Minneapolis

This article is about the city in Minnesota. For other uses, see Minneapolis (disambiguation).

For the Twin Cities region, see Minneapolis–Saint Paul.

Minneapolis
City
Downtown (from the Mississippi River) Lake Nokomis Mill City Museum First Avenue Minnehaha Falls
Flag Seal Logo
Etymology: Dakota mni ('water') with Greek polis ('city')
Nickname(s):  "City of Lakes", "Mill City", "Twin Cities" (with Saint Paul), "Mini Apple"
Motto:  En Avant (French: 'Forward')
Interactive map of Minneapolis
Minneapolis Minneapolis
Coordinates: 44°58′55″N 93°16′09″W
Country	United States
State	Minnesota
County	Hennepin
Incorporated	1867
Founded by	Franklin Steele and John H. Stevens
Government
• Type	Mayor-council (strong mayor)
• Body	Minneapolis City Council
• Mayor	Jacob Frey (DFL)
Area
• City	57.51 sq mi (148.94 km2)
• Land	54.00 sq mi (139.86 km2)
• Water	3.51 sq mi (9.08 km2)
Elevation	830 ft (250 m)
Population  (2020)
• City	429,954
• Estimate  (2022)	425,096
• Rank	46th (U.S.) 1st (Minnesota)
• Density	7,962.11/sq mi (3,074.21/km2)
• Urban	2,914,866
• Urban density	2,872.4/sq mi (1,109/km2)
• Metro	3,693,729
Demonym	Minneapolitan
Time zone	UTC–6 (Central)
• Summer (DST)	UTC–5 (CDT)
ZIP Codes	55401-55419, 55423, 55429-55430, 55450, 55454-55455, 55484-55488
Area code	612
FIPS code	27-43000
GNIS ID	655030
Website	MinneapolisMN.gov

Minneapolis (/ˌmɪniˈæpəlɪs/ ⁱ MIN-ee-AP-ə-lis), officially the City of Minneapolis, is a city in the state of Minnesota and the county seat of Hennepin County. As of the 2020 census the population was 429,954, making it the largest city in Minnesota and the 46th-most-populous in the United States. Nicknamed the "City of Lakes", Minneapolis is abundant in water, with thirteen lakes, wetlands, the Mississippi River, creeks, and waterfalls. Minneapolis has its origins as the 19th century lumber and flour milling capitals of the world, and, to the present day, preserved its financial clout. It occupies both banks of the Mississippi River and adjoins Saint Paul, the state capital of Minnesota.

Before European settlement, the site of Minneapolis was inhabited by Dakota people. The settlement was founded along Saint Anthony Falls—the only natural waterfall on the entire length of the Mississippi River—on a section of land north of Fort Snelling. Its growth is attributed to its proximity to the fort and the falls providing power for industrial activity. Minneapolis, Saint Paul, and the surrounding area are collectively known as the Twin Cities, a metropolitan area home to 3.69 million inhabitants.

Minneapolis has one of the most extensive public park systems in the U.S.; many of these parks are connected by the Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway. Biking and walking trails run through many parts of the city including the Mississippi National River and Recreation Area, Lake of the Isles, Bde Maka Ska, and Lake Harriet, and Minnehaha Falls. Minneapolis has cold, snowy winters and warm, humid summers. A metropolis located far from competing neighbors, Minneapolis is the birthplace of General Mills, the Pillsbury brand, and the Target Corporation. The city's cultural offerings include the Minneapolis Institute of Art, the First Avenue nightclub, and four professional sports teams.

Minneapolis is home to University of Minnesota's main campus. The city's public transport is provided by Metro Transit and the international airport, serving the Twin Cities region, is located towards the south on the city limits.

The city's reputation for high quality of life notwithstanding, the striking disparities among the city's population may be the most significant issue facing 21st century Minneapolis. Minneapolis has a mayor-council government system. The Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party (DFL) holds a majority of the council seats and Jacob Frey has been mayor since 2018.

History

Main article: History of Minneapolis

Dakota natives, city founded

Before European settlement, the Dakota Sioux were the sole occupants of the site of modern-day Minneapolis. In the Dakota language, the city's name is Bde Óta Othúŋwe ('Many Lakes Town'). The French explored the region in 1680. Gradually, more European-American settlers arrived, competing with the Dakota for game and other natural resources. Ending the Revolutionary War, the 1783 Treaty of Paris gave British-claimed territory east of the Mississippi River to the US. In 1805 Zebulon Pike negotiated with the Dakota for 100,000 acres of land where present-day Minneapolis resides in the first Treaty of St. Peters with the agreement a military fort could be built. In 1819, the US Army built Fort Snelling at the southern edge of present-day Minneapolis to direct Native American trade away from British-Canadian traders, and to deter warring between the Dakota and Ojibwe in northern Minnesota. The fort attracted traders, settlers and merchants, spurring growth in the surrounding region. At the fort, agents of the St. Peters Indian Agency enforced the US policy of assimilating Native Americans into European-American society, asking them to give up subsistence hunting and cultivate the land. Missionaries encouraged Native Americans to convert from their religion to Christianity.

