2022 Ukrainian refugee crisis

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Refugees crossing into Poland, 7 March 2022
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An ongoing refugee crisis began in Europe in late February 2022 after Russia's invasion of Ukraine. Almost 3.7 million refugees have left Ukraine (as of 23 March 2022),[1] while an estimated 6.48 million people have been displaced within the country (as of 16 March 2022).[2] In total, ten million people – more than a quarter of the population – had left their homes in Ukraine by 20 March.[3] The invasion has caused Europe's largest refugee crisis since World War II and its aftermath,[4] the first of its kind in Europe since the Yugoslav Wars in the 1990s,[5][6] and one of the largest refugee crises in the world in the 21st century, with the highest refugee flight rate in the world.[7][8]

The vast majority of refugees have directly entered neighboring nations to the west of Ukraine. Poland has received more refugees from Ukraine than all other European countries combined.[1] Other neighboring countries of Ukraine that have received refugees are Romania, Moldova, Hungary and Slovakia.[9] Some refugees have then moved further west to other European countries and, to a lesser extent, elsewhere.[10] However, observers note that most are likely to stay in Poland and other countries in Central Europe because "tight labor markets, affordable cities and a pre-existing diaspora have made those countries more appealing alternatives for Ukrainians, who find options slimmer in Europe's west."[10]

EU countries bordering Ukraine have allowed entry to all people fleeing war in Ukraine on humanitarian grounds, regardless of whether or not they have a biometric passport,[11] and the EU has decided to grant them the right to stay, work and study in any EU member state of their choosing for an initial period of one year.[12] Some non-European and Romani people have reported ethnic discrimination at the border.

Refugees before the 2022 invasion[edit]

Further information: Humanitarian situation during the war in Donbas

Before the invasion, the war in the Donbas had already resulted in over two million refugees and internally displaced persons since it began in 2014.[13][14] They have been referred to as Europe’s forgotten refugees by some media,[15][16] due to their cool reception in the European Union, comparatively low asylum claim success rate and media neglect.[17][18][19][20]

Numbers[edit]

Countries bordering Ukraine which have received
more than 10,000 Ukrainian refugees
UNHCR figures on 23 March 2022.[1]
Country Number
Poland
 
 2,173,944
Romania
 
 563,519
Moldova
 
 374,059
Hungary
 
 330,877
Russian Federation
 
 271,254
Slovakia
 
 260,244
Other countries which have received more than 10,000 Ukrainian
refugees. Government reported figures[note 1]
Country Number
Czech Republic
 
 300,000[21]
Germany
 
 239,000[21]
Bulgaria
 
 78,000[22]
Italy
 
 65,350[23]
Turkey
 
 58,000[24]
Lithuania
 
 30,284[25]
France
 
 26,000[26]
Estonia
 
 25,190[27]
Spain
 
 25,000[28]
Portugal
 
 17,504[29]
Israel
 
 15,243 [30]
Denmark
 
 10,000[31]
Finland
 
 10,000[32]

Numbers of refugees can change quickly and are often only estimates. Movements from country to country are not necessarily registered officially. Ukrainians are allowed to travel to some countries in Europe without a visa and may be allowed to stay in the country for a longer period, without special permission. Elsewhere, they have to apply for asylum. Due to the Schengen arrangements, they can often travel on to other Schengen countries.

The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs estimated on 27 February that in two months there would be 7.5 million internally displaced people in Ukraine, 12 million people will be in need of health care and the number of people fleeing the war could reach 4 million.[33] The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) stated that the situation was Europe's fastest growing refugee crisis since the Second World War.[34] By 23 March 2022, according to the UNHCR, the number of Ukrainian refugees who had left the country exceeded 3.7 million people.[1]

The communications chief of the UN High Commission for Human Rights for called the speed of the exodus of refugees from Ukraine "phenomenal" and suggested that the number of internally displaced people in Ukraine is as high as the number leaving the country.[35]

Countries[edit]

Neighboring countries[edit]

Neighboring countries are listed in order of the number of refugees who have entered them, others are listed alphabetically.

