russia, Anjana Susarla, Michigan State University. The Conversation, March 1, 2022
  282. ^ Zelensky is a hero – but bravery alone won't defeat the Russians: We can't assume a happy ending for Ukraine. It needs our support, Otto English. New Statesman, March 1, 2022
  283. ^ Five takeaways from Zelensky's virtual address to Congress, Niall Stanage. The Hill, March 16, 2022
  284. ^ Pundit ripped for criticizing Zelensky's attire for address, Judy Kurtz. The Hill, March 16, 2022
  285. ^ Zelenskyy gets standing ovation for minutes after powerful address to Canada, Isabelle Docto. Daily Hive, March 15 2022
  286. ^ ‘We will fight to the end': Standing ovation for defiant Zelenskyy from British parliament: Conjures up Winston Churchill in video plea for more sanctions against 'terrorist state' Russia, William James and Elizabeth Piper, Reuters. National Post, Mar 08, 2022
  287. ^ Zelenskyy gets standing ovation after speech to European Parliament: 'Nobody is going to break us': The speech came hours after the Ukrainian president submitted an application to the European Union to grant Ukraine immediate membership into the bloc, Elisha Fieldstadt. NBC News, Elisha Fieldstadt
  288. ^ Zelensky's Last-Ditch Plea for Peace: The Ukrainian president made a final appeal to the Russian public just hours before the invasion began. Foreign Policy, February 23, 2022
  289. ^ Russia's Propaganda Machine Is Faltering Over UkraineA once well-oiled system has been shocked by the war, Ian Garner. Foreign Policy, March 8, 2022
  290. ^ Vladimir Putin: Russia's action man president, BBC. 24 September 2011
  291. ^ The bizarre, literal isolation of Vladimir Putin, Philip Bump. Washington Post, February 28, 2022
  292. ^ https://factcheck.afp.com/doc.afp.com.324B7CA Photo of Ukrainian President Zelensky in military gear was taken in 2021 — before Russian invasion, AFP Singapore, 03 March 2022
  293. ^ Ukraine invasion: Misleading claims continue to go viral, Kayleen Devlin and Shayan Sardarizadeh. BBC Monitoring, 28 February 2022
  294. ^ Putin's Long Tables Explained: Why He Puts Some Leaders, Including Germany's Scholz, At An Extreme Distance, Derek Saul. Forbes, February 15, 2022
  295. ^ How Ukraine is winning the propaganda war, Sarah Sicard. Military Times, March 3, 3022
  296. ^ A Fearless Woman Used Sunflower Seeds To Tell Off Russians In Ukraine & The Video Is Intense: "What the f--- are you doing on our land with all these guns?", Andrew Mrozowski. Narcity, February 25, 2022
  297. ^ Brave Ukrainian women's tells Russian soldier: 'Put sunflower seeds in your pocket so they grow when you die.', Shweta Sharma, The Independent, February 25, 2022
  298. ^ a b Fact check: Ukraine's 'Ghost of Kyiv' fighter pilot, Deutsche Welle. 01.03.2022
  299. ^ The Ghost of Kyiv: A Legend Born of Social Media, But Is He Real?: Some say the stories of this fighter pilot are true, while others believe it's little more than a story to keep hopes up during bleak times, Kimberly Johnson and Meg Godlewski. Flying, March 2, 2022

Further reading[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russian_information_war_against_Ukraine&oldid=1079029714"