International sanctions during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

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  Russia
Countries that have introduced sanctions on Russia in 2014:
  Countries that have introduced sanctions
  European Union countries that have collectively introduced sanctions

Following Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, the United States, the European Union,[1] and other countries,[2] including China,[3] introduced or significantly expanded sanctions to include Vladimir Putin and other government members,[4] and cut off "selected Russian banks" from SWIFT,[5] triggering the 2022 Russian financial crisis and massive international boycott of Russia and Belarus.

Sanctions[edit]

See also: 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine § Sanctions, 2022 boycott of Russia and Belarus, and List of people and organizations sanctioned during the Russo-Ukrainian War

After Russia invaded Ukraine on 24 February 2022, two countries that had not previously taken part in sanctions, namely South Korea[6] and non-UN member state Taiwan,[7] engaged in sanctions against Russia. On 28 February 2022, Singapore announced that it will impose banking sanctions against Russia for Ukraine invasion, thus making them the first country in Southeast Asia to impose sanctions upon Russia;[8] the move was described by the South China Morning Post as being "almost unprecedented". The sanctions also included materials that could be used for weapons against Ukraine, as well as electronics, technology devices and other related equipment, which were listed in a detailed statement on 5 March.[9][10]

On 28 February 2022, the Central Bank of Russia was blocked from accessing more than $400 billion in foreign-exchange reserves held abroad[11][12] and the EU imposed sanctions on several Russian oligarchs and politicians.[13]

Sergei Aleksashenko, the former Russian deputy finance minister, said: "This is a kind of financial nuclear bomb that is falling on Russia."[14] On 1 March 2022, the French finance minister Bruno Le Maire said the total amount of Russian assets being frozen by sanctions amounted to $1 trillion.[15]

Serbia, Mexico and Brazil have announced that they would not be participating in any economic sanctions against Russia.[16][17][18][19]

Western countries and others began imposing limited sanctions on Russia when it recognised the independence of Donbas. With the commencement of attacks on 24 February, a large number of other countries began applying sanctions with the aim of crippling the Russian economy. The sanctions were wide-ranging, targeting individuals, banks, businesses, monetary exchanges, bank transfers, exports, and imports.[20][21][22]

Faisal Islam of BBC News stated that the measures were far from normal sanctions and were "better seen as a form of economic war". The intent of the sanctions was to push Russia into a deep recession with the likelihood of bank runs and hyperinflation. Islam noted that targeting a G20 central bank in this way had never been done before.[23] Deputy Chairman of the Security Council of Russia and former president Dmitry Medvedev derided Western sanctions imposed on Russia, including personal sanctions, and commented that they were a sign of "political impotence" resulting from NATO's withdrawal from Afghanistan. He threatened to nationalise foreign assets that companies held inside Russia.[24]

Oil[edit]

Senator Roger Marshall introduced a bill on 1 March 2022 banning US imports of Russian oil, supported by the GOP minority leader of the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources and seven other Republicans. The first move by a Western nation to impose a flat blockade on Russian petroleum, its top moneymaker, came a day prior from Canada. President Justin Trudeau said that it "sends a powerful message."[25][26]

On 8 March, President Joe Biden ordered a ban on imports of oil, gas and coal from Russia to the US.[27]

US imports of Russian Oil a Month
US oil production, imports, & exports
US Natural Gas

Banking[edit]

In a 22 February speech,[28] US president Joe Biden announced restrictions against four Russian banks, including V.E.B., as well as on corrupt billionaires close to Putin.[29][30] UK prime minister Boris Johnson announced that all major Russian banks would have their assets frozen and be excluded from the UK financial system, and that some export licences to Russia would be suspended.[31] He also introduced a deposit limit for Russian citizens in UK bank accounts, and froze the assets of over 100 additional individuals and entities.[32]

Nord Stream, a natural gas pipeline, runs under the Baltic Sea, bypassing Ukraine. Germany imports 50% to 75% of its natural gas from Russia.[33] Nord Stream 2 would have doubled annual capacity of Nord Stream to 110 billion m3 (3.9 trillion cu ft).