Poland[edit]

People sitting on a tiled floor, some eating food wrapped in paper
Refugees near Polish-border train station Przemyśl Główny
Refugees at Warsaw Central railway station
An information board encouraging refugees to settle in smaller Polish towns due to overcrowding in Warsaw
Two young people in hi-viz jackets hand out bottled drinks as other people pass by with luggage
Volunteers assist refugees in a Polish train station

As early as February 15, Poland was expecting a possible Russian attack on Ukraine. The Polish government asked communities to prepare for up to a million refugees.[36] By 23 March 2022, more than 2.2 million Ukrainian refugees had entered Poland.[1] Poland greatly reduced the usual border formalities,[37] and said that various identity documents would be accepted.[38]

Girl in pink coat and pink hat with train in the background
A young refugee in Przemyśl train station in Poland

Assembly points for refugees have opened in every district of Poland.[39] Local authorities are providing free accommodation, food and other necessary supplies.[40] Apart from that, a huge number of citizens and organisations are voluntarily offering assistance, free accommodation and other help.[41][42][43] Websites with information for refugees are also in Ukrainian.[44][45] The government is preparing legal changes that would simplify employment of Ukrainians in Poland, since currently a working visa is required as Ukrainians are from outside of the EU.[46]

President of the European Council Charles Michel visited the Polish-Ukrainian border crossing on 2 March and praised Polish efforts "to guarantee safe passages for Ukrainians, for European citizens" and those from other countries "without any discrimination."[47] In a later interview for France Inter he denounced alleged claims of racism of Ukrainian and Polish serviceman as "Russian propaganda" and part of Russia's information warfare.[48] Many observers believe that most are likely to stay in Poland and other Central European countries because "tight labor markets, affordable cities and a pre-existing diaspora have made those countries more appealing alternatives for Ukrainians, who find options slimmer in Europe's west".[49]

Romania[edit]

As of 23 March, the Romanian government had reported 563,519 Ukrainians entering Romania.[1] Romanian Defense Minister Vasile Dîncu announced on 22 February 2022 that Romania could receive 500,000 refugees if necessary; the first refugees arrived two days later.[50] On 15 March, Minister of Foreign Affairs Bogdan Aurescu reported that about 80,000 remained in the country.[51]

Some ethnic Romanians are among the Ukrainian citizens who have fled to Romania.[52]

Moldova[edit]

An indoor sports hall with people on camp beds inside a running track
One of the refugee centers set up in Chișinău

Moldova was among the first countries to receive refugees from the Odessa and Vinnytsia oblasts.[53] Moldovan authorities have activated a centre of crisis management to facilitate accommodation and humanitarian relief for refugees.[54]

By 23 March 2022, 374,059 Ukrainian refugees had entered Moldova,[1] and by March 15 it had received the highest number of refugees per capita of any country,[55] despite being one of Europe's poorest countries.[56] According to Middle East Eye, this has led to social tensions, and international aid was deemed crucial to help Moldovan institutions handle the influx of refugees.[55] On 22 March, the Financial Times estimated that 4 percent of the Moldovan population were currently refugees, and reported that the government of Moldova had requested financial aid to cope with the emergency.[57]

Moldova has a critical view of Russian aggression, due to its own internal conflict with Russian-backed Transnistria.[58] The government of Moldova is providing free bus rides,[58] and Romania has assisted Moldova with moving people onwards into Romania, in order to relieve the pressure in Moldova.[59]

Hungary[edit]

People in an ornate building handing out cartons and cans of food with a pile of clothes in the background
Hungarian volunteers assisting refugees

From the start of the Russian invasion up to 23 March 2022, 330,877 refugees from Ukraine had arrived in Hungary.[1] As there are no border checks within the Schengen area, Hungary does not know how many people moved to other Schengen countries. 500 people from third-party countries arrived by train in Budapest and asked the police for help. According to media reports these were mostly students or migrant workers from Asia and Africa who had been living in Ukraine.[60] Prime minister Viktor Orban confirmed on 16 March that there would be "No limit on the number of Ukrainian refugees who can stay in Hungary".[citation needed]

Slovakia[edit]

As of 8 March, Slovakia had taken in over 140,000 people.[61][62] By 23 March 2022, nearly 260,244 Ukrainian refugees had entered Slovakia.[1]

Russia[edit]

According to Russian Government figures, 271,254 refugees had gone to Russia by March 22, 2022.[1]

Before the 2022 crisis more than a million refugees from Ukraine, mainly from Donbas,[63] had gone to Russia between 2014 and 2016.[64]

Belarus[edit]

According to Belarusian Government figures, 5,569 had gone to Belarus by 23 March 2022.[1]

Other European countries[edit]

EU legal framework[edit]

