Catalan independence

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Supporters of Catalan independence in 2012
"L'Estelada Blava" (The Blue Starred Flag), the blue version of the pro-independence flag.
"L'Estelada Vermella" (The Red Starred Flag), the red version of the pro-independence flag.

The Catalan independence movement or the Catalan separatist movement (Catalan: independentisme català)[a] is a political movement, derived from Catalan nationalism, which supports the independence of Catalonia or the Catalan countries from Spain and France. The Estelada flag, in its blue and red versions, has become its main symbol.

Recently, there has been a substantial increase in the number of people who openly consider themselves independentists, and on September 11, 2012 and September 11, 2013 there were massive demonstrations with more than 1 million participants calling for independence for Catalonia through a peaceful, democratic process[1] and non-binding and unofficial referendums in municipalities. The ruling coalition, Convergència i Unió on giving up its longstanding strategy for more autonomy shortly after the 2012 demonstration (organized by a civil society movement), openly came out in favour of independence, lost some MPs in the parliament of Catalonia to the left-wing traditionally pro-independence party, Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya (ERC).[2] With this shift in stance by Catalonia's ruling party, the 2012 election were the first in history resulting in a clear majority of the parliament in Catalonia (55% of seats) with a pro-independence stance. The campaign for the 2015 Catalan election was carried out as a plebiscite on independence, where the Catalan government hoped to gain the democratic authority to begin the independence process. Convergència i Unió split due to Unió's disagreement with the independence drive and Convergencia and ERC ran together as a unitary list named Junts pel Si (Together for Yes). Junts pel Si did not get a majority of parliament yet a slightly lower majority of seats (53%) were held by the two pro-independence parties (Junts pel Si and the far-left CUP). Pro-independence parties gained 47.8% of the popular vote, whereas openly anti-independence parties gained 41.62% and the left-wing platform Catalonia Yes We Can, which was ambiguous in its position favoring a "political solution", gained 8.94% of the votes.

History[edit]

Beginnings[edit]

On the left, Colonel Francesc Macià, leader of ERC and President of Catalonia between 1931 and 1933

As a coastal territory of the Crown of Aragon, Catalonia has shared the monarch with Spain since the latter part of the 15th century, when Spain was born from the union[3] of the Crown of Aragon and the Crown of Castile. Some Catalan authors, such as Xavier Bru de Sala "Canviar Espanya", argue that the first serious struggle for Catalan independence may date back as far as 1640, with the unsuccessful first Catalan Republic after the Reaper's War. In the subsequent War of the Spanish Succession Catalans hoped to salvage their institutions of home rule, in the face of a centralizing Bourbon pretender, rather than outright independence.

The Crown of Aragon lost distinctive rules, institutions and laws at the end of the War of Spanish Succession in 1714, when Philip V of Spain issued the Nueva Planta decrees, a centralized Spanish rule. Support for Catalan independence is based on the thesis from the 19th century that Catalonia is a nation, derived from contemporary political and cultural ideology based on the history of Catalonia, the Catalan language and Catalan traditions.[4][5]

The beginnings of separatism can certainly be traced back to mid 19th to early 20th centuries, when some individuals,[6] organisations[7] and political parties[8] started demanding full independence of Catalonia from Spain.

Early twentieth century[edit]

In the early 20th century Enric Prat de la Riba forged an alliance of county councils, the Mancomunitat de Catalunya, to modernize Catalonia by building State structures. In the modern sense, the first political parties to define themselves as pro-independence[9] were created between the 1920s and the 1930s in Catalonia. The main separatist party created at this time was Estat Català[9] and its branch called Bandera Negra. Estat Català evolved into the new party Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya, although some of its members refused it and remained faithful to the original Estat Català, now a minor party. In the First World War Catalan Volunteers bore the pro-independence flag when they fought on the Allies' side.[10] The same ensign headed a text addressed to president Wilson late in 1918, calling on him to review the Treaty of Utrecht, which had allowed Spain to abolish Catalonia's home rule inside a centralized unitary State.[11] In 1928 exiled Catalans in Cuba (a coup d'état had occurred in Spain, in 1923) drafted a Provisional Constitution of the Catalan Republic.[12]

