Mangalore

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Mangalore (disambiguation).
Mangaluru
ಮಂಗಳೂರು
Kuḍla, Koḍiyāḷ, Maṅgaḷūru, Maikāla,
Corporation City
Town Hall of Mangaluru
Town Hall of Mangaluru
Mangaluru is located in Karnataka
Mangaluru
Mangaluru
Coordinates: 12°52′N 74°53′E / 12.87°N 74.88°E / 12.87; 74.88Coordinates: 12°52′N 74°53′E / 12.87°N 74.88°E / 12.87; 74.88
Country  India
State Karnataka
District Dakshina Kannada
Named for Mangaladevi
Area
 • Total 184.45 km2 (71.22 sq mi)
Elevation 22 m (72 ft)
Population (2011)[1]
 • Total 774,785
 • Density 4,200/km2 (11,000/sq mi)
Demonym(s) Mangalorean, Kuḍlada, Maṅgaḷūrina, Koḍiyāḷceṁ
Language
 • Official Kannada
 • Regional Tulu, Canarese Konkani, Beary
Time zone IST (UTC+5:30)
PIN 575001 to 575030[2]
Telephone code +91-(0)824
Vehicle registration KA-19, KA-62
Literacy 94.03%[3]
Website www.mangalorecity.gov.in

Mangalore(Listeni/ˈmæŋɡəlɔr/) is the chief port city of the Indian state of Karnataka. It is known as Kuḍla in Tulu, Maikāla in Beary, Koḍiyāḷ in Canarese Konkani. It is located about 371 kilometres (230 mi) west of the state capital, Bangalore. Mangalore lies between the Arabian Sea and the Western Ghat mountain ranges, and is the administrative headquarters of the Dakshina Kannada (formerly South Canara) district in south western Karnataka. With its pristine beaches, broad roads and calm localities, Mangalore was ranked the 8th cleanest city of India.[5] Mangaluru was ranked India's 13th best destination for business.[6]

It developed as a port on the Arabian Sea—remaining, to this day, a major port of India. Lying on the backwaters of the Netravati and Gurupura rivers, Mangalore is often used as a staging point for sea traffic along the Malabar Coast. The city has a tropical climate and lies in the path of the Arabian Sea branch of the South-West monsoons. Mangaluru's port handles 75 per cent of India's coffee and cashew exports.[7]

Mangaluru was ruled by several major powers, including the Kadambas, Alupas, Vijayanagar Empire, Keladi Nayaks, and the Portuguese. The city was a source of contention between the British and the Mysore rulers, Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan. Eventually annexed by the British in 1799, Mangalore remained part of the Madras Presidency until India's independence in 1947. The city was unified with the state of Mysore (now called Karnataka) in 1956.[8]

Mangaluru is demographically diverse with several languages, including Tulu, Canarese Konkani, Kannada, Urdu, Malayalam and Beary commonly spoken, and is the largest city in Dakshina Kannada district. Mangaluru is one of the most cosmopolitan non-metro cities of India. It is also the largest city in the Coastal and Malnad regions of Karnataka, besides being a leading commercial, industrial, educational, healthcare and petrochemical hub on the West Coast. Mangaluru city urban agglomeration extends from Ullal in the south to Surathkal in the north, covering a distance of over 35 km.The city's landscape is characterised by rolling hills, coconut palms, freshwater streams and hard red-clay tiled-roof buildings.[9]

Etymology[edit]

The local Hindu deity Mangaladevi, after which the city of Mangaluru derives its name

Mangalore was named after the Hindu deity Mangaladevi, the presiding deity of the Mangaladevi temple[10] or a synonym of Tara Bhagvati of the Vajrayana Buddhist sect.[11] According to local legend, a princess from Malabar named Parimala or Premaladevi renounced her kingdom and became a disciple of Matsyendranath, the founder of the Nath tradition. Having converted Premaladevi to the Nath sect, Matsyendranath renamed her Mangaladevi. She arrived in the area with Matsyendranath, but had to settle near Bolar in Mangalore as she fell ill on the way. Eventually she died, and the Mangaladevi temple was consecrated in her honour at Bolar by the local people after her death.[12] The city got its name from the temple.[13]

One of the earliest references to the city's name was made in 715 CE by the Pandyan King Chettian, who called the city Mangalapuram.[14] According to K.V. Ramesh, President of the Place Names Society of India, Mangaluru was first heard in 1345 CE during the Vijayanagar rule. Many shilashasanas (stones) of Vijayanagar period refer the city as Mangalapura. Even before that, during the Alupas period, it was referred to as Mangalapura. People from Kerala call it as Mangalapuram in Malayalam ('Mangala' means 'auspicious'). The city is well known as Mangaluru in Kannada, a reference to Mangaladevi (the suffix uru means town or city). During the British occupation from 1799, Mangalore (anglicised from Mangaluru), stuck as the official appellation.[15] However, according to historian George M. Moraes, the word "Mangalore" is the Portuguese corruption of Mangaluru.[16]:2 The name of this town also appears in maps as early as the 1652 Sanson Map of India.[17]

Mangalore's diverse communities have different names for the city in their languages. In Tulu, the primary spoken language, the city is called Kuḍla, meaning "junction", since the city is situated at the confluence of the Netravati and Gurupura rivers. In Canarese Konkani, Mangalore is referred to as Koḍiyāḷ, while the Beary name for the city is Maikala.[18]

History[edit]

Main article: History of Mangalore

Mangalore's historical importance is highlighted by the many references to the city by foreign travellers. During the first century CE, Pliny the Elder, a Roman historian, made references to a place called Nitrias, as a very undesirable place for disembarkation, on account of the pirates which frequent its vicinity,[19] while Greek historian Ptolemy in the second century CE referred to a place called Nitra. Ptolemy's and Pliny the Elder's references were probably made to the Netravati River, which flows through Mangalore.[20] Cosmas Indicopleustes, a Greek monk, in his 6th century work Christian Topography mentions Malabar as the chief seat of the pepper trade, and Mangarouth (port of Mangalore) as one of the five pepper marts which exported pepper.[21][22]

The Sultan Battery in Mangalore, built in 1784 by Tipu Sultan to defend the city from enemy warships entering the Gurupura river[23][24]

Mangalore is the heart of a distinct multilinguistic—cultural region: Tulu Nadu, the homeland of the Tulu-speaking people, which was nearly coterminous with the modern district of South Canara.[25] In the third century BCE, the town formed part of the Maurya Empire, ruled by the Buddhist emperor, Ashoka of Magadha.[26]:176 From the third century CE to sixth century CE, the Kadamba dynasty, whose capital was based in Banavasi in North Canara, ruled over the entire Canara region as independent rulers.[27] From the middle of the seventh century to the end of the 14th century, the South Canara region was ruled by its own native Alupa rulers. The Alupas ruled over the region as feudatories of major regional dynasties like the Chalukyas of Badami, Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta, Chalukyas of Kalyani, and Hoysalas of Dwarasamudra.[28]:17 During the reign of the Alupa king Kavi Alupendra (c. 1110 – c.1160), the city was visited by the Tunisian Jewish merchant Abraham Ben Yiju, who travelled between the Middle East and India during the 12th century.[29] The Moroccan traveller Ibn Battuta, who had visited the town in 1342, referred to it as Manjarur, and stated that the town was situated on a large estuary, called the "estuary of the wolf," and was the greatest estuary in the country of Malabar.[30][31]:30 By 1345, the Vijayanagara rulers brought the region under their control.[28]:17 During the Vijayanagara period (1345–1550), South Canara was divided into Mangalore and Barkur rajyas (provinces), and two governors were appointed to look after each of them from Mangalore and Barkur. But many times only one governor ruled over both Mangalore and Barkur rajyas, and when the authority passed into the hands of Keladi rulers (c. 1550–1763), they had a governor at Barkur alone.[28]:19 In 1448, Abdur Razzaq, the Persian ambassador of Sultan Shah Rukh of Samarkand, visited Mangalore, en route to the Vijayanagara court.[31]:31 The Italian traveler, Ludovico di Varthema, who visited India in 1506 says that he witnessed nearly sixty ships laden with rice ready for sail in the port of Mangalore.[28]:20

A fort with two-tiered ramparts and many bastions rises above the far bank of a river. Some human settlements are visible nearby.
A pen and ink drawing of Mangalore Fort made in 1783, after it had been taken by the English East India Company