Ukraine has an Association Agreement with the European Union and since 2017 Ukrainians with a biometric passports have had the right to 90 days visa-free stay in the Schengen Area.[65][66] Following the invasion of Ukraine, the Commission has called upon member states to authorise the entry and stay of those without biometric passports on humanitarian grounds, and member states had done so since the refugees started to arrive across the borders.[11][67]

On 4 March, the Council of the EU unanimously agreed to implement the Temporary Protection Directive for the first time in its history, so that refugees fleeing from Ukraine do not have to go through the standard European Union asylum procedure.[68][67] Temporary protection is an emergency mechanism which gives the right to stay in a EU member state for an initial period of one year, which may be extended for up to a maximum of three years.[12] The beneficiaries enjoy harmonised rights across the EU such as residence, access to the labour market and housing, medical assistance, and access to education for children.[12] The Council did not adopt a system of quotas of displaced persons, but left it to the beneficiaries to choose their destination freely.[67]

Austria[edit]

The Austrian Interior Minister Gerhard Karner from the ÖVP and the Federal Chancellor Karl Nehammer announced that Austria was willing to take in refugees from Ukraine. All refugees are allowed to stay in the country for 90 days.[69]

Belgium[edit]

On 25 February 2022, Belgian State Secretary for Asylum and Migration Sammy Mahdi called for Europe to coordinate the reception.[70] Two days later, Development Minister Meryame Kitir announced that three million euros would be allocated for additional humanitarian aid to Ukraine.[71]

Bulgaria[edit]

From the start of the Russian invasion up to 5 March 2022, 25,000 Ukrainian refugees had entered Bulgaria.[72] On 12 March, it was announced that nearly 70,000 Ukrainians had entered Bulgaria, and about 33,500 had remained, one third of whom were children.[73] By 15 March, those numbers had risen to over 78,000 and 37,000 respectively.[22] On 24 March, it was reported that more than 113,000 Ukrainian citizens have entered Bulgaria, 60,000 had stayed in the country, of which 18,000 were children.[74]

Croatia[edit]

From the start of the Russian invasion up to 23 March 2022, 9,357 Ukrainian refugees had entered Croatia.[75]

Cyprus[edit]

By 9 March, around 3,000 Ukrainian refugees had enterted Cyprus since the day after the Russian invasion, the Cypriot interior ministry reported; 19 of these had sought asylum.[76]

Czech Republic[edit]

People with yellow and blue signs reading "refugee help" in a station with shops
Czech volunteers waiting to greet refugees in Prague

The Czech Republic is providing financial, humanitarian and other types of aid to Ukrainian refugees as well as state accommodation and education for their children. The Czech Republic had received over 100,000 Ukrainian refugees by 7 March.[77] As of 10 March the Czech Republic had received approximately 200,000 refugees.[78] As the country is close to reaching its maximum housing capacity for refugees, the government is considering the construction of refugee camps.[79][80] By March 17, over 270,000 refugees from Ukraine had arrived in the Czech Republic,[81] the number rising to 300,000 by March 23.[21]

A network of Regional Centres for Help and Assistance to Ukraine (Krajská asistenční centra pomoci Ukrajině) was created in the regional capitals of the country to help refugees obtain registration, accommodation, health insurance or other assistance.[82][83] On March 17, a law known as Lex Ukrajina was passed by Parliament to make it easier for refugees to obtain residence permits and access healthcare.[84]

Also on March 17, some media, including Associated Press and BBC News, incorrectly reported that the Czech Prime Minister had said: "Czech Republic can no longer accept refugees from Ukraine ".[85][86] However, someone had mistranslated his Czech quote: "We are at the very limit of what we are capable of absorbing without any major problems (...) we must continue in the steps that will allow us to cope with more high numbers". The BBC later corrected the mistranslation.[87][88]

Denmark[edit]

By 19 March, an estimated 10,000 Ukrainians had arrived in Denmark since Russia's invasion of Ukraine.[31] Because of the visa-free rules for Ukrainians and the borders being largely open, with only sporadic controls, the exact number is unknown.[89][90] Preparations have been made to provide housing for up to 20,000 Ukrainian refugees in the asylum system, but this can be increased if necessary.[91] Many have chosen to move in with family, friends or acquaintances, especially in Western Jutland, which already was home to a large number of Ukrainians and people of Ukrainian descent.[92][93][94] Ukrainian citizens, their close relatives and non-Ukrainians that already had refugee status in Ukraine can receive a two-year residence permit (with the possibility of extension) without having to first request asylum.[95][96]

Estonia[edit]