In 1931 a coalition of Catalan nationalist parties was the most voted force in Catalonia in the Spanish municipal elections that triggered the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic. In 1932 Catalonia was granted a statute of autonomy and home rule institutions, which lasted until the Spanish Civil War and the subsequent Franco dictatorship, which based its public ideology on Spanish Nationalism and Catholicism, abolished home rule and discouraged regional cultures.

After the Spanish Civil War[edit]

After the Spanish Civil War, members of Estat Català and Nosaltres Sols founded the Front Nacional de Catalunya which became the main pro-independence party. However, one might argue that the modern Catalan pro-independence movement was actually born in the 1960s with the Partit Socialista d'Alliberament Nacional (PSAN). This caused the pro-independence movement to assume a mostly left-wing political trend and a shift in focus from "independence for Catalonia" to "independence for the 'Catalan Countries'". By the 1970s, the PSAN split into several factions, and many other groups appeared, including the armed organization Terra Lliure.

Following Franco's death in 1975 and the Spanish transition to democracy, Catalan autonomy was restored in 1977. Catalan Nationalists have governed the region most of the time since then, and those calling for full independence have had their parliamentary group since 1980. In the 1980s, the Moviment de Defensa de la Terra (MDT) became the major pro-independence political group but this too became divided by the end of the decade. During the 1990s, existing political parties such as Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya and the linguistic-national initiative Crida a la Solidaritat progressively evolved towards a more pro-independence stance.

2010 Catalan autonomy protest[edit]

The 2010 protest in the intersection of Passeig de Gràcia and Aragó Avenues, in Barcelona
Main article: 2010 Catalan autonomy protest

The 2010 Catalan autonomy protest was a demonstration held in central Barcelona on 10 July 2010 against the limits set to the autonomy of Catalonia within Spain, and particularly against a then recent decision of the Spanish Constitutional Court to annul or reinterpret several articles of the 2006 Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia, approved in referendum by 73.9% of the voters.[13] The judgement of 28 June 2010 declared as without interpretative legal effect references to "Catalonia as a nation" and "the national reality of Catalonia". It also declared fourteen articles entirely or partly unconstitutional. Twenty-two further articles and four additional provisions were interpreted restrictively, always limiting Catalan self-government. The articles mentioned refer to:[14]

  • Catalonia as a nation, its historic rights and symbols
  • Protection of the Catalan language
  • Decentralisation of justice in Catalonia
  • Local organisation in Catalonia
  • The Catalan model of banks
  • The organisation of political consultations or referendums
  • Competencies in immigration
  • The financing of Catalonia

The number of people taking part in the demonstration was estimated at between 1.1 million (according to the local police) and 1.5 million (according to the organisers)[15][16] Madrid-based newspaper El País estimated the number of demonstrators at 425,000.[17]

The mobilisation was described as "unprecedented" by the mayor of Barcelona.[18] Barcelona daily El Periódico de Catalunya described it as "without a doubt one of the biggest protest marches that have ever occurred in Catalonia, and possibly the biggest".[15] The demonstration was led by a banner with the Catalan slogan Som una nació. Nosaltres decidim. (in English, "We are a nation. We decide.").[19]

Nationalist leaders believe that the demonstration on 10 July was a turning point in relations between Catalonia and Spain.[20] An election to the Catalan Government was held on 28 November 2010 with Artur Mas (Convergència i Unió or CiU) emerging as president.

A general election was held in Spain the following year in which the People's Party won an absolute majority with 187 of the 350 seats in the chamber. Party leader Mariano Rajoy was sworn in as president of the Spanish Tenth Legislature shortly afterwards.