European influence in Mangalore can be traced back to 1498, when the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama landed at St Mary's Island near Mangalore.[32] In the 16th century, the Portuguese came to acquire substantial commercial interests in Canara. Krishnadevaraya (1509–1529), the then ruler of the Vijaynagara empire maintained friendly relations with the Portuguese. The Portuguese trade was gradually gathering momentum and they were striving to destroy the Arab and Moplah trade along the coast. In 1524, when Vasco da Gama heard that the Muslim merchants of Calicut had agents at Mangalore and Basrur, he ordered the rivers to be blockaded. In 1526, the Portuguese under the viceroyship of Lopo Vaz de Sampaio took possession of Mangalore. The coastal trade passed out of Muslim hands into Portuguese hands.[28]:20 In 1550, the Vijayanagara ruler, Sadashiva Raya, entrusted the work of administering the coastal region of Canara to Sadashiv Nayaka of Keladi. By 1554, he was able to establish political authority over South Canara. The disintegration of the Vijaynagara Empire in 1565 gave the rulers of Keladi greater power in dealing with the coastal Canara region.[28]:27 They continued the Vijayanagara administrative system. The two provinces of Mangalore and Barkur continued to exist. The Governor of Mangalore also acted as the Governor of the Keladi army in his province.[28]:30 In 1695, the town was torched by Arabs in retaliation to Portuguese restrictions on Arab trade.[33]

Hyder Ali, the de facto ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore, conquered Mangalore in 1763,[34] consequently bringing the city under his administration until 1767. Mangalore was ruled by the British East India Company from 1767 to 1783,[35] but was subsequently wrested from their control in 1783 by Hyder Ali's son, Tipu Sultan; who renamed it Jalalabad.[36][37] The Second Anglo–Mysore War ended with the Treaty of Mangalore, signed between Tipu Sultan and the British East India Company on 11 March 1784.[38] After the defeat of Tipu at the Fourth Anglo–Mysore War, the city remained in control of the British, headquartering the Canara district under the Madras Presidency.[15][39][40]

According to the Scottish physician Francis Buchanan who visited Mangalore in 1801, Mangalore was a rich and prosperous port with flourishing trading activity.[41] Rice was the grand article of export, and was exported to Muscat, Bombay, Goa and Malabar. Supari or Betel-nut was exported to Bombay, Surat and Kutch. Pepper and Sandalwood were exported to Bombay. Turmeric was exported to Muscat, Kutch, Surat and Bombay, along with Cassia Cinnamon, Sugar, Iron, Saltpeter, Ginger, Coir and Timber.[41]

The Light House Hill tower in Light House Hill, Hampankatta, served as a watchtower for the British Navy.[42]

The British colonial government did not support industrialization in the region, and local capital remained invested mostly in land and money lending, which led to the later development of banking in the region. With the arrival of European missionaries in the early 19th century, the region saw the development of educational institutions and a modern industrial base, modeled on European industries. The opening of the Lutheran Swiss Basel Mission in 1834 was central to the industrialization process. Printing press, cloth-weaving mills and tile factories manufacturing the famed Mangalore tiles were set up by the missionaries.[25] When Canara (part of the Madras Presidency until this time) was bifurcated into North Canara and South Canara in 1859, Mangalore was transferred into South Canara and became its headquarters.[43]:5 South Canara remained under Madras Presidency, while North Canara was detached from Madras Presidency and transferred to Bombay Presidency in 1862.[43]:6 The enactment of the Madras Town Improvement Act (1865) mandated the establishment of the Municipal council on 23 May 1866, which was responsible for urban planning and providing civic amenities.[16]:178 The Italian Jesuits, who arrived in Mangalore in 1878, played an important role in education, economy, health, and social welfare of the city.[44] The linking of Mangalore in 1907 to the Southern Railway, and the subsequent proliferation of motor vehicles in India, further increased trade and communication between the city and the rest of the country.[45] By the early 20th century, Mangalore had become a major supplier of educated manpower to Bombay, Bangalore, and the Middle East.[25]

As a result of the States Reorganisation Act (1956), Mangalore (part of the Madras Presidency until this time) was incorporated into the dominion of the newly created Mysore State (now called Karnataka).[8][46]:415 Mangalore is the sixth largest city of Karnataka, and ninth largest port of India, providing the state with access to the Arabian Sea coastline.[25] Mangalore experienced significant growth in the decades 1970–80, with the opening of New Mangalore Port in 1974 and commissioning of Mangalore Chemicals & Fertilizers Limited in 1976.[47][48] Today, the Mangalore region is a nationally known higher education hub with a flourishing service sector, particularly in medical services, a small but growing IT regional hub, and a booming real estate and banking industry, and it remains a diverse place, though communal violence has increased than it was before the 1980s.[25]

Geography and climate[edit]

Sunset at Panambur beach
Sunset at Ullal Bridge Mangalore

Mangalore is located at 12°52′N 74°53′E / 12.87°N 74.88°E / 12.87; 74.88 in the Dakshina Kannada district of Karnataka.[49] It has an average elevation of 22 metres (72 ft) above mean sea level.[50] It is the administrative headquarters of the Dakshina Kannada district, the largest urban coastal center of Karnataka, and the fourth largest city in the state.[51] Mangalore is situated on the west coast of India, and is bounded by the Arabian Sea to its west and the Western Ghats to its east. Mangalore city, as a municipal entity, spans an area of 132.45 km2 (51.14 sq mi).[52] Mangalore experiences moderate to gusty winds during day time and gentle winds at night.[53] The topography of the city is plain up to 30 km (18.64 mi) inside the coast and changes to undulating hilly terrain sharply towards the east in Western Ghats.[54] There are four hilly regions with natural valleys within the city. The geology of the city is characterised by hard laterite in hilly tracts and sandy soil along the seashore.[51] The Geological Survey of India has identified Mangalore as a moderately earthquake-prone urban centre and categorised the city in the Seismic III Zone.[55]

A schematic map showing the tourist places in and around Mangalore city

Mangalore lies on the backwaters of the Netravati and Gurupura rivers.[56] These rivers effectively encircle the city, with the Gurupura flowing around the north and the Netravati flowing around the south of the city. The rivers form an estuary at the south-western region of the city and subsequently flow into the Arabian sea.[57] The city is often used as a staging point for traffic along the Malabar Coast. The coastline of the city is dotted with several beaches, such as Mukka, Panambur, Tannirbavi, Suratkal, and Someshwara. Coconut trees, palm trees, and Ashoka trees comprise the primary vegetation of the city.

Under the Köppen climate classification, Mangalore has a tropical monsoon climate and is under the direct influence of the Arabian Sea branch of the southwest monsoon. It receives about 95 per cent of its total annual rainfall within a period of about six months from May to October, while remaining extremely dry from December to March.[58] The average annual precipitation in Mangalore is 3,796.9 millimetres (149 in).[59][60] Humidity is approximately 75 per cent on average, and peaks during May, June and July.[61] The maximum average humidity is 93 per cent in July and average minimum humidity is 56 per cent in January.[61]

The most pleasant months in Mangalore are from December to February, during which time the humidity and heat are at their lowest.[62] During this period, temperatures during the day stay below 30 °C (86 °F) and drop to about 19 °C (66 °F) at night. The lowest recorded temperature at Panambur is 15.6 °C (60 °F) on January 8, 1992, and at Bajpe it is 15.9 °C (61 °F) on November 19, 1974. This season is soon followed by a hot and humid summer, from March to May. In Mangalore, the temperature has never touched 40 °C (104 °F), according to the IMD.[63] The highest ever recorded temperature in Mangalore is 38.1 °C (101 °F) on March 13, 1985 at Bajpe.[64] The summer gives way to the monsoon season, when the city experiences the highest precipitation among all urban centres in India, due to the influence of the Western Ghats.[65] Rainfall up to 4,000 millimetres (157 in) could be recorded during the period from June to September. The rains subside in September, with the occasional rainfall in October.[66]

In the year 1994, Mangalore received very heavy rainfall of 5,083.5 millimetres (200 in). This is the highest recorded annual rainfall for an Indian city.[67]