As of March 11, 16,136 Ukrainians and their family members had arrived in Estonia, 5,677 of them children, according to the Estonian Police and Border Guard Board.[97] By March 18, this figure had risen to over 25,000, of whom over a third were children.[27]

Finland[edit]

From the start of the Russian invasion up to 22 March 2022, around 10,000 Ukrainian refugees had entered Finland according to the Finnish Immigration Service.[32]

France[edit]

On 8 March, it was reported that almost 5,000 refugees from Ukraine had arrived in France.[98] On 10 March, the Interior Ministry reported that 7,251 people had arrived in France from Ukraine, 6,967 of whom were Ukrainian nationals.[99] By 16 March, at least 17,000 Ukrainian refugees had entered France, according to French interior minister Gérald Darmanin.[100] By 22 March, more than 26,000 Ukrainian refugees had entered France, according to Prime Minister Jean Castex.[26]

A platform called "Je m'engage pour l'Ukraine", has been launched which aims to encourage help from French citizens. The platform has state support.[101][102]

On 25 February, French President Emmanuel Macron said that France "will take its part" in welcoming Ukrainian refugees, which, was welcomed by migrant aid associations.[103]

Germany[edit]

Person holds high a cardboard sign reading "food donations, follow me"
A volunteer holding a sign to guide refugees at Berlin's rail station

The first refugees from Ukraine arrived in Brandenburg on the evening of 25 February 2022, and the federal state was initially preparing for some 10,000 people. Other states pledged their help.[104] In addition, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern decided to stop the forced return of people to Ukraine.[105] The German national railway allowed refugees with a Ukrainian passport or ID card to travel free of charge on long-distance trains from Poland to Germany,[106] the Association of German Transport Companies decided to also cancel charges for all short-distance travel with buses and trains for Ukrainian refugees within Germany.[107]

German media debated whether there was a difference in the portrayal of refugees from Ukraine compared to those from other countries, particularly those arriving during the 2015 European migrant crisis.[108][109][110]

According to the Federal Ministry of the Interior and Community, 37,786 war refugees from Ukraine had registered in Germany by midday on 6 March 2022;[111] by March 14 the number had reached almost 147,000.[112] By 23 March, almost 239,000 refugees had entered Germany.[21] The interior ministry said that by 10 March, 300,000 private homes had offered accommodation.[113]

On 8 March 2022, a legal norm was enacted (Ukraine-Aufenthalts-Übergangsverordnung), which temporarily legalizes the entry and residence of Ukrainians and third-country nationals in Germany who were legally resident in Ukraine at the beginning of the Russian attack on February 24, 2022.[114][115]

Greece[edit]

On 1 March, the Greek government was considering evacuating the 100,000 ethnic Greeks from Mariupol and its surrounding area.[116] By 11 March, around 7,000 Ukrainian refugees had arrived in Greece according to government officials. Most of these were from Ukraine's sizeable ethnic Greek community.[76]

Ireland[edit]

The Irish government announced that it expected to receive over 100,000 refugees.[117] However this was later increased to 200,000.[118] 9,762 refugees had arrived by 21 March 2022.[119]

Italy[edit]

Up to March 9, 2022, 23,872 Ukrainian refugees had arrived in Italy, according to Prime Minister Mario Draghi, mainly arriving via the Italian-Slovenian border.[120] By March 12, three days later, this number had increased to 34,851.[121] On March 16, the Ministry of Internal Affairs announced the number had increased to 44,008.[122] By March 17, it had risen to 50,649,[123] by March 21 to 59,589,[124] to 61,493 by March 22,[125] and to 65,350 by March 23.[23]

Latvia[edit]

The Latvian Interior Ministry had prepared a plan in case of a large influx of people from Ukraine as early as 14 February.[126] On 24 February, the government approved a contingency plan to receive and accommodate approximately 10,000 refugees from Ukraine.[127] Several non-governmental organizations, municipalities, schools and other institutions also pledged to provide accommodation.[128] On 27 February, around 20 volunteer professional drivers departed to Lublin with supply donations, bringing Ukrainian refugees on their way back.[129]