Public response[edit]

Main article: Catalan independence referendums, 2009–11
Municipalities supporting the Association of Municipalities for Independence

Catalonia saw several local referenda for independence take place in hundreds of villages between 13 September 2009 and April 2011, with an overwhelming number of "yes" votes being cast. However, turnout was low at 27.41%.

Several citizens' initiatives arose in 2011 and 2012 in response to perceived slights by Spain, such as the No vull pagar ("I don't want to pay") campaign, which protested against toll fees that were seen as abusive compared with those in other parts of Spain. The protest began in early April 2012 in Catalonia and had extended in a minor degree to Valencia and the Balearic Islands by the following month.[21][22]

At an institutional level, several municipalities of Catalonia came together to create the Association of Municipalities for Independence, an organisation officially established on 14 December 2011 in Vic which brings local organisations together to further the national rights of Catalonia and promote its right to self-determination.[23] Also, during 2012, 197 Catalan towns declared themselves Free Catalan Territory stating that "the Spanish legislation and regulations have effect only in Spain, so this town will wait for new legislation and regulation from the Catalan Government and the Parliament of Catalonia".

2012 Catalan independence demonstration and snap elections[edit]

Main article: 2012 Catalan independence demonstration
The estelada (Catalan pro-independence flag) in the 2012 Catalan independence demonstration
The President of the Generalitat of Catalonia Artur Mas and Oriol Junqueras, signing the "Agreement for Freedom" on 19 December 2012.

The 2012 Catalan independence demonstration, organised by the Catalan National Assembly, argued that Catalonia should become an independent state within the European Union, under the slogan "Catalonia, new state in Europe".[24]

The number of participants was estimated at about 1.5 million according to Barcelona's Municipal Police and Catalonia's Department of the Interior,[25] about 2 million according to the organizers, and about 600,000 according to the delegation of the Spanish government in Catalonia.[26][27][28] La Directa magazine estimated at minimum 1,056,000 by counting occupied area and density.[29] An article by statistician Llorenç Badiella published in newspaper La Vanguardia estimated at about 600,000.[30]

The city centre was crowded for hours and it was feared that the massive influx of people might bring the mobile phone network to a standstill.[31][32] Many newspapers and other news agencies described it as an "historic" demonstration and considered it to be the biggest protest march ever held in Catalonia since the restoration of democracy in Spain,[33][34][35][36][37][38] surpassing other major demonstrations, including the 2010 Catalan autonomy protest.[13][39]

The event has marked the Catalan political agenda and the debate about the right to hold a referendum on the independence of Catalonia has been re-opened,[40][41][42][43][44] as well as the debate about the feasibility of an independent Catalan state and its integration into the European Union. As a consequence, the Catalan independence referendum is planned to take place during the tenth legislature of the Parliament of Catalonia.[45] According to a resolution adopted by the Parliament of Catalonia on 27 September 2012:

Polls on support of Catalan independence
Institution/media Date Yes (%) No (%)
Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas 1996[47] 33.6 53.5
Institut de Ciències Polítiques i Socials 2011[48] 41.4 22.9
El Periódico de Catalunya Jan 2012[49][50] 53.6 32.0
Centre d'Estudis d'Opinió March 2012[51] 44.6 24.7
Centre d'Estudis d'Opinió June 2012[52] 51.1 21.1
Diari Ara Jul 2012[53] 50.4 23.8
Telecinco (GESOP) Sep 2012[54] 50.9 18.6
Centre d'Estudis d'Opinió Feb 2013[55] 54.7 20.7
El Periódico de Catalunya May 2013[56] 57.8 36
Centre d'Estudis d'Opinió June 2013[57] 55.6 23.4
Cadena SER Sep 2013[58] 52.3 24.1
Centre d'Estudis d'Opinió Sep 2013[59] 54.7 22.1
Centre d'Estudis d'Opinió Dec 2014[60] 44.5 45.3
Centre d'Estudis d'Opinió Mar 2015[61] 44.0 48.0
Centre d'Estudis d'Opinió Jun 2015[62] 42.9 50.0

