2023 Israeli judicial reform protests

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2023 Israeli judicial reform protests
Part of the reactions to the 2023 Israeli judicial reform
המחאה נגד ההפיכה המשפטית, קפלן פינת מנחם בגין, 4 במרץ 2023.jpg
Protests near Azrieli Center, Tel Aviv, 4 March 2023
Date7 January 2023 (2023-01-07) – present
Location
Israel

Coordinates: 32°04′21″N 34°46′48″E / 32.0725°N 34.7800°E / 32.0725; 34.7800
Caused by2023 Israeli judicial reform
StatusOngoing
Parties to the civil conflict
Lead figures

No centralized leadership

Casualties
Injuries11 protesters,[1] 13 police officers (according to police)[2][3]
Arrested435

A series of street protests, strikes and hunger strikes began in Israel in early 2023 in response to the ruling government's push for a broad judicial reform.[4][5] The protests have been taking place in cities across the country every Saturday since 7 January,[6][7][8] as well as on selected weekdays.[9][10][11] For actions by reservists in protest against the judicial changes, see Reactions to the 2023 Israeli judicial reform § Reservists.

Background

Further information: 2023 Israeli judicial reform and Reactions to the 2023 Israeli judicial reform

Since the political crisis beginning in 2018, multiple snap elections were held following unsuccessful attempts to form a governing coalition. The 2021 election was the first to have resulted in a successful government formation. The incumbent coalition, which held a one-seat majority, collapsed in June 2022 after a member defected. In the snap legislative election that followed, the incumbent government, led by Yair Lapid, was defeated by a coalition of right-wing parties, led by former prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu,[12] who formed a new government that took office on 29 December 2022.[13]

On 4 January 2023, newly-appointed Justice Minister Yariv Levin announced plans to reform Israel's judiciary, including limiting the power of the Supreme Court and of the government's legal councillors, and granting the governing coalition a majority on the committee that appoints judges.[14] Following the announcement, several organizations, including Crime Minister and Omdim Beyachad, announced their intention to organize protests in Tel Aviv on 7 January.[15]

Following Prime Minister Netanyahu's announcement on 27 March of a pause in the judicial legislation, counter-protesters started making their own protests with tens of thousands protesting in favor of the changes.[16]

Events

January

7 January

A protest attended by about 20,000 people took place in Tel Aviv's Habima Square on 7 January 2023, with Ayman Odeh appearing as a guest speaker.[17][18] A smaller protest took place in Haifa that was attended by 200 people.[6]

14 January

A second protest was organized in Habima Square one week after the initial demonstration. Approximately 80,000 people attended the protest, while other rallies took place in Haifa and Jerusalem, numbering 2,500 and 3,000 attendees respectively, with the organization Shomrim Al HaBayit HaMeshutaf (Protecting the Shared Home) heading the Jerusalem protests.[19]

21 January

Another protest soon followed at Kaplan Street in central Tel Aviv. Israeli Police estimated that over 100,000 people attended the protest, with smaller protests taking place in cities such as Haifa, Jerusalem and Be'ersheba.[20]

28 January

Demonstration on Begin Road in Tel Aviv, 28 January 2023

A fourth protest took place on 28 January at Kaplan Street as well. The number of protesters in Tel Aviv decreased while their numbers in Haifa and Jerusalem increased.[21] Around this time, the protests started gaining international attention as the U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken visited Israel and spoke with Netanyahu about the judicial reform.[22]

February

4 February

A fifth protest took place at Kaplan Street. Haaretz estimated that 60,000 people attended the protests nationally,[23] while The Jerusalem Post's estimate included over 100,000 attendees in Tel Aviv alone.[24] Protests occurred all across the country with rallies taking place in cities such as Rishon LeZion, Ness Ziona and Herzliya.[25]

11 February

A sixth protest took place at Kaplan Street, where former Foreign Minister Tzipi Livni appeared as a guest speaker. Haaretz estimated 50,000 people attended the protest, with an additional 30,000 people attending other protests around the country,[26] including Kfar Saba, Jerusalem, and Haifa. Organizers estimated 150,000 people attended the Kaplan protest alone.[27]

13 February

On 8 February, the Chairman of the Knesset's Constitution, Law, and Justice committee, Simcha Rothman, announced it would vote on referring several reforms to the Knesset Plenum, including a law giving the coalition a majority on the judicial appointments committee, on 13 February.[28] The previous day, several protest leaders, including former Chief of the General Staff Moshe Ya'alon and the Movement for Quality Government in Israel, announced their intention to organize a general strike and a protest outside the Knesset building on the same date, which was believed to be the vote's date before the announcement was made.[29]

More than 100,000 people gathered for protests in Jerusalem on 13 February,[9][30] while individuals in several industries, including doctors and the tech workers, went on strike.[31] That day, the Constitution committee voted 9–7 in favor of the reforms.[32]