The first refugees began arriving on 26 February[128] and by 2 March Latvia had taken in more than 1,000 Ukrainian refugees.[130] On 2 March, an official designated portal in Latvian, Ukrainian, English and Russian called "Ukraine to Latvia" was launched[131] and on 7 March, with 3,000 to 4,000 Ukrainian refugees having arrived in Latvia, a Ukrainian refugee help center was opened in the Riga Congress Hall [lv].[132] By 9 March, humanitarian visas had been issued to 67 Ukrainian citizens.[133] To deal with the increasingly large numbers of refugees, a second Ukrainian refugee help center is scheduled to be opened in the former building of Riga Technical University on 14 March.[134] As of March 20, 2022, 6,253 Ukrainian refugees are registered in Riga.[135] From the start of the Russian invasion up to 21 March 2022, 9,333 Ukrainian refugees had entered Latvia.[136]

Lithuania[edit]

From the start of the Russian invasion up to 22 March 2022, 26,900 Ukrainian refugees had entered Lithuania.[137]

Luxembourg[edit]

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Luxembourg welcomes the European regulations and has set up a "first reception centre" in Luxembourg City.[138]

Netherlands[edit]

Ships at the Java-eiland.

Prior to the invasion, Ukrainians in search of safety could already fly to the Netherlands and stay for three months. During this time, they had to find their own accommodation as asylum centers were already "overcrowded".[139] State Secretary for Migration Eric van der Burg said that the principle had always been emphasized that refugees should be received in their own region, if possible but that "now Europe is the region." As of 27 February, fewer than 50 refugees had arrived in the Netherlands from Ukraine.[140]

However, by 8 March, 325 Ukrainian refugees had arrived in Rotterdam alone. A local official said that Rotterdam would receive more Ukrainians than the thousand who had been initially expected, "our people are working hard to find places, and they won't stop at a thousand."[141]

The Dutch cabinet wanted to ensure 50,000 places for refugees from Ukraine according to a letter from Justice and Security Minister Yesilgöz, "the safety regions will coordinate the implementation, together with municipalities, of reception locations for at least 1,000 refugees from Ukraine per region within two weeks". Then, in a third phase, the same number would again be admitted.[142]

By March 16, the municipality of Amsterdam had acquired ships harboured in the Java-eiland to lodge 300 refugees as a way to extend their existing capability.[143]

Portugal[edit]

As of 22 March (2022), Portugal received 17,504 Ukrainian refugees.[29] Before the Russian invasion in 2022, Portugal already had 27200 Ukrainian immigrants.[144] As a result, the Ukrainian immigrant community has become the second-largest in Portugal, with over 45500 members, not including Ukrainians with Portuguese citizenship. The Ukrainian immigrant community helped in organizing the transport of refugees.[145] As of 22 of March, over 600 Ukrainian refugee children had already enrolled in Portuguese Public Schools.[146] The Portuguese government has not established an upper limit to Ukrainian refugees.[147]

Serbia[edit]

As of 11 March 2022, there are a little over 1,000 Ukrainian refugees in Serbia according to the Commissariat for Refugees and Migration of the Republic of Serbia (KIRS).[148]

Slovenia[edit]

From the start of the Russian invasion up to 23 March 2022, more than 3,000 Ukrainian refugees had entered Slovenia.[149]

Spain[edit]

Spain announced that 100,000 Ukrainian citizens already living in the country would be fully legalized.[150] This would allow them to "work legally, so that they can access education, health and social policies" said Prime Minister Sánchez.[150] Several other authorities from local to central administration stated the willingness to accept more Ukrainian refugees.[151][152] Om March 21, Spanish Migration Minister José Luis Escrivá said that about 25,000 Ukrainians had arrived in Spain since Russia's invasion on Feb. 24, though only 9,000 had registered. Many of the refugees were staying with relatives or friends and had not yet notified the authorities.[28]

Sweden[edit]

As of 11 March, the authorities had registered 5,200 Ukrainians as having entered Sweden since Russia's invasion. Because of the EU-wide 90 days visa-free rules for Ukrainians and no rules on registration at the border in Sweden, it has been estimated that the true number is considerable higher, probably around 4,000 per day. It has been projected that Sweden most likely will receive around 76,000 refugees from Ukraine in the first half of 2022.[153][154]

Switzerland[edit]

It was already possible for a Ukrainian citizen (with a biometric passport) to enter Switzerland without a visa, the maximum stay was three months. Justice Minister Karin Keller-Sutter announced on 28 February that in future refugees without passports would be welcome too and residence would no longer be time limited. The federal government and the cantons would provide accommodation for 9,000 refugees.[155] On March 11, the head of the Justice minister Karin Keller-Sutter said that up to 60,000 refugees could arrive in Switzerland. Around 2,100 had registered in Switzerland up to that date.[156]