The resolution was adopted after the general policy debate. It received 84 favourable votes, 21 against and 25 abstentions.[63] The President of the Generalitat of Catalonia, Artur Mas, declared in a speech to Parliament that it was time for the people of Catalonia to exercise the right of self-determination.[64] On 25 September 2012, the president of the Generalitat of Catalonia Artur Mas announced snap elections for the Parliament of Catalonia to be held on 25 November and argued, referring to the demonstration, that "the street vocal must be moved to the polls".[40] Parties defending Catalonia’s independence from Spain obtained more than half the Catalan Parliament seats and significantly increased their votes, although Mas' party lost seats.[40] The "Agreement for Freedom" (2012–2016 governability agreement) was negotiated between Artur Mas (CiU) and Oriol Junqueras (ERC), the Leader of the Opposition in the Parliament of Catalonia.

Results of the votes for the Sovereignty Declaration at the Catalan Parliament, on 23 January 2013

On 23 January 2013, the Parliament of Catalonia adopted by 85 favourable votes, 41 against, and 2 abstentions the Declaration of Sovereignty and of the Right to Decide of the Catalan People.[24] It states:[65][66]

The political parties Convergence and Union (CiU) (50 yes), Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) (21 yes) and Initiative for Catalonia Greens-United and Alternative Left (ICV-EUiA) (13 yes) fully supported the statement of sovereignty. On the other hand, the People's Party of Catalonia (PPC) (19 no) and Citizens – Party of the Citizenry (C's) (9 no) fully opposed the proposal. 15 members of the Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC-PSOE) voted against; 5 did not vote despite being present in the Chamber, thus disobeying the orders of the party whips to vote against the proposal. Finally, the Popular Unity Candidature (CUP) gave a "critical yes", with 1 vote in favour and 2 abstentions.[66]

On 8 May 2013 this declaration was provisionally suspended by the Constitutional Court of Spain.[24] On 25 March 2014, the same court declared the principle of sovereignty void and not constitutional and validated the others principles.[67][68] The Spanish Government totally opposes Catalonia’s independence, its self-determination, and the organisation of a vote.[40]

2013 Catalan Way human chain[edit]

Main article: Catalan Way
Supporters of Catalan Way in 2013

The Catalan Way (Catalan: Via Catalana), also known as the Catalan Way towards Independence (Catalan: Via Catalana cap a la Independència), was a 480-kilometre (300 mi) human chain in support of Catalan independence from Spain. It was organized by the Assemblea Nacional Catalana (ANC), and took place in Catalonia on 11 September 2013, which is the National Day of Catalonia.[40][45] Catalonia's Department of the Interior estimated the number of participants at about 1.6 million.[69] The protest was supported by 14 nongovernmental groups[40] The human chain followed the ancient Via Augusta, from Le Perthus (France, Vallespir) up to Alcanar (Spain, Montsià). According to Carme Forcadell, president of the ANC, it was "a symbol of the unity of Catalan people to achieve national sovereignty".[70]

Plans for the Catalan Way were presented for the first time on 19 June 2013, at the Museu d'Història de Catalunya; the inspiration for these was the 1989 Baltic Way. The presentation included Henn Karits and Ülo Laanoja, two members of the organization which staged the Baltic Way.[71] Three weeks before the event, more than 350,000 people had registered to participate.[24][72] In total, the organizers mobilized about 1,500 buses and 30,000 volunteers to help organize the event.[40][73]

On 11 September 2014, the Catalan Way 2014 street protest attracted 900,000 people, according to an independent statistical analysis by the Autonomous University of Barcelona. The human chain at this event occupied the two main streets in Barcelona (Diagonal and Gran Via) drawing a 11 km. "V"-shaped Catalan flag. The V also stood for "vote", referring to the referendum that was upcoming at the time.[74] The number of participants was estimated at about 1.8 million according to Barcelona's Municipal Police.