Climate data for Mangalore, India
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 36.3
(97.3)		 37.8
(100)		 38.1
(100.6)		 36.6
(97.9)		 36.7
(98.1)		 34.4
(93.9)		 35.5
(95.9)		 32.2
(90)		 34.6
(94.3)		 35.0
(95)		 35.6
(96.1)		 35.6
(96.1)		 38.1
(100.6)
Average high °C (°F) 32.8
(91)		 33.0
(91.4)		 33.5
(92.3)		 34.0
(93.2)		 33.3
(91.9)		 29.7
(85.5)		 28.2
(82.8)		 28.4
(83.1)		 29.5
(85.1)		 30.9
(87.6)		 32.3
(90.1)		 32.8
(91)		 31.5
(88.7)
Average low °C (°F) 20.8
(69.4)		 21.8
(71.2)		 23.6
(74.5)		 25.0
(77)		 25.1
(77.2)		 23.4
(74.1)		 22.9
(73.2)		 23.0
(73.4)		 23.1
(73.6)		 23.1
(73.6)		 22.4
(72.3)		 21.2
(70.2)		 22.9
(73.2)
Record low °C (°F) 16.1
(61)		 17.3
(63.1)		 18.8
(65.8)		 19.7
(67.5)		 20.4
(68.7)		 20.5
(68.9)		 19.8
(67.6)		 19.4
(66.9)		 20.2
(68.4)		 19.1
(66.4)		 15.9
(60.6)		 16.1
(61)		 15.9
(60.6)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 1.1
(0.043)		 0.2
(0.008)		 2.9
(0.114)		 24.4
(0.961)		 183.2
(7.213)		 1,027.2
(40.441)		 1,200.4
(47.26)		 787.3
(30.996)		 292.1
(11.5)		 190.8
(7.512)		 70.9
(2.791)		 16.4
(0.646)		 3,796.9
(149.484)
Average rainy days 0.2 0 0.3 1.6 7 23.5 27.4 24.9 13.7 9.1 3.6 0.6 111.9
Average relative humidity (%) 62 66 68 71 71 87 89 88 85 79 73 65 75.3
Mean monthly sunshine hours 313 296 299 292 276 119 94 133 178 226 271 292 2,789
Source #1: India Meteorological Department – Monthly mean maximum & minimum temperature and total rainfall [68][69]
Source #2: Weather-And-Climate (Humidity and Sunshine hours) [70][71]
Climate data for 1994 rainfall in Mangalore, India
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average rainfall mm (inches) 2.5
(0.098)		 0.0
(0)		 0.0
(0)		 97.2
(3.827)		 66.2
(2.606)		 1,920.6
(75.614)		 1,549.3
(60.996)		 925.2
(36.425)		 179.9
(7.083)		 290.9
(11.453)		 51.7
(2.035)		 0.0
(0)		 5,083.5
(200.138)
Source #1: India Meteorological Department – Mangalore climate summary from 1957–2000
http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/mean/MANGALORE.htm [72]
Source #2: TuTiempo – Mangalore climate from 1973–2014
http://www.tutiempo.net/en/Climate/Mangalore_Bajpe/432840.htm [73]

Economy[edit]

Main article: Economy of Mangalore
The Infosys campus in Mangalore
A Mangalore tile manufactured by J. H. Morgan & Sons (Mangaluru)

Mangaluru's economy is dominated by the industrial, commercial, agricultural processing and port-related activities.[74] One of the largest SEZs in India, the MSEZ is in Mangaluru. Karnataka's 2nd biggest industrial area-Baikampady IE is in Mangalore. The New Mangalore Port is India's seventh largest port, in terms of cargo handling. It handles 75 per cent of India's coffee exports and the bulk of its cashew nuts.[7] During 2000–01, Mangalore generated a revenue of ₹33.47 crore (US$5.05 million) to the state.[75] The city's major enterprises include Mangalore Chemicals and Fertilizers Ltd. (MCF), Kudremukh Iron Ore Company Ltd. (KIOCL), Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Ltd. (MRPL), BASF, Bharati Shipyard Limited and Total Oil India Limited (ELF Gas). The leaf spring industry has an important presence in Mangaluru, with Canara Workshops Ltd. and Lamina Suspension Products Ltd. in the city.[74] The Baikampady and Yeyyadi Industrial areas harbour several small-scale industries. Imports through Mangalore harbour include crude oil, edible oil, LPG, and timber.[76] The city along with Tuticorin is also one of two points for import of wood to South India.[77]

Major information technology (IT) and outsourcing companies like Infosys, Cognizant Technology Solutions, MphasiS BPO, Thomson Reuters have established a presence in Mangaluru.[7] Plans to create three dedicated I.T. parks are underway, with two parks (Export Promotion Industrial park (EPIP) at Ganjimutt and Special Economic Zone (SEZ) near Mangalore University) currently under construction.[78] A third IT SEZ is being proposed at Ganjimutt.[79] Another IT SEZ, sponsored by the BA group, is under construction at Thumbe and spans 2 million square feet (180,000 m²).[80]

The Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) plans to invest over ₹35000 crore (US$5.28 billion) in a new 15 million tonne refinery, petrochemical plant and power, as well as LNG plants at the Mangalore Special Economic Zone. Indian Strategic Petroleum Reserves Ltd, a special purpose vehicle under the Oil Industry Development Board, is developing strategic crude oil reserves in Mangalore and two other places in India.[81][82] Out of the proposed 5 million metric tonnes (MMT) storage, 1.5 MMT would be at Mangalore.[83] According to an International edition of India Today (28 November – 4 December 2006), Mangalore is the fastest growing non-metro in South India.[84]

Corporation Bank,[85] Canara Bank,[86] and Vijaya Bank[87] were the three nationalised banks established in Mangalore during the first half of the 20th century. Karnataka Bank, founded in Mangalore, was one of the largest banks to have not been taken over by the Government.[88] The Mangalore Catholic Co-operative Bank (MCC Bank) Ltd.[89] and SCDCC Bank[90] were the scheduled banks established in Mangalore.

ParkingSpace2.jpg

The boat building and fishing industry have been core businesses in Mangalore for generations. The Old Mangalore Port is a fishing port located at Bunder in Mangalore, where a large number of mechanised boats anchor.[91] The traffic at this port was 122,000 tonnes during the years 2003–04.[92] The fishing industry employs thousands of people, their products being exported to around the region. Mangalorean firms have a major presence in the tile, beedi, coffee, and cashew nut industry, although the tile industry has declined due to concrete being preferred in modern construction.[7][74] The Albuquerque tile factory in Mangalore is one of India's oldest red roof tile manufacturing factories.[93][94] Cotton industries also flourish in Mangalore. The Ullal suburb of Mangalore produces hosiery and coir yarns, while beedi rolling is an important source of revenue to many in the city.[74] The process of making Mangalore City Corporation into ‘Greater Mangalore’ has almost begun and steps are being initiated to embrace 33 villages around the MCC. In this regard, the meeting of the Gram Panchayat, Town Municipal council and Gram Panchayat Presidents and Secretaries has been convened.[95]

Mangalore also has an IT Park called Soorya IT Park in Mudipu. The park offers state-of-the-art infrastructure for IT/ITES companies, offering 2.4 lakh sq. ft leasable area.

Demographics[edit]

Skyline of Mangalore




Circle frame.svg

Religions in Mangalore city

source: http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/451-mangalore.html

  Hindus (68.99%)
  Muslims (17.40%)
  Christians (13.15%)
  Jains (0.21%)
  Not Stated (0.12%)
  Sikh (0.08%)
  Buddhist (0.05%)
  Other (0.00%)
Gokarnatheshwara Temple in Kudroli
Milagres Church in Hampankatta

Mangalore has a population of 584,785 per the 2011 census of India.[96][97][98] The urban area has a population of 774,787,[99][100] while the Mangalore city metropolitan area has a population of 484,785 (2011).[97][101] The number of males was 240,651, constituting 50 per cent of the population, while the number of females were 244,134.[96] The decadal growth rate was 45.90.[98] Male literacy was 96.49 per cent, while female literacy was 91.63 per cent.[96] About 8.5 per cent population was under six years of age.[96] Mangalore's literacy rate is 94.03 per cent[96]—significantly higher than the national average of 59.5 per cent.[100] Birth rate was 13.7 per cent, while death rate and infant mortality rate were at 3.7 per cent and 1.2 per cent respectively.[102] The Mangalore urban area had 32 recognised slums, and nearly 22,000 migrant labourers lived in slums within the city limits.[103][104] According to the Crime Review Report (2006) by the Dakshina Kannada Police, Mangalore registered a drop in the crime rate in 2005, compared with 2003.[105]

The four main languages in Mangalore are Tulu, Canarese Konkani, Kannada, and Beary; with Tulu being the mother tongue of the majority.[15] English, Malayalam, Hindi, and Urdu are also widely spoken in the city. A resident of Mangalore is known as a Mangalorean in English, Kuḍlada in Tulu, Koḍiyāḷco in Catholic Konkani, Koḍiyāḷci in Goud Saraswat Brahmin Konkani, Mangalurna in Kannada,Mangalapurakkaran in Malayalam, and Maikalta in Beary basse.