United Kingdom[edit]

The United Kingdom announced that British nationals and Ukrainian residents of the UK would be allowed to bring in members of their extended family from Ukraine.[157] Prime Minister Boris Johnson stated that the country could take in 200,000 Ukrainian refugees.[157]

Britain had only issued about 1,000 visas by March 13 and was criticised for placing too many bureaucratic obstacles to entry to the UK for refugees by both international and UK sources, and for only granting admission to refugees who already had family in the UK.[158][159][76] On 7 March 2022, French Interior Minister Gerald Darmanin had said that many Ukrainian refugees had been turned away by British officials in Calais and told to obtain visas at UK consulates in Paris or Brussels.[160][161] The BBC confirmed this interviewing a family who had walked 45 miles to Calais only to find that checks required that they return to Paris.[162] Emmanuel Macron also criticised the United Kingdom for not helping Ukrainian refugees.[163]

On 2 March, United Kingdom housing minister Michael Gove announced his intention to draft plans to allow refugees to be housed in Russian oligarchs' homes in the UK; however, the UK government had not seized the homes at that time.[164] On 12 March, Gove announced a new scheme whereby Britons who offered their home to Ukrainian refugees would receive £350 a month.[165][166]

Other countries[edit]

Australia[edit]

In the wake of the Russian invasion in February, Prime Minister Scott Morrison said that visa applications from Ukrainian nationals would be sent "top the top of the pile".[167] Several Australians have opened their homes to host Ukrainian refugees, with more than 4000 visas having been processed.[168] On 20 March 2022, the federal government announced that Ukrainians who arrive or are already in the country will be allowed temporary humanitarian visas, which allows them to work, study and access Medicare, Australia's universal health care insurance scheme.[169] By 20 March, about 5,000 Ukrainians have been granted visas to travel to Australia, and 750 have arrived.[169]

Brazil[edit]

On 3 March, Brazil announced that Ukrainians would receive humanitarian visas as refugees, with a period of 5 months to apply for asylum.[170] The country has around 600,000 people of Ukrainian descent, about 38,000 of whom live in Prudentópolis, according to the Ukrainian-Brazilian Central Representation.[171] From 3 February until 19 March, Brazil had received almost 900 Ukrainian refugees according to Brazilian police.[172]

Canada[edit]

On 3 March, the Government of Canada announced a plan to permanently reunify Canadian citizens with their Ukrainian family members.[173] Immigration Canada stated the country will allow an unlimited number of Ukrainians to apply to stay in Canada on a temporary basis and provide work permits for Ukrainians that have either been accepted under these migration schemes or cannot safely return to Ukraine whilst currently in Canada.[174][173] On 17 March the Government launched the Canada-Ukraine authorization for emergency travel (CUAET),[175] which gives Ukrainians and their families a visitor visa to come to Canada temporarily, and allows them to work and study there for up to three years. There is no limit to the number of people who can apply, and applicants who are overseas need to apply online and provide their biometrics (fingerprints and a photo).[175][176] The online application takes 14 days to process.[177]

Canada is home to nearly 1.4 million Ukrainian Canadians, making Canada the second-largest population of the Ukrainian diaspora, after Russia.[178] Immigration Canada reported that 7,400 Ukrainians had arrived to Canada between January 1 and March 10, 2022. On March 10, 2022, Immigration Canada further reported that 7,100 additional applications had been received, and were being processed.[179] As Immigration Canada continues to receive applications, the government of Canada announced it is investing an additional $117 million to expedite the implementation of new immigration programs, for Ukrainian refugees.[180]

Egypt[edit]

When the conflict broke out, there were an estimated 16,000 to 20,000 Ukrainian tourists (now refugees) in Egypt.[181][182] The Egyptian government assisted them to leave Egypt, with free flights to Poland, Slovakia, and Hungary - as of March 4, almost 4,000 had left the country.[182]

Israel[edit]

A Ukrainian family arrives in Israel on March 6, 2022

Between February 24 and March 16, over 10,000 Ukrainian refugees arrived in Israel, of whom 2,800 are eligible for citizenship.[183]

In addition, another 20,000 Ukrainians who were already inside Israel when the conflict broke out (on tourist visas or illegally in the country) were also regarded as refugees and given permission to stay.[184]