2014 Catalan self-determination referendum[edit]

Main article: Catalan self-determination referendum, 2014

On 12 December 2013, the Government of Catalonia announced a referendum on independence had been set for 9 November 2014. It will contain a question with two sections: "Do you want Catalonia to become a State?" and "In case of an affirmative response, do you want this State to be independent?".[75][76] The Spanish Government stated shortly thereafter its intention to block the referendum, stating "Such a poll will not be held."[77][78] The government maintained as of September 2014 that the referendum was illegal. While a yes vote would not mean Catalonia would secede, according to Catalan politician Artur Mas i Gavarró it would give independence leaders a political mandate to negotiate with the government regarding independence.[74] The poll was in fact held, and 80.8% of voters marked "yes" on both questions, although a majority of Catalans chose not to participate in the referendum.

2015 Free Way to the Catalan Republic demonstration[edit]

Main article: Free Way to the Catalan Republic

The Free Way to the Catalan Republic or Free Way, was a large gathering in Barcelona on 11 September 2015, the National Day of Catalonia, in support of Catalan independence. It was organized by "Now is the Time", a unified campaign organised and funded by the Assemblea Nacional Catalana (ANC) and the Òmnium Cultural.[79] The number of participants was estimated at about 1.4 million according to Barcelona's Municipal Police.

Catalonian parliamentary election, 2015[edit]

Main article: Catalonian parliamentary election, 2015

The plan to hold an election in 2015 was announced on January 15, 2015 by President Artur Mas. President Mas said that it was his intention to turn the election into an alternative (binding) vote on the independence of Catalonia, with pro-independence parties including the independence process in their respective programs, due to the inability of holding a legal referendum on the issue.[80] The 2015 Catalonian parliamentary election was held on Sunday, 27 September 2015, electing the 11th Parliament of Catalonia.

Declaration of the Initiation of the Process of Independence of Catalonia[edit]

Main article: Declaration of the Initiation of the Process of Independence of Catalonia

On 9 November 2015, the Parliament of Catalonia adopted the Declaration of the Initiation of the Process of Independence of Catalonia with 72 votes for to 63 against (with no abstentions).[81][82]

On 11 November 2015, Spanish Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy threatened to suspend the political powers of 21 key political figures in Catalonia should they push ahead with the provisions of the declaration with the Constitutional Court of Spain to assess the legality of the region's declaration.[83]

Legality and legitimacy[edit]

Spain retains supremacy over the Spain as a whole, including Catalonia.

The legality of any Spanish constituent country attaining de facto independence or declaring unilateral independence outside the framework of Spanish constitutional convention is debatable. Under international law, a unilateral declaration might satisfy the principle of the "declarative theory of statehood", but not the "constitutive theory of statehood". Some legal opinion following the Supreme Court of Canada's decision on what steps Quebec would need to take to secede is that Catalonia would be unable to unilaterally declare independence under international law, even in the currently unlikely event that the Spanish government permitted a referendum on an unambiguous question on secession.[84][85]

Some arguments appeal to rule according to higher law. For example, the United Nations Charter enshrines the right of peoples to self-determination, and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights also guarantees peoples' right to change nationality; Spain is a signatory to both documents. However, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon has reminded that Catalonia is not on the list of "non-autonomous territories" with right to self-determination.[86][87]

Support for independence[edit]

Political parties[edit]

Oriol Junqueras, current leader of ERC

The parties explicitly campaigning for independence currently represented in the Catalan Parliament are the Republican Left of Catalonia (Esquerra) and the Popular Unity Candidacy (CUP). They won 13.4% of the vote after the Catalan elections of 2012.[88] However, Convergence and Union (CiU) and Initiative for Catalonia Greens-United and Alternative Left (ICV-EUiA) both include pro-independence factions, and these four parties—comprising 57.9% of the vote—are all in favour of an independence referendum in 2014.

Esquerra also has one MEP and 3 members of the Spanish Parliament.