Hinduism is the majority religion in Mangalore, with Devadiga, Mogaveera, Billavas, Ganigas, Bunts, Kota Brahmins, Shivalli Brahmins, Havyaka Brahmins, Sthanika Brahmins, Goud Saraswat Brahmins (GSBs), Chitpavan Brahmins,Kulal's are the major communities in Hindus. Christians form a sizeable section of Mangalorean society, with Mangalorean Catholics accounting for the largest Christian community. Protestants in Mangalore typically speak Kannada.[106]

Mangalore has one of the highest percentage of Muslims as compared to other cities in Karnataka. Most Muslims in Mangalore are Bearys, who speak a dialect of Kannada and Tulu called Beary language. Majority of them follow the Shafi'i school of Fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence).

There is also a small community of local Jains, and Gujarati traders.[25]

Culture[edit]

Main articles: Culture of Mangalore and Mangalorean cuisine
See also: Tulu Nadu (Culture)
Yakshagana, a popular dance drama

Many classical dance forms and folk art are practised in the city. The Yakshagana, a night-long dance and drama performance, is held in Mangalore,[107] while Pilivesha (literally, tiger dance), a folk dance unique to the city, is performed during Dasara and Krishna Janmashtami.[108] Karadi Vesha (bear dance) is another well known dance performed during Dasara.[109] Paddanas (Ballad-like epics passed on through generations by word of mouth) are sung by a community of impersonators in Tulu and are usually accompanied by the rhythmic drum beats.[109] The Bearys' unique traditions are reflected in such folk songs as kolkai (sung during kolata, a valour folk-dance during which sticks used as props), unjal pat (traditional lullaby), moilanji pat, and oppune pat (sung at weddings).[110] The Evkaristik Purshanv (Konkani: Eucharistic procession) is an annual Catholic religious procession led on the first Sunday of each New Year.[109] The Shreemanti Bai Memorial Government Museum in Bejai is the only museum of Mangalore.[111]

Most of the popular Indian festivals are celebrated in the city, the most important being Dasara, Diwali, Christmas, Easter, Eid, and Ganesh Chaturthi. Kodial Theru, also known as Mangaluru Rathotsava (Mangalore Car Festival) is a festival unique to the Goud Saraswat Brahmin community, and is celebrated at the Sri Venkatramana Temple.[112][113] The Mangalorean Catholics community's unique festivals include Monti Fest (Mother Mary's feast), which celebrates the Nativity feast and the blessing of new harvests.[114] The Jain Milan, a committee comprising Jain families of Mangalore, organises the Jain food festival annually,[115] while festivals such as Mosaru Kudike, which is part of Krishna Janmashtami festival, is celebrated by the whole community.[116] Aati, a festival worshiping Kalanja, a patron spirit of the city, occurs during the Aashaadha month of Hindu calendar. Festivals such as Karavali Utsav and Kudlostava are highlighted by national and state-level performances in dance, drama and music.[117] Bhuta Kola (spirit worship), is usually performed by the Tuluva community at night. Nagaradhane (snake worship) is performed in the city in praise of Naga Devatha (the serpent king), who is said to be the protector of all snakes.[118] An ancient ritual associated with the 'daivasthanams' (temples) in rural areas, Hindu kori katta,[119][120] a religious and spiritual cockfight, is held at the temples and also allowed if organised as part of religious or cultural events.[121]

Neer dosa, a variant of dosa, and pundi (rice ball), are native to Mangalore.

Mangalorean cuisine is largely influenced by the South Indian cuisine, with several cuisines being unique to the diverse communities of the city. Coconut and curry leaves are common ingredients to most Mangalorean Curry, as are ginger, garlic and chili. Mangalorean Fish Curry is a popular dish in Kanara. The Tuluva community's well-known dishes include Kori Rotti (dry rice flakes dipped in gravy), Bangude Pulimunchi (silver-grey mackerels), Beeja-Manoli Upkari, Neer dosa (lacy rice-crêpes), Boothai Gasi, Kadubu, and Patrode. The Konkani community's specialities include Daali thoy, beebe-upkari (cashew based), val val, avnas ambe sasam, Kadgi chakko, paagila podi, and chana gashi. Vegetarian cuisine in Mangalore, also known as Udupi cuisine, is known and liked throughout the state and region. Since Mangalore is a coastal town, fish forms the staple diet of most people.[122] Mangalorean Catholics' Sanna-Dukra Maas (Sanna—idli fluffed with toddy or yeast; Dukra Maas—Pork), Pork Bafat, Sorpotel and the Mutton Biryani of the Muslims are well-known dishes. Pickles such as happala, sandige and puli munchi are unique to Mangalore. Shendi (toddy), a country liquor prepared from coconut flower sap, is popular.[109]

Civic administration[edit]

Main article: Mangalore City Corporation
Mangalore City officials[123]
Mayor Jacintha Vijaya Alfred
Deputy Mayor Purushottham Chitrapura
Commissioner of Police S. Murugan

The Mangalore City Corporation (MCC) is the municipal corporation in charge of the civic and infrastructural assets of the city. Municipal limits begin with Mukka in the north, to Netravati river bridge in the south and western sea shore to Vamanjoor in the east. The MCC council comprises 60 elected representatives, called corporators, one from each of the 60 wards (localities) of the city. Elections to the council are held once every five years, with results being decided by popular vote. A corporator from the majority party is selected as a Mayor.[124] The headquarters of Mangalore City Corporation is at Lalbagh. Its sub-offices are at Surathkal and Bikarnakatta. As of 2001, the Mangalore municipality covered an area of 73.71 km2 (28.46 sq mi).[75]

Mangalore City Corporation headquarters at Lalbagh

Until the revision of Lok Sabha and the legislative constituencies by the Delimitation commission, Mangalore contributed two members to the Lok Sabha, one for the southern part of the city which fell under the Mangalore Lok Sabha Constituency, and another for the northern part of the city which fell under the Udupi Lok Sabha Constituency. Additionally, Mangalore sent three members to the Karnataka State Legislative Assembly. With the revision, the entire Mangalore taluk now falls under the Dakshina Kannada Lok Sabha constituency, resulting in Mangalore contributing only one Member of Parliament (MP).[125][126]

The Mangalore City Police is responsible for the law and order maintenance in Mangalore. The department is headed by a Commissioner of Police. Mangalore is also the headquarters of the Western Range Police, covering the western districts of Karnataka, which is headed by an Inspector General of Police (IGP).[127]

Education[edit]

Main article: List of educational institutions in Mangalore
National Institute of Technology (Karnataka) in Surathkal, which is one of the premier institutes of India, is located near Mangalore.

Mangalore is an important centre for education with students from all over India pursuing various professional courses in and around the city adding to its cosmopolitan look and appeal. The pre-collegiate medium of instruction in schools is predominantly English and Kannada, and medium of instruction in educational institutions after matriculation in colleges is English. Additionally, other media of instruction exist in Mangalore. Recently, a committee of experts constituted by the Tulu Sahitya Academy recommended the inclusion of Tulu (in Kannada script) as a medium of instruction in education.[128] Schools and colleges in Mangalore are either government-run or run by private trusts and individuals. The schools are affiliated with either the Karnataka State Board, Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE), the Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE) and the National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) boards. After completing 10 years of schooling in secondary education, students enroll in Higher Secondary School, specialising in one of the three streams – Arts, Commerce or Science. Since the 1980s, there have been a large number of professional institutions established in a variety of fields including engineering, medicine, homoeopathic medicine, dentistry, business management and hotel management. The earliest schools established in Mangalore were the Canara High School (1891), Basel Evangelical School (1838) and Milagres School (1848). The Kasturba Medical College established in 1953, was India's first private medical college.[129] Popular educational institutions in the city are National Institute of Technology (Karnataka),Srinivas Institute of Technology, Sahyadri Educational Institutions – College of Engineering & Management, Adyar, KS Hegde Medical Academy, A. J. Institute of Medical Science, Father Muller Medical College, Father Muller Homeopathic Medical College, Yenepoya Medical College, Srinivas Medical College Mangalore Institute of Technology & Engineering (MITE), Bearys Institute of Technology, St Joseph's Engineering College, P.A. College of Engineering,St.Agnes, St. Aloysius College, Sharada Vidyalaya, Canara High School, Canara College, Canara Engineering College, KVG College of Engineering [1] Alvas Education foundation, S.D.M. College,Sri Sathya sai loka Seva Educational Institutions,Alike [2] and St. Joseph Engineering College. A public library run by the Corporation Bank, is located at Mannagudda in Mangalore.[130] Mangalore University was established on 10 September 1980. It caters to the higher educational needs of Dakshina Kannada, Udupi and Kodagu districts[131] and is a National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) accredited four-star level institution.[132]

Transport[edit]

Main article: Transport in Mangalore
Mangalore Airport
The Netravati railway bridge serves as the gateway to Mangalore.