18 February

On 18 February, protesters marched in Tel Aviv and other cities around Israel, marking the seventh weekend of demonstrations since the judicial reforms were presented. Organizers stated that about a quarter million Israelis participated in the protests at more than 60 locations around the country, including the roughly 135,000 protesters who marched from the Dizengoff Center to Kaplan Street in Tel Aviv.[33]

Organizers of the rally in central Tel Aviv screened a speech from 2012 by Benjamin Netanyahu, in which the Prime Minister stated his belief in a strong judiciary, and his intent to protect the independence of Israeli Courts.[34][35][36]

20 February

Demonstration near the Knesset in Jerusalem, 20 February 2023

On 20 February, more than 100,000 people gathered outside the Knesset in Jerusalem to protest "an initial plenum vote on bills that would give politicians control over appointments to Israel's supreme court, and limit its ability to overturn laws." Protesters blocked key highways and stopped several officials from leaving their residences. Netanyahu accused the movement's leadership of "threatening us with civil war and blood in the streets" at a meeting with lawmakers from the Likud party.[37]

25 February

Protesters block Ayalon Highway in Tel Aviv, 25 February 2023

Protests continued throughout the country. There were 160,000 protesters in Tel Aviv (according to Channel 13), 30,000 in Haifa (according to the police), and about 5,000 in Ra'anana (according to Haaretz).[38]

In Tel Aviv, the protest was preceded by a performance of 150 members of the Bonot Alternativa ("Building an Alternative") women's group, wearing red-and-white outfits resembling those worn by handmaids in the television series The Handmaid's Tale. The group appeared in protest of some of the proposed legal changes, which they believe will hurt women.[39]

The economist Jacob Frenkel, the former governor of Israel's Central Bank, and Elyakim Rubinstein, former Vice President of the Supreme Court of Israel, participated in the protests.[38]

March

1 March

Protesters marching along Begin boulevard, Tel Aviv, 1 March 2023

1 March was designated a 'national day of disruption'. Protesters tried to block the Ayalon highway in Tel Aviv, but police used stun grenades, mounted police, and water cannons against the demonstrators, and arrested several people. Netanyahu and National Security Minister Itamar Ben-Gvir both said that all protesters blocking the roads are anarchists who should be arrested.[40] Later that evening, the Prime Minister's wife, Sara Netanyahu, was spotted at a hair salon in Tel Aviv. Protesters stood outside the salon for three hours while mounted police was guarding the entrance. After three hours, Netanyahu was escorted out by police.[41]

4 March

Protests took place in or near Ashkelon, Arad, Bat Yam, Beersheba, Haifa, Herzliya, Holon, Jerusalem, Kiryat Ono, Kiryat Shmona, Ra'anana, Tel Aviv, and other places.[42] Channel 12 estimated that 160,000 people attended protests in Tel Aviv alone.[43]

National Security Minister Itamar Ben-Gvir spoke to the press from police headquarters in Tel Aviv, saying that he has no intention of apologizing to anyone, "certainly not to the anarchists who seek to set the State of Tel Aviv on fire."[42]

Various opposition lawmakers attended the protests. Leader of the Opposition Yair Lapid attended the protest in Herzliya, leader of the opposition party Yisrael Beiteinu Avigdor Lieberman spoke in Ashdod, and leader of the National Unity Party Benny Gantz spoke in Beersheba. Additionally, Former Minister of Education and Likud member Limor Livnat spoke at the protest in Tel Aviv.[42]

Addressing the protesters in Ra'anana, Moshe Ya'alon said that Netanyahu had lost touch with reality. Tzipi Livni expressed support for the protests, stating that they were the most important she had ever attended. Another speaker at the event in Ra'anana was former Police Commissioner Roni Alsheich.[42]

A large banner carried by protesters in Tel Aviv showed pictures of Finance Minister Bezalel Smotrich and National Security Minister Itamar Ben-Gvir, with the text "Yesterday Huwara, tomorrow Israel", against the backdrop of a picture from the settler rampage in the West Bank town of Huwara.[42]

8 March

Over 25,000 women dressed in red formed human chains in 70 locations across Israel, combining the commemoration of International Women's Day with the wave of protests opposing the government's judicial reform. The event was organized by Building an Alternative, the grassroots women's organization behind the handmaid vigils. When announcing the event earlier, it declared that Israeli women were "drawing a red line" when it comes to the violation of women's rights.[44]

9 March

The protest movement led what was referred to as a 'national day of resistance'. Protesters blocked roads and maritime routes, including one of the country's main highways, Ayalon, which connects all of the major traffic routes leading to Tel Aviv. Convoys of cars packed the Tel Aviv-Jerusalem highway and streamed toward Ben Gurion Airport's main terminal. The protest at the airport came hours before Netanyahu flew to Rome to meet Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni.[45][46][47]