Many members and voters of CiU, the governing nationalist federation[89] with the most seats at the Catalan parliament (30.7% of the vote), also give support to independence. Although independence is not formally proposed in their election manifesto, their objective is the maximum autonomy of Catalonia inside Spain,[90] and have abstained numerous times in independence votes in the Parliament of Catalonia.[91][92] The pro-independence tendency inside the party has presumably been growing since its leader proposed in 2007 the so-called Casa Gran del Catalanisme project which, among other causes, includes the defense of self-determination for Catalonia. Finally, the left wing ICV-EUiA party (9.9% of the vote in the 2012 election) claims to give full support to the right of self-determination and has several members explicitly supporting Catalan independence.

Other smaller pro-independence parties or coalitions, without present representation in any parliament, are Catalan Solidarity for Independence, Estat Català, Endavant, PSAN, MDT and Reagrupament. There are also youth organisations such as Young Republican Left of Catalonia, Arran, and the student unions SEPC and FNEC.

In Spain, some[who?] considered this trend to have been stimulated as a reaction especially against the policy of the Spanish government's governing People's Party, and its opposition to certain legislative reforms such as the reformed Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia of 2006.[citation needed]

Others[edit]

Catalonia is not Spain painted on a wall in Catalonia

In recent years, support for Catalan independence has broadened from the traditional left or far-left Catalan nationalism. Relevant examples are the liberal economists Xavier Sala i Martín[93] and Ramon Tremosa Balcells (elected deputy for CiU in the European parliament in the 2009 election), the lawyer and former FC Barcelona president Joan Laporta[94] or the jurist and former member of the Consejo General del Poder Judicial Alfons López Tena.[95]

The think tank Cercle d'Estudis Sobiranistes, led by the jurists Alfons López Tena and Hèctor López Bofill was founded in 2007. Since then it has summoned a number of lawmakers, professors, businessmen, professionals, economists, journalists and intellectuals for the cause of Catalonia's independence.

Other individuals include:

Opposition to independence[edit]

Political parties[edit]

Many Catalan parties reject the idea of independence. Ciutadans[108] and the People's Party of Catalonia,[109] which had 17.9% and 8.5% of the vote respectively in the 2015 Catalan parliamentary election, have always opposed the notion of Catalan self-determination. The Socialists' Party (12.7% of vote) opposes independence as well. While some of its members supported the idea of a self-determination referendum up until 2012,[110] the official position as of 2015 is that the Spanish Constitution should be reformed in order to better accommodate Catalonia.[111] A majority of voters of left-wing platform Catalonia Yes We Can (8.94%) reject independence although the party favours a referendum in which it would campaign for Catalonia remaining part of Spain. CDC's former Catalanist partner Unió came out against independence and faired badly in the 2015 elections, although polls show a rebound in voter support as the institutional crisis deepens.

Other organizations and individuals[edit]

The list of organizations and individual citizens of Catalonia who have publicly opposed independence includes:

Public opinion[edit]

The position of Catalans regarding the independence of either Catalonia or of the Catalan Countries must be studied taking into account an important fact, namely, that close to 6 million of Catalan citizens are of immigrant or non-Catalan Spanish origin.[117] It has been calculated that the total population of Catalonia, with no migration, would have grown from 2 million people in 1900 to just 2.4 million in 1980,[118] merely 39% of the actual population of 6.1 million at that date. This population has continued growing and was over 7.4 million in 2009.

One study found that support for independence is a function of grievances rooted in the desire for Catalonia to assume responsibility for taxation and spending policy. This suggests that Spain might be able to stave off Catalonia's separatist bid through some form of political and taxation policy reconfiguration.[119]

Polling institutions[edit]

Several institutions have performed polls which also include questions on the independence issue in Catalonia. The following are the most prominent ones are the Center for Opinion Studies (Centre d'Estudis d'Opinió; CEO), the Spanish government-run Social Research Centre (Centro de Investigaciones Sociales; CIS) and the Social and Political Sciencies Institute of Barcelona (Institut de Ciències Polítiques i Socials; ICPS) belonging to the Autonomous University of Barcelona and Diputation of Barcelona.