Mangalore's location makes it accessible via all forms of transport – Air, Road, Rail and Sea.[133] Transport systems in Mangalore city include private buses, KSRTC buses, trains, taxis and autorickshaws.

Mangalore Junction railway station

Mangalore Airport (IATA: IXE) is near Bajpe/Kenjar, and is located about 15 kilometres (9 mi) north-east of the city centre. It is the second airport in Karnataka to operate flights to international destinations. It is the second largest and second busiest airport in the state of Karnataka. The new terminals and runways at the airport accommodate both cargo and passenger requirements. State run government buses Vajra Volvo ply between the city and the airport.[134]

Four National Highways pass through Mangalore. NH-66 (previously known as NH-17 till April 2011[135]), which runs from Panvel (in Maharashtra) to Edapally Junction (near Cochin in Kerala), passes through Mangalore in a north–south direction, while NH-48 (presently known as NH-75[136]) runs eastward to Bangalore. NH-13 (presently known as NH-169[136]) runs north-east from Mangalore to Solapur.[137]NH-234, a 715-km long National Highway connects Mangalore to Viluppuram.[138] National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) is upgrading the national highways connecting New Mangalore Port to Surathkal on NH-66 and BC Road junction on NH-48. Under the port connectivity programme of the National Highways Development Project (NHDP), a 37.5-kilometre (23.3 mi) stretch of these highways will be upgraded from two-lane to four-lane roads.[139]

Mangalore's city bus service is operated by private operators and provides access within city limits and beyond. Two distinct sets of routes for the buses exist—city routes are covered by city buses, while intercity routes are covered by service and express buses. Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) operates long distance bus services from Mangalore to other parts of the state.[140] The other key players who run bus services from Mangalore are the Dakshina Kannada Bus Operators Association (DKBOA) and the Canara Bus Operators Association (CBOA).[141] These buses usually ply from the Mangalore Bus Station. White coloured taxis also traverse most of the city. Another mode for local transport is the autorickshaw.

Rail connectivity in Mangalore was established in 1907. Mangalore was also the starting point of India's longest rail route.[45] The city has two railway stations—Mangalore Central (at Hampankatta) and Mangalore Junction (at Kankanadi).[142] A metre gauge railway track, built through the Western Ghats, connects Mangalore with Hassan. The broad gauge track connecting Mangalore to Bangalore via Hassan was opened to freight traffic in May 2006[143] and passenger traffic in December 2007.[144] Mangalore is also connected to Chennai, Trivandrum, Kochi, Kollam(Quilon) through the Southern Railway and to Mumbai via the Konkan Railway.[145][146]

The Mangalore Harbour has shipping, storage, and logistical services, while the New Mangalore Port handles dry, bulk, and fluid cargoes. The New Mangalore Port is also well equipped to handle petroleum oil lubricants, crude products and LPG containers. It is also the station for the coast guard. This artificial harbour is India's ninth largest port, in terms of cargo handling, and is the only major port in Karnataka.[147][148]

Sports[edit]

Kambala race at Pilikula Nisargadhama

Traditional sports like Kambala (buffalo race), contested in water filled paddy fields, and Korikatta (cockfight) are very popular in the city.[149] Cricket is the most popular sport in the city. Dakshina Kannada's only full-fledged cricket stadium, the Mangala Stadium, is in Mangalore.[150] The Sports Authority of India (SAI) has also set up a sports training centre at the stadium.[151] The Central Maidan in Mangalore is another important venue hosting domestic tournaments and many inter-school and collegiate tournaments.[152] The Mangalore Sports Club (MSC) is a popular organisation in the city and has been elected as the institutional member for the Mangalore Zone of the Karnataka State Cricket Association (KSCA).[153][154] Football is also quite popular in the city and is usually played in the maidans (grounds), with the Nehru Maidan being the most popular venue for domestic tournaments. Chess is also a popular indoor sport in the city. Mangalore is headquarters to the South Kanara District Chess Association (SKDCA), which has hosted two All India Open Chess tournaments.[155][156][157]

Other sports such as tennis, squash, billiards, badminton, table tennis and golf are played in the numerous clubs and gymkhanas. Pilikula Nisargadhama, an integrated theme park, has a fully functional nine-hole golf course at Vamanjoor.[158][159] Lokesh Rahul, commonly known as KL Rahul and Budhi Kunderan, a former Indian wicket keeper was from Mangalore.[160] Ravi Shastri, who represented India for several years in international cricket as an all-rounder and captained the team, is of Mangalorean descent.[161]

Media[edit]

All India Radio's FM tower at Kadri

Major national English language newspapers such as Times of India, The Hindu, The New Indian Express and Deccan Herald publish localised Mangalore editions. The Madipu, Mogaveera, Samparka (Contact) and Saphala (Fulfillment) are well-known Tulu periodicals in Mangalore.[162] Popular Konkani language periodicals published in the city are Raknno (Guardian), Konknni Dirvem (Konkani Treasure), and Kannik (Offering). Beary periodicals like Jyothi (Light) and Swatantra Bharata (Independent India) are also published from Mangalore. Among Kannada newspapers, Udayavani (Morning Voice), Vijaya Karnataka (Victory of Karnataka), Prajavani (Voice of the People), Kannada Prabha and Varthabharathi (Indian News) are popular. Evening newspapers such as Karavali Ale (Waves from the Coast), Mangalooru Mitra (Friend of Mangalore), Sanjevani (Evening Voice), and Jayakirana (Rays of Victory) are also published in the city. The Konkani language newspaper kodial Khabbar is released fortnightly.One of the major Malayalam language newspaper of Kerala The Malayala Manorama have its own localised Mangalore edition. The first Kannada language newspaper Mangalore Samachara (News of Mangalore) was published from Mangalore in 1843.[163]

The state run, nationally broadcast Doordarshan provides both national and localised television coverage. Cable television also provides broadcast cable channels of independently owned private networks. Canara TV transmits daily video news channels from Mangalore.[164] Mangalore is not covered by the Conditional access system (CAS); however, a proposal to provide CAS to television viewers in Mangalore sometime in the future has been initiated by V4 Media, the local cable service provider.[165] Direct-to-Home (DTH) services are available in Mangalore via Dish TV, Tata Sky, Sun Direct DTH, Airtel digital TV, Reliance BIG TV and Videocon D2h .[166] All India Radio (AIR) has a studio at Kadri (with frequency 100.3 MHz) that airs program during scheduled hours. Mangalore's private FM stations include Radio Mirchi 98.3 FM, Big 92.7 FM[167] and Red 93.5 FM.[168]

Mangalore is home to the Tulu Film Industry, which releases one film per month, on average. Popular Tulu films include Kadala Mage (Son of the Sea) and Suddha (The Cleansing Rites). Tulu dramas, mostly played in the Town Hall at Hampankatta, are very popular.[129] In 2006, a Tulu film festival was organised in Mangalore.[169]

Utility services[edit]

The Kadri Park in Kadri

Electricity in Mangalore is regulated by the Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited (KPTCL) and distributed through Mangalore Electricity Supply Company (MESCOM).[170][171][172] Mangalore experiences scheduled and unscheduled power cuts, especially during the summer, due to excess consumption demands.[173] Major industries like Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals (MRPL) and Mangalore Chemicals & Fertilizers (MCF) operate their own captive power plants.[174][175]

Potable water to the city is supplied by Mangalore City Corporation.[176] Almost all water is from the vented dam constructed across the Netravati River at Thumbe, 14 kilometres (9 mi) from Mangalore.[177][178] The Karnataka Urban Development and Coastal Environment Management Project (KUDCEMP) aim to improve safe water supply systems and reduce leakage and losses in the distribution system in Mangalore.[176] The official garbage dumping ground of Mangalore is in Vamanjoor.[179] The city generates an average of 175 tons per day of waste, which is handled by the health department of the Mangalore City Corporation.[180] The city has developed and maintains public parks such as Pilikula Nisargadhama,[181] Kadri Park at Kadri, Tagore Park at Light House Hill, Gandhi Park at Gandhinagar,[182] and Corporation Bank Park at Nehru Maidan.