11 March

More than 500,000 people protested in many cities across the country in what is considered to be one of the largest protests to have taken place in the country's history.[48]

16 March

Demonstration against the judicial reforms in Kfar Saba, 16 March 2023

Tens of thousands of Israelis participated in protests around the country. Navy veterans, in boats, blocked the route commercial ships take to reach Haifa's port. In a Tel Aviv suburb, protesters created makeshift segregated areas for men and women at bus stops, as a warning of "what awaits us all around the corner".[49][50]

18 March

Over 260,000 protesters took to the streets of Israeli cities, including 175,000 in Tel Aviv, 20,000 in Haifa and 18,000 in Kfar Saba.[51]

20 March

15 protesters staying in an encampment in front of the Prime Minister's office started a hunger strike.[52]

21 March

About 250 Israelis gathered in Haifa, to protest against the government's plan to radically alter Israel's judiciary, outside a conference which was attended by several key members of the coalition, including Nir Barkat, Miri Regev and Idit Silman.[53]

Haifa University students protested outside a conference at which Diaspora Affairs Minister Amichai Chikli was due to speak.[53]

Scores of parents and educators demonstrated outside an Education Ministry conference in Tel Aviv and others blocked Rokach Boulevard, another main road in north Tel Aviv.[54]

22 March

Hundreds of demonstrators from the reservist protest movement, waving Israeli flags and flags of the Paratroopers Brigade, blocked a main road in Tel Aviv outside an event where Housing Minister Yitzchak Goldknopf, Transportation Minister Miri Regev and Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu were due to speak. The Prime Minister withdrew from the event and Minister Goldknopf was forced to leave the stage, citing the pandemonium.[54]

23 March

Thousands of protesters marched through the ultra-Orthodox city of Bnei Brak, carrying a giant mock-up of the Declaration of Independence. Thousands more took to the streets of other towns across Israel. Reservists protested outside the homes of Shas party leader Aryeh Deri and Education Minister Yoav Kisch.[55][56]

Hundreds of employees and retirees of Rafael Advanced Defense Systems demonstrated outside the company's factory, carrying signs reading "Without democracy there is no security", "This is the second War of Independence", and "We are Israel's Iron Dome".[57]

Around 1,500 Israeli grandmothers, calling themselves "Grandmothers for Democracy", gathered in Tel Aviv to protest against the government's planned judicial changes. One of the participants explained: "This state is based on the fact that we all work very hard and we all get the public goods and a good economy. But what's happened now is that a certain group wants to milk the cow to death and squeeze the lemon till there's nothing left and we won't allow it."[58]

25 March

According to the organizers, over 630,000 people attended this day's rallies, the largest in Israel's history. Tel Aviv, Haifa, Beersheba and Jerusalem saw their largest turnouts since the protests began, including over 300,000 in Tel Aviv. Over 70,000 protested in Haifa and tens of thousands in Ashdod, Beersheba, Or Akiva and Ra'anana. Hundreds of protesters gathered near Kiryat Shmona and in Rehovot. Hundreds more gathered near Nahalal.[59][60]

On the same day, Israel's defence minister Yoav Gallant urged a pause in the judicial overhaul. He said, "the growing social rift has made its way into the [army] and security agencies. It is a clear, immediate and tangible threat to Israel's security." Gallant called for the halt before lawmakers are due to vote the following week on a central part of the government's proposals.[61] Gallant was removed from his post by Netanyahu the following day.[62]

26 March

Protesters block Ayalon Highway in Tel Aviv, 26 March 2023

In response to the firing of Defense Minister Gallant, hundreds of thousands of protesters blocked roads across Israel, in over 150 locations.[63][64]

Asaf Zamir, Israel's Consul General in New York, resigned from his post following Gallant's dismissal in order to "stand up for what is right and fight for the democratic values I believe in". Israeli universities (with the exception of Ariel University, located in the West Bank) announced an indefinite strike, including cessation of all classes and research in protest at the government's actions. 23 local council leaders announced their intention to start a hunger strike in front of the Prime Minister's office, demanding a halt to the judicial overhaul.[63]

Protesters escalated and marched towards Netanyahu's residence. There were reports of security barriers being broken down, but these reports were denied by police.[65][66]

27 March

Israeli President Isaac Herzog called on Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to immediately halt the legislative process. He said, "for the sake of the unity of the people of Israel, for the sake of responsibility, I am calling on you to stop the legislation immediately. I turn to all the party leaders in the Knesset, coalition, and opposition as one, put the citizens of the nation above all else, and behave responsibly and bravely without further delay."[67]

