Megatons to Megawatts Program
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The Megatons to Megawatts Program is the name given to the program that implemented the 1993 United States-Russia nonproliferation agreement to convert high-enriched uranium (HEU) taken from dismantled Russian nuclear weapons into low-enriched-uranium (LEU) for nuclear fuel.
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[edit] Extent of program since 1995
From 1995 through December 2012, 472.5 metric tons of highly-enriched uranium from Russian nuclear warheads have been recycled into low-enriched-uranium fuel for U.S. nuclear power plants. This is the equivalent of eliminating 18,899 nuclear warheads. This is the largest and most successful nuclear non-proliferation program to date. The first nuclear power plant to receive low enriched fuel containing uranium under this program was the Cooper Nuclear Station in 1998.[1] The Megatons to Megawatts government-to-government program goal of eliminating 500 metric tons of warhead material is scheduled to be completed in 2013. Currently, the electricity for 1 in 10 American homes, businesses, schools and hospitals is generated by Megatons to Megawatts fuel.[2]
[edit] Terms of the program
Under the terms of the 1993 government-to-government nuclear non-proliferation agreement, the United States and Russia agreed to commercially implement a 20 year program to convert 500 metric tons of HEU (uranium 235 enriched to 90 percent) taken from Soviet era warheads, into LEU, low enriched uranium (less than 5 percent uranium 235). The terms of the agreement required that it be implemented on commercial terms without government funds. The United States established a government corporation United States Enrichment Corporation (USEC), and the Russian Federation designated Tekhsnabeksport (“Tenex”) a commercial subsidiary of its Ministry of Atomic Energy (MinAtom), as their agents to implement the program on commercial terms. The terms also required that the HEU be converted by dilution (downblending) to LEU in Russian nuclear facilities. USEC would then purchase the low enriched fuel and transport it to its facilities in the USA. The value of the process is in two components: The uranium itself and the work involved in the conversion process, measured as Separative Work Units (SWU). Both have separate commercial values. Early disagreements on interpretations of the terms of the governmental and commercial agreements on this issue led to controversy and some delays. Although each shipment contains LEU, the commercial nature of the global uranium market defines the uranium and the enrichment components as separate commercial values and costs. The solution reached was for USEC to continue payments for the SWU component it purchased and also to transfer an equal amount of natural uranium to Tenex. Due to the initial technical and purity issues in the HEU to LEU conversion process, the first shipments began in 1995. USEC includes this Russian LEU in sales of low enrichment uranium produced at USEC facilities. As years passed, numerous commercial contract terms were renegotiated and revised to accommodate mutual interests.
Based on market prices, USEC estimates that by the completion of the 20 year Megatons to Megawatts program in 2013, USEC will have paid Russia more than $8 billion for its purchases of the SWU component in shipments of low-enriched-uranium fuel.
[edit] Status of program as of 2012
In December, 2012 USEC (http://www.USEC.com); announced that the Megatons to Megawatts program had reached a new milestone—472.5 metric tons of Russian HEU warhead material, equivalent to 18,899 nuclear warheads has been eliminated. From 1993 to December 2012 472.5 metric tons of Russian warhead HEU have been diluted and converted in Russia to 13,603 metric tons of LEU—low enriched uranium—fuel for nuclear power plants. The fuel is purchased from Russia by USEC for use in many of America's 103 commercial nuclear power plants to produce electricity.
Nuclear warheads that were once on Russian ICBMs aimed at American cities are now providing 50% of the electricity produced by America's nuclear power plants—nuclear power generates about twenty percent of America's total electricity production. The mission of the U.S.-Russian agreement and commercial implementing contract will be completed in 2013. At that time it is expected that a total of 500 metric tons of warhead HEU will have been converted in Russia to LEU and purchased to fuel U.S. nuclear power plants. The Megatons to Megawatts program will have eliminated bomb-grade material equivalent of 20,000 nuclear warheads.
During this period, on a comparatively modest basis, the U.S. government has also been converting some of its excess nuclear warhead HEU into power plant fuel. Efforts have also been undertaken to demonstrate the commercial feasibility of converting warhead plutonium into fuel to augment nuclear fuel for U.S. power plants.
Completion of the Megatons to Megawatts agreement may leave a gap in the supply of uranium fuel at a time when the global use of nuclear power is increasing. In the United States, there are 103 nuclear power reactors currently operating. New construction and operating permits for 15 nuclear power reactors are under review by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. According to government and industry sources, seventeen companies are preparing license applications for as many as 31 new U.S nuclear reactors. Since the Megatons to Megawatts program is scheduled to end in 2013, other sources of uranium supply will be necessary to meet current and future demand.[2] The world has abundant uranium reserves, and existing nuclear waste can be reprocessed to serve as nuclear fuel. Alternatively, thorium can be converted into nuclear fuel in a breeder reactor.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ DeVolpi, Alexander; Minkov, Vladimir E. et al (2005). Nuclear Shadowboxing: Legacies and Challenges 2. Kalamazoo, Mich.: DeVolpi. p. VII-54. ISBN 0-9777734-1-8.
- ^ a b "Megatons to Megawatts". U.S. Enrichment Corp.