Fixed Line telecom services are offered alongside GSM and Code division multiple access (CDMA) mobile services. Mangalore is the headquarters of the Dakshina Kannada Telecom District, the second largest telecom district in Karnataka.[183] Prominent broadband internet service providers in the city include Tata, Airtel and DataOne by BSNL.[184]

Sister cities[edit]

Mangalore is twinned with two Canadian cities:

See also[edit]

Portal icon Karnataka portal

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ "Cities having population 1 lakh and above, Census 2011" (PDF). Government of India. Retrieved 2013-01-23. 
  2. ^ "Pincode Locator Tool". PINcode.Net.In. Retrieved 16 December 2011. 
  3. ^ "Cities having population 1 lakh and above, Census 2011" (PDF). censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 4 October 2015. 
  4. ^ "Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above" (PDF). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 26 March 2012. 
  5. ^ "Mangalore second cleanest city in State". The Hindu. 25 January 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2015. 
  6. ^ http://coastaldigest.com/index.php/news/58572-bangalore-ranked-indias-top-business-destination-mangalore-at-13th-place
  7. ^ a b c d "Mangalore takes over as the new SEZ destination". The Economic Times (The Times of India). 17 February 2008. Retrieved 20 March 2008. 
  8. ^ a b "States Reorganization Act 1956". Commonwealth Legal Information Institute. Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 1 July 2008. 
  9. ^ Babu, Savitha Suresh (17 February 2007). "Tiles for style". The Hindu. Retrieved 5 April 2008. 
  10. ^ Kameshwar, G. (2004). Tulu tales: a soota chronicle. Rupa & Co. p. 8. ISBN 978-81-291-0427-4. 
  11. ^ Sadasivan, S.N. (2000). A social history of India. New Delhi: APH Pub. Corp. pp. 207–208. ISBN 81-7648-170-X. 
  12. ^ Venkataraya Narayan Kudva (1972). History of the Dakshinatya Saraswats. Samyukta Gowda Saraswata Sabha. p. 260. 
  13. ^ Temple India. Vivekananda Prakashan Kendra. 1981. p. 160. 
  14. ^ "New names invoke a hoary past". The Times of India. 2014-10-19. Retrieved 2015-02-23. 
  15. ^ a b c Raghuram, M. (18 July 2007). "Mangaluru: it has come a long way". The Hindu. Retrieved 27 July 2008. 
  16. ^ a b Farias, Kranti K. (1999). The Christian Impact on South Kanara. Church History Association of India. 
  17. ^ "1652 Sanson Map of India". Retrieved 19 March 2012. 
  18. ^ "Filled with lore". The Hindu. 2008-06-09. Retrieved 2015-02-23. 
  19. ^ Bostock, John (1855). "26 (Voyages to India)". Pliny the Elder, The Natural History. London: Taylor and Francis. 
  20. ^ Prasad, Om P. (1989). Decay and Revival of Urban Centres in Medieval South India: (c. A.D. 600–1200). Volume 4 of Series in Indian history, art, and culture. Commonwealth Publishers. p. 163. ISBN 9788171690060. 
  21. ^ Indicopleustes, Cosmas (1897). Christian Topography. 11. United Kingdom: The Tertullian Project. pp. 358–373. 
  22. ^ Das, Santosh Kumar (2006). The Economic History of Ancient India. Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd. p. 301. ISBN 9788130704234. 
  23. ^ "Worst-Case Scenario". The Times of India. 30 November 2006. Retrieved 25 August 2008. 
  24. ^ Kunal Bhatia (26 February 2008). "Mangalore: Of cultural institutions, tiles and religious spots". Mumbai Mirror. Retrieved 25 August 2008. 
  25. ^ a b c d e f Gavin Shatkin (14 August 2013). "Chapter 10 : Planning Mangalore: Garbage Collection in a Small Indian City". Contesting the Indian City: Global Visions and the Politics of the Local. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-29584-7. 
  26. ^ Fedrick Sunil Kumar N.I (2006). "Chapter 6 : The Basel Mission in South Canara". The basel mission and social change-Malabar and south canara a case study (1830–1956)" (PDF) (Ph.D.). University of Calicut. 
  27. ^ K. Puttaswamaiah (1980). Economic Development of Karnataka: A Treatise in Continuity and Change. Oxford & IBH. p. 33. 
  28. ^ a b c d e f g Bhat, N. Shyam (1998). South Kanara, 1799–1860: a study in colonial administration and regional response. Mittal Publications. ISBN 978-81-7099-586-9. 
  29. ^ Ghosh 2002, p. 189
  30. ^ Lee 1829, Perils and detours in Malabar
  31. ^ a b A. Wahab Doddamane (1993). Muslims in Dakshina Kannada: A Historical Study Upto 1947 and Survey of Recent Developments. Green Words Publication. 
  32. ^ Kamath, J. (16 September 2002). "Where rocks tell a tale". The Hindu Business Line. Retrieved 8 July 2008. 
  33. ^ Muthanna, I. M. (1977). Karnataka, History, Administration & Culture. Lotus Printers. p. 235. 
  34. ^ South Kanara District Gazetteer 1973, p. 62
  35. ^ Thornton 1859, p. 114
  36. ^ Thornton 1859, p. 170
  37. ^ Lal 2002, p. 22
  38. ^ Forrest 1887, pp. 314–316
  39. ^ Townsend 1867, p. 628
  40. ^ Riddick 2006, p. 28
  41. ^ a b Prabhu 1999, p. 152
  42. ^ Raghuram, M. (18 June 2005). "Feeling on top of the world". The Hindu. Retrieved 22 August 2008. 
  43. ^ a b N. Shyam Bhat (2001). Judiciary and Police in Early Colonial South Kanara, 1799–1862. Mittal Publications. ISBN 978-81-7099-820-4. 
  44. ^ Monteiro, John B (2014-01-08). "Last of Italian Jesuits in Mangalore dies in his homeland". Daijiworld Media. Retrieved 2015-03-01. 
  45. ^ a b "Mangalore was once the starting point of India's longest rail route". The Hindu. 29 October 2007. Retrieved 19 March 2008. 
  46. ^ South Kanara District Gazetteer. Karnataka State Gazetteer 12. Gazetteer Department (Government of Karnataka). 1973. 
  47. ^ Damodar Panda (1991). Cargo Handling in the Major Ports of India. Minerva Associates (Publications). p. 30. ISBN 978-81-85195-33-9. 
  48. ^ Sharma, Ravi. "Industrial leap". Frontline (The Hindu) 24 (19 ( Sep. 22-Oct. 05, 2007)). Retrieved 2015-03-01. 
  49. ^ "Mangalore, India Page". Falling Rain Genomics, Inc. Retrieved 19 March 2008. 
  50. ^ "Rainfall Stations in India". Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (Pune). Archived from the original on 2010-10-20. Retrieved 27 July 2008. 
  51. ^ a b Rao, P. S. N. Urban governance and management: Indian initiatives. Indian Institute of Public Administration in association with Kanishka Publishers, Distributors. p. 402. ISBN 978-81-7391-801-8. 
  52. ^ "City Statistics". Mangalore City Corporation. Archived from the original on 1 July 2007. Retrieved 3 August 2007. 
  53. ^ Balakrishna, K. M.; Narayana, Y; Kumari, Anitha. "Meteorological Measurements of Mangalore Region for ARMEX Programme (Observations and Data Analysis)" (PDF). Department of Physics (Mangalore University). p. 26. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 April 2008. Retrieved 25 March 2008. 
  54. ^ Mausam: quarterly journal of meteorology, hydrology & geophysics, Volume 56, Issue 1. India Meteorological Department. 2005. p. 76. 
  55. ^ Seismic zoning map of India (Map). Geological Survey of India. Retrieved 20 July 2008. 
  56. ^ Heitzman 2008, p. 102
  57. ^ Mangalore City Corporation, p. 38
  58. ^ Subrahmanyam, V. P. "Some aspects of water balance in the tropical monsoon climates of India" (PDF). Hydrology of Humid Tropical Regions with Particular Reference to the Hydrological Effects of Agriculture and Forestry Practice (Proceedings of the Hamburg Symposium, August 1983) (International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS)) 140: 327–328. Retrieved 8 July 2008. 
  59. ^ "IMD – Monthly mean maximum & minimum temperature and total rainfall based upon 1901 – 2000 data (Page 42)" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. Retrieved 11 December 2014. 