On 6 March 2022, Israeli Prime Minister Naftali Bennett visited Tel Aviv's Ben Gurion Airport to meet a group of 100 Ukrainian Jewish orphans who had fled the fighting. The orphaned children had been living in Zhytomyr in central Ukraine before being brought to Israel by the Jewish Agency.[185] Foreign Minister Shaked announced that all Ukrainian tourists currently visiting Israel will receive an automatic two-month visit extension. She has also ordered a three-month suspension on police background checks for Ukrainian refugees.[186][187]

Japan[edit]

In a rare move Japan has opened its borders to refugees from Ukraine fleeing the current war on March 15.[188] As of March 12th, it was confirmed by Chief Cabinet Secretary Hirokazu Matsuno that 29 Ukrainians have entered Japan to sought shelter with friends or relatives who are already in Japan.[189]

Philippines[edit]

The Philippines' Department of Justice stated that the country would be willing to accept Ukrainian refugees and asylum seekers as a response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine. President Rodrigo Duterte on 28 February 2022 institutionalized the Philippines policy to protect refugees, stateless persons and asylum seekers under international law.[190]

Sri Lanka[edit]

Early in the conflict the government announced that it would grant and extend free visas by two months for over 15,000 Russians and Ukrainians who are stranded in Sri Lanka due to the ongoing conflict.[191][192][193]

Turkey[note 2][edit]

On March 3, Turkey announced that 20,000 Ukrainian refugees had entered Turkey since the Russian invasion. Interior Minister Süleyman Soylu said that Turkey was glad to welcome them.[194] By March 8, official figures put the number of Ukrainian refugees in the country at 20,550, of whom 551 were of Crimean Tatar or Meskhetian Turk origin.[195][196] The Ukrainian winner of the 2016 Eurovision Song Contest, Jamala, who is of Crimean Tatar origin, also sought refuge in Turkey.[197] By 23 March, the number of Ukrainian refugees had risen above 58,000.[198][24]

United States[edit]

Vice President of the United States Kamala Harris meets with Ukrainian refugees in Poland on March 9

The United States announced on March 4 that Ukrainians would be provided Temporary Protected Status.[199] This was estimated to impact 30,000 Ukrainian nationals in the United States.[200][201] On March 24, 2022, US President Biden announced that up to 100,000 Ukrainian refugees would be accepted into the United States, especially focusing on those with family already in the country.[202]

International aid[edit]

Organizations such as UNICEF, the United Nations Refugee Agency, International Rescue Committee, United Ukrainian American Relief Committee and others began accepting monetary donations for helping refugees and those affected by the crisis. Others such as The Kyiv Independent began GoFundMe campaigns to raise money for specific causes or calls for physical items to be donated by an individual.[203][204]

Railway companies in several European countries, including Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Poland, Slovakia and Switzerland, are allowing Ukrainian refugees to travel by train for free.[205][206][207][208][209]

Issues[edit]

Human trafficking concerns[edit]

The Council of Europe's Group of Experts on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings (GRETA) and aid organizations such as the Human Trafficking Foundation and World Vision warned that refugees are at risk of falling into human trafficking, exploitation and violence, including sexual violence.[210][211][113]

Polish, Romanian and Slovakian law enforcement deployed patrols to border crossings to look out for criminal activity.[212][213] The Polish government passed an amendment which raised the minimum sentence of human trafficking from 3 years to 10 years, and the sex trafficking of children from 10 years to 25 years.[213]

In Berlin, German authorities advised refugees not to accept help directly from people at train stations, and for Germans to register their offers of help on coordinated websites rather than approaching refugees directly.[113] German police also increased the number of uniformed and undercover police officers at train stations, and asked volunteers to report suspicious activity at train stations.[113]

Unaccompanied minors[edit]

UNICEF and UNHCR raised concerns about minors who were traveling unaccompanied, and urged neighboring countries to identify and register the children before sending them to relocation services. They also highlighted a number of institutional care and boarding schools in Ukraine which held about 10,000 students that have been caught up in the invasion. In some countries, accommodation has been created specifically for orphaned children in foster homes or orphanages.[214][215] UNICEF set up "Blue Dot" safe spaces in neighboring countries, which included support for unaccompanied children.[216]

Alleged racial discrimination[edit]

Treatment at the borders[edit]

A few days into the crisis, claims of discrimination by border guards and other authorities against non-European and Romani people were reported by some of those fleeing Ukraine. There have been reports of people being forced to move to the backs of queues, deboarded from buses, prevented from crossing the border, and, in one report, being beaten by guards.[217][218][219][220][221][222] Some Indians and Africans were reportedly harassed and threatened by Polish nationalists after crossing into Poland.[223]