The foreign ministers of the Baltic states called for Russia to be cut off from SWIFT, the global messaging network for international payments. Other EU member states had initially been reluctant to do this, both because European lenders held most of the nearly $30 billion in foreign banks' exposure to Russia and because China had developed an alternative to SWIFT called CIPS; a weaponisation of SWIFT would provide greater impetus to the development of CIPS which, in turn, could weaken SWIFT as well as the West's control over international finance.[34][35] Other leaders calling for Russia to be stopped from accessing SWIFT include Czech president Miloš Zeman,[36] and UK prime minister Boris Johnson.[37]

Germany had resisted calls for Russia to be banned from SWIFT, citing the effect it would have on payments for Russian gas and oil; on 26 February, the German foreign minister Annalena Baerbock and economy minister Robert Habeck made a joint statement backing targeted restrictions of Russia from SWIFT.[38][39] Shortly thereafter, it was announced that major Russian banks would be removed from SWIFT, although there would still be limited accessibility to ensure the continued ability to pay for gas shipments.[40] Furthermore, it was announced that the West would place sanctions on the Russian Central Bank, which holds $630bn in foreign reserves, to prevent it from liquidating assets to offset the impact of sanctions.[41]

On 26 February, two Chinese state banks—the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, which is the largest bank in the world, and the Bank of China, which is the country's biggest currency trader—were limiting financing to purchase Russian raw materials, which was limiting Russian access to foreign currency.[42] On 28 February, Switzerland froze a number of Russian assets and joined EU sanctions. According to Ignazio Cassis, the president of the Swiss Confederation, the decision was unprecedented but consistent with Swiss neutrality.[43] The same day, Monaco adopted economic sanctions and procedures for freezing funds identical to those taken by most European states.[44] Singapore became the first Southeast Asian country to impose sanctions on Russia by restricting banks and transactions linked to Russia;[45] the move was described by the South China Morning Post as being "almost unprecedented".[46] South Korea announced it would participate in the SWIFT ban against Russia, as well as announcing an export ban on strategic materials covered by the "Big 4" treaties to which Korea belongs—the Nuclear Suppliers Group, the Wassenaar Arrangement, the Australia Group, and the Missile Technology Control Regime; in addition, 57 non-strategic materials, including semiconductors, IT equipment, sensors, lasers, maritime equipment, and aerospace equipment, were planned to be included in the export ban "soon".[47]

French Finance Minister Bruno Le Maire said that the EU "will bring about the collapse" of the economy of Russia.[48]

On 28 February, Japan announced that its central bank would join sanctions by limiting transactions with Russia's central bank, and would impose sanctions on Belarusian organisations and individuals, including President Aleksandr Lukashenko, because of Belarus' "evident involvement in the invasion" of Ukraine.[49] According to The Wall Street Journal, payments for energy raw materials have been largely spared from these measures.[citation needed] The Central Bank of Russia was blocked from accessing more than $400 billion in foreign-exchange reserves held abroad.[11][50] Sergei Aleksashenko, the former Russian deputy finance minister, said: "This is a kind of financial nuclear bomb that is falling on Russia."[51] EU foreign affairs chief Josep Borrell said that Western nations "cannot block the reserves of the Russian central bank in Moscow or in China".[52]

On 1 March, the Grand and General Council of San Marino authorised the country's government to take sanctions against Russia, and rejected that the measures had a military content.[53] The same day, the French finance minister Bruno Le Maire said that Russian assets being frozen by sanctions amounted to $1 trillion.[54] South Korea announced it would stop all transactions with 7 main Russian banks and their affiliates, restrict the purchase of Russian treasury bonds, and agreed to "immediately implement" and join any further economics sanctions imposed against Russia by the European Union.[55][56]

Following sanctions and criticisms of their relations with Russian business, many companies chose to exit Russian or Belarussian markets voluntarily or in order to avoid potential future sanctions.[57] Visa, Mastercard, and American Express independently blocked Russian banks as of 2 March.[58] Following Swiss sanctions on Russia, Credit Suisse issued orders to destroy documents linking Russian oligarchs to yacht loans, a move which led to considerable criticism.[59]

Export[edit]

[60] The US instituted export controls, a novel sanction focused on restricting Russian access to high-tech components, both hardware and software, made with any parts or intellectual property from the US. The sanction required that any person or company that wanted to sell technology, semiconductors, encryption software, lasers, or sensors to Russia request a licence, which by default was denied. The enforcement mechanism involved sanctions against the person or company, with the sanctions focused on the shipbuilding, aerospace, and defence industries.[61]