  60. ^ "World Weather Information Service – Climatological Information for Mangalore, India". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 30 January 2015. 
  61. ^ a b Shrihari 2007, pp. 5–6
  62. ^ "Mangalore, India". Weatherbase. Retrieved 19 March 2008. 
  63. ^ "Mangalore: Temperature in coast never touched 40° C – IMD". Daijiworld. 20 Mar 2014. Retrieved 27 Sep 2015. 
  64. ^ "Ever Recorded Maximum Temperature, Minimum Temperat ure and 24 Hours Heaviest Rainfall upto 2010" (PDF). IMD, Inc. Retrieved 24 Dec 2014. 
  65. ^ "Western Ghats (sub cluster nomination)". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 27 July 2008. 
  66. ^ Mishra, A. K.; Gnanaseelan, C.; Seetaramayya, P. (25 August 2004). "A study of rainfall along the west coast of India in relation to low level jet and air–sea interactions over the Arabian Sea" (PDF). Current Science (Current Science Association) 87 (4): 483. Retrieved 21 March 2008. 
  67. ^ "Mangalore Annual Rainfall". IMD, Inc. Retrieved 10 Dec 2014. 
  68. ^ "IMD – Monthly mean maximum & minimum temperature and total rainfall based upon 1901 – 2000 data" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. Retrieved 24 December 2014. 
  69. ^ "Extremes of India" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. Retrieved January 25, 2015. 
  70. ^ "Average humidity over the year for Mangalore,India". Weather-And-Climate. Retrieved 11 December 2014. 
  71. ^ "Average monthly hours of sunshine over the year for Mangalore,India". Weather-And-Climate. Retrieved January 30, 2015. 
  72. ^ "IMD – total rainfall summary for Mangalore". India Meteorological Department. Retrieved 24 December 2014. 
  73. ^ "TuTiempo – Mangalore climate from 1973–2014". Tutiempo. Retrieved 27 December 2014. 
  74. ^ a b c d "South Scan (Mangalore, Karnataka)". CMP Media LLC. Retrieved 20 March 2008. 
  75. ^ a b Directorate of Economics and Statistics (Government of Karnataka) 2005, p. 1
  76. ^ "Commissionerate of Customs — Mangaluru". Mangalore Customs. Retrieved 23 July 2008. 
  77. ^ "Kerala's timber market sustained by imports". Hindustan Times. 17 February 2008. Retrieved 4 April 2008. 
  78. ^ "Study Area around SEZ, Mangalore" (DOC). Mangalore City Corporation. Retrieved 2 July 2008. [dead link]
  79. ^ Mangalore City Corporation. "Proposed MSEZ Site and Existing Industries". Archived from the original (DOC) on 10 April 2008. Retrieved 9 April 2008. 
  80. ^ "Two more plans for EPIP cleared". The Hindu. 31 August 2006. Retrieved 29 September 2006. 
  81. ^ "Strategic oil reserves to come directly under Govt". The Hindu Business Line. 2 April 2006. Retrieved 20 February 2008. 
  82. ^ "Strategic crude reserve gets nod". The Hindu. 7 January 2006. Retrieved 20 February 2008. 
  83. ^ "'India to form crude oil reserve of 5 mmt'". The Economic Times. 20 June 2007. Retrieved 20 February 2008. 
  84. ^ "CNC India Fund Summary" (PDF). CNC India Fund I Periodical (CNC India Group) 1 (1): 2. Retrieved 4 July 2008. 
  85. ^ "History". Corporation Bank. Retrieved 18 April 2008. 
  86. ^ "Cheque truncation process from April, says Leeladhar". The Hindu. 20 November 2005. Retrieved 18 April 2008. 
  87. ^ "Inception". Vijaya Bank. Retrieved 9 July 2008. 
  88. ^ "History of Karnataka Bank". Karnataka Bank. Retrieved 18 April 2008. 
  89. ^ "Mangalore: Countdown for MCC Bank Election Begins Amid Blame Games". Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. 15 March 2008. Retrieved 22 July 2008. 
  90. ^ "History of SCDCC Bank". SCDCC Bank. Retrieved 24 June 2008. 
  91. ^ National Council of Applied Economic Research 1961, pp. 6–73
  92. ^ Directorate of Economics and Statistics (Government of Karnataka) 2004, p. 233
  93. ^ Somerset & Bond Wright, p. 510
  94. ^ Somerset & Bond Wright, p. 511
  95. ^ http://www.coastaldigest.com/index.php/coastal-plus/58793-greater-mangalore-all-set-to-give-new-look-to-mcc
  96. ^ a b c d e "Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 31 October 2011. 
  97. ^ a b "Karnataka's tier II cities miss out on boom". Deccan Herald. 24 October 2011. Retrieved 26 October 2011. 
  98. ^ a b "Population of Corporation/CMC/TMC/TP (Population 2001 Census)". Directorate of Municipal Administration, Bangalore. Retrieved 16 April 2008. 
  99. ^ "Provision Population Totals, Census of India 2011". Census Commission of India. Retrieved 15 December 2011. 
  100. ^ a b "Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns. (Provisional)". Census Commission of India. Archived from the original on 15 December 2006. Retrieved 3 September 2007. 
  101. ^ "City of Mangalore". Mangalore City Corporation. Retrieved 3 August 2007. 
  102. ^ Mangalore City Corporation, p. 131
  103. ^ "Growing number of slums in Mangalore a cause for concern". The Hindu. 8 April 2006. Retrieved 14 March 2008. 
  104. ^ "Slums mushrooming in port city". The Hindu. 21 January 2006. Retrieved 14 March 2008. 
  105. ^ Dayananda, B. (2006). "Crime Review – 2006" (PDF). Dakshina Kannada Police. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 October 2009. Retrieved 25 July 2008. 
  106. ^ South Kanara District Gazetteer 1973, p. 93
  107. ^ Prabhu, Ganesh (10 January 2004). "Enduring art". The Hindu. Retrieved 20 July 2008. 
  108. ^ Pinto, Stanley G. (26 October 2001). "Human 'tigers' face threat to health". The Times of India. Retrieved 7 December 2007. 
  109. ^ a b c d D'Souza, Stephen. "Poem: What's in a Name?". Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. Retrieved 4 March 2008. 
  110. ^ "Beary Sahitya Academy set up". The Hindu. 13 October 2007. Retrieved 15 January 2008. 
  111. ^ "Srimanthi Bai Museum is in a shambles". The Hindu. 7 July 2006. Retrieved 21 January 2008. 
  112. ^ "Shree Venkatramana Temple (Car Street, Mangalore)". Shree Venkatramana Temple, Mangalore. Retrieved 25 July 2008. 
  113. ^ Shenoy, Rajanikanth (13 February 2008). "Colourful Kodial Theru". Mangalorean.com. Retrieved 9 July 2008. 
  114. ^ Monteiro, John B. "Monti Fest Originated at Farangipet – 240 Years Ago!". Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. Retrieved 11 January 2008. 
  115. ^ Nayak, Amrita (24 November 2007). "Food for thought". The Hindu. Retrieved 18 January 2008. 
  116. ^ "'Mosaru Kudike' brings in communal harmony". The Hindu. 28 August 2005. Retrieved 22 February 2008. 
  117. ^ "Objectives of Karavali Utsav". Karavli Utsav, Mangalore. Retrieved 9 July 2008. 
  118. ^ "Nagarapanchami Naadige Doddadu". Mangalorean.com. 18 August 2007. Retrieved 28 January 2008. 
  119. ^ "The Hindu". thehindu.co.in. 10 January 2008. 
  120. ^ 'Kori Katta' draws maximum crowd Mangalorean.com 14 November 2008
  121. ^ "The Hindu". thehindu.co.in. 8 September 2011. 
  122. ^ "Typically home". The Hindu. 11 August 2007. Retrieved 9 July 2008. 
  123. ^ "Council Members". Mangalore City Corporation. Retrieved 14 October 2014. 
  124. ^ Integrated Solid Waste Management Operation & Maintenance report, p. 7
  125. ^ "New Assembly constituencies". Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. 14 July 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2007. 
  126. ^ "Assembly constituencies proposed by Delimitation Commission". The Hindu. 5 May 2006. Retrieved 22 September 2007. 
  127. ^ "The Indian Police Service (Fixation of Cadre Strength) Regulations, 1955". Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions. Archived from the original on 16 December 2006. Retrieved 15 April 2007. 