The African Union called attempts to prevent Africans from crossing the border racist and not in line with international law.[224][225] On March 2, Ukrainian foreign minister Dmytro Kuleba stated that Africans "need to have equal opportunity" to leave the country and he also stated that "Ukraine's government spares no effort to solve the problem."[226][227] On 3 March, Russian president Vladimir Putin held talks with Indian prime minister Narendra Modi and told him that he had instructed Russian soldiers to "ensure the safe exit of Indian nationals from the armed conflict zone."[228]

In 2020, Ukraine had over 76,000 foreign students, with India and Africa each making up one quarter of the total number. With their affordable tuition, straightforward visa requirements, and the possibility of permanent residency, Ukrainian universities were seen as an entry point to the European job market.[229] Afghans constitute the largest immigrant group in the country, having arrived as early as the 1980s.[230] Andriy Demchenko, a spokesperson for the Ukrainian border guard, said that allegations of segregation at the borders are untrue.[220] On 28 February, Krzysztof Szczerski, Poland's ambassador to the UN, reported that the refugees who were admitted from Ukraine on that day alone represented 125 countries.[231] Since then, the EU has stated that its borders are open to people from third countries as well as those who want to travel to their home countries, and individuals in need of protection can apply for asylum.[232][233]

According to German TV station Tagesschau, it cannot be confirmed that the authorities in Ukraine or other countries have specific instructions to prevent black people from crossing the border. The same article also states that such allegations are grave because they are in line with the narrative of Vladimir Putin, who has justified his attack on Ukraine with, in addition to other reasons, the need to free the country from "Nazis".[234] On Polish social media, the amount of pro-Russian and racist contents both saw an increase following the invasion, and fake news about supposed crimes which were committed against refugees were partially spread by pro-Kremlin accounts.[235][236][237][238]

By politicians and mainstream media[edit]

Differences between the policies, border treatment and media portrayal of Ukrainian refugees compared to other groups, in particular those during the 2015 European migrant crisis, have been criticised. Specific issues include alleged harsher treatment and more restrictions placed on Syrian, Afghan, Iraqi and other refugees, in contrast to the relatively liberal and welcoming response to native Ukrainian refugees.[239][240][241] Portrayal by some Western media and politicians of Ukraine as a country "where you wouldn't expect that" [war] and its people as "white", "Christian", "civilized", "like us", and having "blue eyes and blonde hair" has also been criticised.[242][243]

Professor Serena Parekh suggested that besides racism there are other factors explaining the different treatment in earlier crises:[244] including that current Ukrainian refugees are almost entirely women, children and elderly people.[245] Ukrainians had a legal right to enter the European Union and stay for up to 90 days; therefore, there wasn't a question of whether or not they should be allowed to enter.[244] The welcoming approach witnessed in Central and Eastern Europe can be further explained by its geographical and language proximity to Ukraine, large Ukrainian diasporas, shared history and traumatizing experiences of Soviet aggression and occupation.[244]

Pets and zoo animals[edit]

Domestic animals and animals in zoos were caught up in the invasion, with many border crossing regulations of microchipping and vaccinations in effect. Pets entering the EU from a third country would normally have to include an identification document or pet passport that includes information on anti-rabies vaccinations and any other preventative health measures, additionally dogs, cats and ferrets must undergo a rabies antibody titration test.[246] Many EU authorities and governments of neighboring countries have since removed or relaxed the requirements needed for pets to cross the borders with their owners.[247][248]

While some delayed leaving Ukraine in order to leave with their pets, others were forced to give their pets to shelters or leave them with relatives who were staying behind.[249] Some international organizations, such as the International Fund for Animal Welfare and PETA and independent organizations or sanctuaries, have offered support in the form of food, veterinary supplies for the animals and wages and housing for the caretakers.[250] Others who work with animal shelters or the Kyiv Zoo have refused to evacuate, when it would be impossible to safely evacuate all the animals due to their numbers or size.[251][252] The Feldman Ecopark Zoo (outside Kharkiv) reported the death and wounding of some of their animals due to damage to their facilities.[253]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Due to free movement without border checks within the Schengen Area, refugees might get counted more than once. For example, a refugee might enter Poland from Ukraine and be recorded as having entered Poland, then move on to Germany and be recorded again. Thus the majority of those below will have left Ukraine by one of the countries bordering Ukraine listed in the table above.
  2. ^ Including European Turkey

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