Centre for Opinion Studies[edit]

The CEO was depending on the Economy Department of the Generalitat of Catalonia until early 2011. Since then it has been placed under direct control of the Presidency of the Generalitat and is currently headed by Jordi Argelaguet i Argemí. Since the second quarter of 2011, CEO has conducted polls regarding public sentiments toward independence.

Date In favor (%) Against (%) Others (%) Abstain (%) Do not know (%) Did not reply (%)
2011 2nd series[120] 42.9 28.2 0.5 23.3 4.4 0.8
2011 3rd series[121] 45.4 24.7 0.6 23.8 4.6 1.0
2012 1st series[122] 44.6 24.7 1.0 24.2 4.6 0.9
2012 2nd series[123] 51.1 21.1 1.0 21.1 4.7 1.1
2012 3rd series[124] 57.0 20.5 0.6 14.3 6.2 1.5
2013 1st series[125] 54.7 20.7 1.1 17.0 5.4 1.0
2013 2nd series[126] 55.6 23.4 0.6 15.3 3.8 1.3
2014 1st series[127] 47.1 27.9 - - 11.1 11.2
2014 2nd series[128] 44.5 45.3 - - 7.5 2.8
2015 1st series[129] 44.1 48.0 - - 6.0 1.8
2015 2nd series[130] 42.9 50.0 - - 5.8 1.3

CEO likewise conducted polls in the 1st and 2nd series of 2014 based on the 9N independence referendum format. The questions and choices involved were:

  • Do you want Catalonia to become a State? (Yes/No)
  • If the answer for question 1 is in the affirmative: Do you want this State to be independent? (Yes/No)
Date Yes + Yes (%) Yes + No (%) No (%) Abstain (%) Others (%) Do not know/Did not reply (%)
2014 1st series[131] 47.1 8.6 19.3 11.1 2.7 11.2
2014 2nd series[132] 49.4 12.6 19.7 6.9 6.2 3.3

In addition, CEO performs regular polls studying opinion of Catalan citizens regarding Catalona's political status within Spain. The following table contains the answers to the question "Which kind of political entity should Catalonia be with respect to Spain?":[133]

Date Independent state (%) Federal state (%) Autonomous community (%) Region (%) Do not know (%) Did not reply (%)
June 2005 13.6 31.3 40.8 7.0 6.2 1.1
November 2005 12.9 35.8 37.6 5.6 6.9 1.2
March 2006 13.9 33.4 38.2 8.1 5.1 1.2
July 2006 14.9 34.1 37.3 6.9 6.1 0.7
October 2006 14.0 32.9 38.9 8.3 5.1 0.8
November 2006 15.9 32.8 40.0 6.8 3.7 0.8
March 2007 14.5 35.3 37.0 6.1 4.9 2.2
July 2007 16.9 34.0 37.3 5.5 5.4 1.0
October 2007 18.5 34.2 35.0 4.7 6.0 1.5
December 2007 17.3 33.8 37.8 5.1 5.0 1.0
January 2008 19.4 36.4 34.8 3.8 4.1 1.6
May 2008 17.6 33.4 38.9 5.1 4.3 0.7
July 2008 16.1 34.7 37.0 6.1 5.2 0.9
November 2008 17.4 31.8 38.3 7.1 4.2 1.2
February 2009[134] 16.1 35.2 38.6 4.5 3.6 2.0
May 2009[135] 20.9 35.0 34.9 4.4 3.0 1.7
July 2009[136] 19.0 32.2 36.8 6.2 4.2 1.6
December 2009[137] 21.6 29.9 36.9 5.9 4.1 1.6
2010 1st series[138] 19.4 29.5 38.2 6.9 4.4 1.6
2010 2nd series[139] 21.5 31.2 35.2 7.3 4.0 0.7
2010 3rd series[140] 24.3 31.0 33.3 5.4 4.9 1.0
2010 4th series[141] 25.2 30.9 34.7 5.9 2.7 0.7
2011 1st series[142] 24.5 31.9 33.2 5.6 3.5 1.3
2011 2nd series[120] 25.5 33.0 31.8 5.6 3.4 0.8
2011 3rd series[121] 28.2 30.4 30.3 5.7 3.9 1.5
2012 1st series[122] 29.0 30.8 27.8 5.2 5.4 1.8
2012 2nd series[123] 34.0 28.7 25.4 5.7 5.0 1.3
2012 3rd series[124] 44.3 25.5 19.1 4.0 4.9 2.2
2013 1st series[125] 46.4 22.4 20.7 4.4 4.9 1.2
2013 2nd series[143] 47.0 21.2 22.8 4.6 3.5 0.9
2013 3rd series[144] 48.5 21.3 18.6 5.4 4.0 2.2
2014 1st series[131] 45.2 20.0 23.3 2.6 6.9 2.0
2014 2nd series[132] 45.3 22.2 23.4 1.8 6.5 0.9
2015 1st series[145] 39.1 26.1 24.0 3.4 5.3 2.0
2015 2nd series[146] 37.6 24.0 29.3 4.0 3.9 1.1
Visualisation of poll results on the question "Which kind of political entity should Catalonia be with respect to Spain?" (June 2005 - March 2012 data)
  Independent state
  Federal state
  Autonomous community (keep the status quo)
  Spanish region
  Do not know
  Did not reply