  128. ^ "'Use Kannada script to teach Tulu now'". The Hindu. 22 June 2005. Retrieved 31 January 2008. 
  129. ^ a b Fernandes, Ronald Anil; Naina J. A.; Hegde, Bhakti V.; Raveendran, Aabha; Padmanabha K. V., Sibanthi; Mayya, Sushma P. (15 August 2007). "Sixty and still enterprising ...". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 1 July 2008. 
  130. ^ Kamila, Raviprasad (1 April 2006). "It's a treasure of books". The Hindu. Retrieved 31 January 2008. 
  131. ^ "Details of Mangalore University". Mangalore University. Retrieved 21 March 2008. 
  132. ^ "UGC recognised Universities in Karnataka with NAAC accreditation status". Education Observer. Retrieved 15 February 2014. 
  133. ^ "Bank finance for Agribusiness:A case study in Dakshina Kannada district" (PDF). Dr. G.V. Joshi. Retrieved 18 June 2015. 
  134. ^ "Intl services begin at Mangalore airport". The Hindu Business Line. 4 October 2006. Retrieved 21 February 2008. 
  135. ^ "Special – New National Highway Numbers". Retrieved 10 August 2012. 
  136. ^ a b Mangalore: Get Set to be Used to New Numbers of National Highways Mangalorean.com 1 May 2011
  137. ^ "NH wise Details of NH in respect of Stretches entrusted to NHAI" (PDF). National Highways Authority of India (NHAI). Retrieved 4 July 2008. 
  138. ^ "DK's new NH to connect three states". The Times of India. 26 April 2010. Retrieved 15 December 2011. 
  139. ^ "4-lane road project in Mangalore likely to be completed in 30 months". The Hindu Business Line. 7 October 2005. Retrieved 13 October 2006. 
  140. ^ "Profile of KSRTC". Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC). Archived from the original on 3 July 2008. Retrieved 4 July 2008. 
  141. ^ "Transport operators in district vie for routes". The Hindu. 6 March 2006. Retrieved 16 June 2008. 
  142. ^ "Name changed". The Hindu. 8 November 2007. Retrieved 5 July 2008. 
  143. ^ "Mangalore -Hassan rail line open for freight traffic". The Hindu Business Line. 6 May 2006. Retrieved 13 October 2006. 
  144. ^ "Bangalore-Mangalore train service from December 8". The Hindu. 24 November 2007. Retrieved 2 October 2008. 
  145. ^ "The Beginning". Konkan Railway Corporation Limited. Retrieved 16 April 2008. 
  146. ^ "Southern Railway to operate special trains". The Hindu. 23 August 2011. Retrieved 15 December 2011. 
  147. ^ Integrated Solid Waste Management Operation & Maintenance report, p. 4
  148. ^ "New Mangalore Port Trust (NMPT)". New Mangalore Port. Retrieved 13 October 2006. 
  149. ^ "Colours of the season". The Hindu. 9 December 2006. Retrieved 9 July 2008. 
  150. ^ "Minister keen on improving sports infrastructure". The Hindu. 7 August 2006. Retrieved 18 February 2008. 
  151. ^ "Approval granted for sports training centre at Mangala Stadium". The Hindu. 17 July 2006. Retrieved 25 July 2008. 
  152. ^ "Central Maidan (Mangalore, India)". Cricinfo. Retrieved 25 July 2008. 
  153. ^ Vasu, Anand (9 September 2007). "Wadiyar defeats Viswanath in Karnataka elections". Cricinfo. Retrieved 25 July 2008. 
  154. ^ "Mixed verdict in KSCA polls". Deccan Herald. 10 September 2007. Retrieved 25 July 2008. 
  155. ^ "Recent Tournaments". United Karnataka Chess Association. Archived from the original on 8 May 2008. Retrieved 22 July 2008. 
  156. ^ "Mangalore: All India Fide Rated Open Chess Tournament takes off". Mangalorean.Com. 3 July 2006. Retrieved 25 July 2008. 
  157. ^ "All India chess tourney in Mangalore from July 19". Mangalorean.Com. 17 June 2008. Retrieved 25 July 2008. 
  158. ^ "Details of Pilikula Nisarga Dhama (Pilikula)". Pilikula Nisargadhama. Retrieved 25 July 2008. 
  159. ^ "Pilikula — Perched for higher growth". Mangalorean.com. 20 July 2008. Retrieved 25 July 2008. 
  160. ^ "Budhi Kunderan (India)". Cricinfo. Retrieved 26 July 2008. 
  161. ^ Vasu, Anand (11 March 2007). "Repaying the faith". Cricinfo. Retrieved 25 July 2008. 
  162. ^ "'Madipu' literary competitions". Deccan Herald. 19 July 2007. Retrieved 18 January 2008. 
  163. ^ "Herr Kannada". Deccan Herald. 18 January 2004. Retrieved 18 January 2008. 
  164. ^ "Daily Video News Channels from Mangalore". Canara Tv. Retrieved 16 January 2008. 
  165. ^ "Mangalore: Channel V4 to offer Conditional Access System". Mangalorean.com. 22 December 2007. Retrieved 24 January 2008. 
  166. ^ "Good response for DTH in Mangalore". The Hindu. 19 March 2005. Retrieved 21 January 2008. 
  167. ^ "BIG FM Launches Station in Mangalore". Media Newsline. 5 December 2007. Retrieved 5 July 2008. 
  168. ^ Belgaumkar, Govind D. (23 November 2007). "It's time to swing to hits from FM channels". The Hindu. Retrieved 5 July 2008. 
  169. ^ "Tulu film festival". The Hindu. 23 February 2006. Retrieved 19 January 2008. 
  170. ^ "About Us". Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited (KPTCL). Retrieved 3 July 2008. 
  171. ^ "About Us". Mangalore Electricity Supply Company (MESCOM). Retrieved 3 April 2008. 
  172. ^ Directorate of Economics and Statistics (Government of Karnataka) 2004, p. 227
  173. ^ "Unscheduled load-shedding may be inevitable: Mescom". The Hindu Business Line. 5 February 2003. Retrieved 3 July 2008. 
  174. ^ "Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Ltd. (A Subsidiary of Oil and Natural gas Corporation Ltd.)" (PDF). Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals (MRPL). Retrieved 3 July 2008. [dead link]
  175. ^ "Infrastructure". Mangalore Chemicals & Fertilizers (MCF). Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 3 July 2008. 
  176. ^ a b Budhya, Gururaja. "'Social relevance of decision making' – A case study of water supply and waste water management in Mangalore, Coastal Karnataka, India." (PDF). Asian Educational Services. pp. 1–2. Retrieved 18 February 2008. [dead link]
  177. ^ "No funds crunch to tackle water scarcity in Dakshina Kannada". The Hindu Business Line. 21 April 2005. Retrieved 5 April 2008. 
  178. ^ "Karnataka Coastal Project" (PDF) (October–December 2004). Duraline Pipes. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 June 2006. Retrieved 27 July 2008. 
  179. ^ "Vamanjoor dumpyard turns killer". The Times of India. 8 December 2002. Retrieved 16 April 2008. 
  180. ^ Mangalore City Corporation, p. 10
  181. ^ "About Place". PUlikula Nisargadhama. Retrieved 3 July 2008. 
  182. ^ Pinto, Stanly (7 September 2003). "Gandhi Nagar park gets a new lease of life". The Times of India. Retrieved 26 March 2008. 
  183. ^ "South Kannada Telecom District". Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (Karnataka Telecom Circle). Retrieved 15 March 2008. "Fact Sheet". STPI (Mangalore). Retrieved 18 April 2008. [dead link]
  184. ^ "BSNL launches broadband service". The Hindu. 17 June 2005. Retrieved 22 February 2008. 
  185. ^ "Hamilton's Twin Cities". The Hamilton Mundialization Committee. Retrieved 19 January 2015. 
  186. ^ "Mangalore, Delta in sisterly embrace". DNA India. Retrieved 19 January 2015. 

References[edit]

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]

Find more about
Mangalore
at Wikipedia's sister projects
Search Wiktionary Definitions from Wiktionary
Search Commons Media from Commons
Search Wikivoyage Travel guide from Wikivoyage
Localities in Mangalore
Light House Hill, Mangalore.JPG
Jyothi Talkies 0111.jpg
Communities in Mangalore
Hinduism
Demon Yakshagana.jpgSt. Aloysius Church Mangalore.jpg
Christianity
Islam
Jainism
Anachronous map of the Portuguese Empire (1415-1999)
Authority control
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mangalore&oldid=692246667"