On 20 March 2022, Australia banned the export of alumina, bauxite and other aluminium ores to Russia.[62]

EU sanctions[edit]

A worker removes the sign from Gazprom's office in Vienna in March 2022

On the morning of 24 February, Ursula von der Leyen, the president of the European Commission, announced "massive" EU sanctions to be adopted by the union. The sanctions targeted technological transfers, Russian banks, and Russian assets.[63] Josep Borrell, the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, stated that Russia would face "unprecedented isolation" as the EU would impose the "harshest package of sanctions [which the union has] ever implemented". He also said that "these are among the darkest hours of Europe since the Second World War".[64] President of the European Parliament Roberta Metsola called for "immediate, quick, solid and swift action" and convened an extraordinary session of Parliament for 1 March.[65][66] On 26 February, the French Navy intercepted Russian cargo ship Baltic Leader in the English Channel. The ship was suspected of belonging to a company targeted by the sanctions. The ship was escorted to the port of Boulogne-sur-Mer and was being investigated.[67]

Aviation[edit]

On 24 February 2022, Ukrainian airspace was closed to civilian aircraft a few hours before the Russian invasion started, on the basis of a notification from the Russian Ministry of Defence. The European regulator EASA issued a Conflict Zone Information Bulletin (CZIB) warning that civilian aircraft could be misidentified or even directly targeted.[68] The EU sanctions introduced on 25 February included a ban on the sale of aircraft and spare parts,[69] and also required lessors to terminate the leases on aircraft placed with Russian airlines by the end of March.[70]

On 25 February, the UK announced the closure of its airspace to Russian airlines. [71] On 27 February, the EU and Canada closed their airspace to all Russian aircraft, including both commercial and private aircraft.[72] Russia issued a reciprocal ban, forcing many airlines to reroute or cancel flights to Asian destinations.[73] The US issued a similar ban on 1 March.[74] On 2 March, Airbus and Boeing both suspended maintenance support for Russian airlines.[75] On 8 March, Aeroflot suspended all its remaining flights to international destinations (except for Minsk, Belarus) due to airspace restrictions[76] and to counter the "risk" of aircraft being repossessed by lessors.[77] On 9 March, to avoid Russian airspace, Finnair started routing its flights to Asia over the North Pole, the first time a polar route has been used for commercial flights in nearly 30 years.[78] On 10 March, Russia passed legislation outlining conditions to impede the return of leased aircraft to foreign lessors, including the need for approval from a government committee and payment of settlements in Roubles.[79] On 11 March, China blocked the supply of aircraft parts to Russia.[80] Many aircraft operated by Russian airlines had been registered with the Bermuda registry, which suspended airworthiness approvals on 14 March.[81] The same day, Russia implemented a law allowing aircraft operated by Russian airlines to be re-registered with the Russian registry, effectively confiscating them from their overseas owners. Some 515 commercial aircraft, valued at approximately $10 billion, were leased by Russian airlines from foreign lessors prior to the sanctions.[82] Lessors moved swiftly to repossess those few aircraft "stranded" outside Russia[83] and reassigned some new aircraft due to be placed with Russian airlines, particularly Boeing 737 MAX that are now unlikely ever to be recertified by Russia.[84] Also on 14 March, EASA revoked the type certificates of the Sukhoi Superjet 100, Tupolev Tu-204 and four other aircraft types.[85] On 15 March, Aeroflot CEO Mikhail Poluboyarinov, targeted by EU sanctions, was removed from the IATA board of governors.[86]

Summary of sanctions per state[edit]

Oil imports Swift banking ban Russian flights Minerals exports "Strategic" materials Sanctions on Belarus
 EU No Yes. Yes Yes
 US Yes Yes Yes Yes
  Switzerland Yes Yes
 South Korea Yes Yes Yes
 AUS Yes Yes Alumina/Bauxite
 Canada Yes Yes Yes
 Japan N/A Yes
 UK Yes Yes Yes N/A
 Brazil No No No N/A No
 San Marino Yes Yes
 Singapore Yes
 Serbia No No No No No No
 Mexico No No No No No No
 Taiwan Yes Yes

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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