CIS performed a poll in Catalonia on 2001, including an explicit question on independence with the following results: 35.9% supporting it, 48.1% opposing it, 13.3% indifferent, 2.8% did not reply[citation needed].

Social and Political Sciencies Institute of Barcelona[edit]

ICPS performs an opinion poll annually since 1989, which sometimes includes a section on independence. The results are in the following table:[147]

Year Support (%) Against (%) Indifferent (%) Did not reply (%)
1991 35 50 11 4
1992 31 53 11 5
1993 37 50 9 5
1994 35 49 14 3
1995 36 52 10 3
1996 29 56 11 4
1997 32 52 11 5
1998 32 55 10 3
1999 32 55 10 3
2000 32 53 13 3
2001 33 55 11 1
2002 34 52 12 1
2003a 43 43 12 1
2004a 39 44 13 3
2005 36 44 15 6
2006 33 48 17 2
2007 31.7 51.3 14.1 2.9
2011 41.4 22.9 26.5 9.2

a telephonic instead of door-to-door interview

The question of independence has not been polled so far in other Catalan-speaking territories outside of Catalonia, but anecdotal evidence (basically the total absence of the independentist question in those territories) suggests that there is no sizable support for the idea of independence of the Catalan-speaking territories outside of Catalonia.

Newspaper polls[edit]

Catalan newspapers El Periódico and La Vanguardia have also been publishing their own surveys in recent times.

El Periódico

Date Yes (%) No (%) Others (%)
October 2007[148] 33.9 43.9 22.3
December 2009[149] 39.0 40.6 20.4
June 2010[150] 48.1 35.5 16.6
January 2012[151] 53.6 32.0 14.4
September 2012[152] 46.4 22.0 25.7
November 2012a[153] 50.9 36.9 12.2
November 2012[153] 40.1 47.8 12.1
May 2013[154] 57.8 36.0 6.3

a in case, a yes-vote would imply leaving the EU

La Vanguardia

Date Yes (%) No (%) Others (%)
November 2009[155] 35 46 19
March 2010[156] 36 44 20
May 2010[157] 37 41 22
July 2010[158] 47 36 17
September 2010[159] 40 45 15
April 2011[160] 34 30 35
September 2012[161] 54.8 33.5 10.16
December 2013[162] 44.9 45 10.1

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Pronunciation of independentisme català in Catalan:

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