Histadrut labor federation chair Arnon Bar-David announced a general nationwide strike, followed by labor unions and major corporations announcing their participation in the strike. Protest leaders from the high-tech industry announced a complete shutdown of the country's tech industry. The leader of the Israel Airports trade union directed airport workers to shut down the Ben Gurion Airport. Israel's doctors' union announced an immediate freeze of the health care system. This strike represented the "first time in the history of the State of Israel [that] the business sector, together with the Histadrut and local government, are joining forces to save the country from terrible chaos," said Dubi Amitai, the chair of the Presidium of Israeli Business Organizations.[68] Israel's embassies in the United States and the United Kingdom shut down for the day, joining a worldwide strike of diplomats over the proposed changes to the judicial system.[69]

Mass protests continued throughout Israel later that day, with the largest taking place in front of the Knesset. Over one hundred thousand people participated in the protest, demanding a complete stop to the legislation.[70]

As reports surfaced that Netanyahu may delay the judicial legislation, the right wing called on its supporters to demonstrate. Tens of thousands of supporters of the reform arrived outside the Supreme Court, calling on the government not to fold to pressure and to keep going as planned.[71]

In response to increasing pressure, Netanyahu agreed to delay the judicial legislation for a month.[72][73] However, protesters stated that they would continue demonstrating until the legislation is shelved entirely.[74] In an agreement with National Security Minister Itamar Ben-Gvir, who threatened to resign if the legislation were to be halted, Netanyahu promised to promote the foundation of a National Guard, which was to be headed by Ben-Gvir.[75]

30 March

Thousands marched in Tel Aviv in support of the reform. They received permission from the police for the march on the Ayalon Highway.[76]

April

1 April

The protests against the judicial changes continued, with between 165,000 (according to Channel 12) and 230,000 (according to the organizers) protesters in Tel Aviv; thousands in Haifa, in Jerusalem, in Ra'anana and at the Goma junction; and hundreds in the Galilee, in Rehovot, in Ness Ziona and at the Karmi'el junction. In Haifa, protesters carrying Palestinian flags were prevented by the police from joining the demonstration. Hundreds of supporters of the judicial changes demonstrated in Tel Aviv and Kfar Saba.[77][78][79]

3 April

Protests in support of the reform took place outside President Herzog's residence. Protesters held signs in Hebrew stating "Benjamin Netanyahu, the people of Israel are with you."[80]

8 April

Protesters in Tel Aviv, 8 April 2023

Hundreds of thousands of people attended nationwide protests, including 140,000 in Tel Aviv. Protesters in several demonstrations held banners picturing Prime Minister Netanyahu as an Egyptian pharaoh, with the phrase "Let my people go", referencing Moses' plea to the Pharaoh to allow the Israelite slaves to leave Egypt.[81]

The main speaker at the Tel Aviv protest was former Defense Minister Moshe Ya'alon. Other speakers included physicist and protest leader Shikma Bressler. Meir Sheetrit, who served as justice and finance minister under previous Likud governments, addressed the Haifa protest, as did Major General Amos Malka, former chief of military intelligence. Former Foreign Minister Tzipi Livni spoke at the protest in Kfar Sava. Other speakers at this day's protests included former Mossad chief Danny Yatom, Yisrael Beiteinu lawmaker Yulia Malinovsky, ultra-Orthodox feminist activist Tzippy Lavi and former lawmaker Tehila Friedman-Nachalon.[82]

10 April

Hundreds of people opposed to the judicial changes demonstrated in Tel Aviv in the evening, after Prime Minister Netanyahu gave a speech in which he blamed the protesters and the opposition parties for the recent terror attacks and for the recent military escalation between Israel and its neighbors.[83]

12 April

Hundreds of opponents of the judicial changes protested outside a community center in Hadera, where Prime Minister Netanyahu attended a Passover celebration. Dozens of Netanyahu supporters gathered in a counter-demonstration.[84]

15 April

Hundreds of thousands of Israelis protested, for the 15th week running, against the planned judicial changes, with demonstrations in 150 locations across the country.[85] The main Tel Aviv event attracted around 160,000 protesters and the Netanya event about 24,000.[86]

The right-wing Im Tirtzu organization held counter-protests in support of the changes in 12 locations across the country.[85] According to The Times of Israel, "these did not appear to draw large crowds",[85] while according to Channel 14 the counter-protests attracted thousands of supporters,[87] and according to Arutz Sheva they attracted tens of thousands.[88]

19 April

Around 300 right-wing protesters gathered outside the home of former Israeli Supreme Court President Aharon Barak, in support of the proposed judicial changes.[89]

20 April

About 100 delegates to the World Zionist Congress, taking place in Jerusalem, took part in a march from the congress venue to Israel’s Supreme Court, to show their opposition to the proposals to weaken the judiciary. Sheila Katz, CEO of the National Council of Jewish Women, said that delegates from 10 countries participated in the rally.[90][91]

See also

References

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Further reading

External links

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