The US government pressed the Dakota to sell their land, which they ceded in a series of treaties that were negotiated by corrupt officials. In the decades following the signings of these treaties, their terms were rarely honored. During the American Civil War, officials plundered annuities promised to Native Americans, leading to famine among the Dakota. In 1862, a faction of the Dakota who were facing starvation declared war and killed settlers. The Dakota were interned and exiled from Minnesota.

While the Dakota were being expelled, Franklin Steele laid claim to the east bank of Saint Anthony Falls, and John H. Stevens built a home on the west bank. Residents had divergent ideas on names for their community. In 1852, Charles Hoag proposed combining the Dakota word for 'water' (mni) with the Greek word for 'city' (polis), yielding Minneapolis. In 1851 after a meeting of the Minnesota Territorial Legislature, leaders of east bank St. Anthony lost their bid to move the capital from Saint Paul. In a close vote, Saint Paul and Stillwater agreed to divide the federal funding between them: Saint Paul would be the capital, while Stillwater would build the prison. The St. Anthony contingent eventually won the state university. In 1855 with a charter from the legislature, Steele and associates opened the first bridge across the Mississippi; the toll bridge cost pedestrians three cents (five cents round trip). In 1856, the territorial legislature authorized Minneapolis as a town on the Mississippi's west bank. Minneapolis was incorporated as a city in 1867, and in 1872, it merged with St. Anthony.

Lumber, waterpower, and flour milling

Log drivers wearing pegged shoes attend to a log jam above Saint Anthony Falls in 1881.

Minneapolis developed around Saint Anthony Falls, the only natural waterfall on the Mississippi, which was used as a source of energy. The city's two founding industries—lumber and flour milling—developed in the 19th century nearly concurrently. Flour milling overshadowed lumber for some decades; nevertheless, each came to prominence for about fifty years. A lumber industry was built around forests in northern Minnesota, largely by lumbermen emigrating from Maine's depleting forests. The city's first commercial sawmill was built in 1848, and the first gristmill in 1849. Towns built in western Minnesota with Minneapolis lumber shipped their wheat back to the city for milling.

The region's waterways were used to transport logs well after railroads developed; the Mississippi River carried logs to St. Louis until the early 20th century. In 1871, of the thirteen mills sawing lumber in St. Anthony, eight ran on water power and five ran on steam turbines. Minneapolis supplied the materials for farmsteads and settlement of rapidly expanding cities on the prairies that lacked wood. White pine milled in the city built Miles City, Montana; Bismarck, North Dakota; Sioux Falls, South Dakota; Omaha, Nebraska; and Wichita, Kansas. Growing use of steam power freed lumbermen and their sawmills from the falls. They depleted Minnesota's white pine, then lumbermen moved on to Douglas fir in the Pacific Northwest. Sawmills in the city including the Minneapolis Weyerhauser mill closed by 1919.

In 1871, the river's west bank had businesses including flour mills, woolen mills, iron works, a railroad machine shop, and mills for cotton, paper, sashes and wood-planing. Due to the occupational hazards of milling, by the 1890s, six companies manufactured artificial limbs. Grain grown in the Great Plains was shipped by rail to the city's 34 flour mills. A 1989 Minnesota Archaeological Society analysis of the Minneapolis riverfront describes the use of water power in Minneapolis between 1880 and 1930 as "the greatest direct-drive waterpower center the world has ever seen". Minneapolis earned the nickname "Mill City."

Loading flour, Pillsbury, 1939

Disasters struck the city in the late 19th century. Dug under the river at Nicollet Island, the Eastman tunnel leaked in 1869. Water sucked the 6 ft (1.8 m) tailrace into a 90 ft (27 m)-wide chasm. Community-led repairs failed and in 1870, several buildings and mills fell into the river. For years, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers struggled to close the gap with timber until their concrete dike held in 1876. In 1870, and again in 1887, fire destroyed the entire row of sawmills on the east bank. In 1878, an explosion of flour dust at the Washburn A mill killed eighteen people and demolished several mills. The explosion cost the city nearly one half of its capacity, but the mill was rebuilt the next year. In 1893, fire spread from Nicollet Island to Boom Island to northeast Minneapolis where the Grain Belt Brewery stopped it. Twenty blocks were destroyed and two people died.

The entrepreneurial founder of the company that became General Mills, Cadwallader C. Washburn learned of, and adopted three flour milling innovations: middlings purifiers blew out the husks that had colored white flour, gradual reduction by steel and porcelain roller mills combined gluten with starch, and a ventilation system decreased the risk of explosion by reducing the amount of flour dust in the air. Austrian civil engineer William de la Barre acquired some of these innovations through industrial espionage in Hungary; he carefully calculated and managed the power at the falls, and encouraged steam for auxiliary power. Charles Alfred Pillsbury and the C. A. Pillsbury Company across the river hired Washburn employees and soon began using the new methods.

The hard red spring wheat grown in Minnesota became valuable ($0.50 profit per barrel in 1871 increased to $4.50 in 1874), and Minnesota "patent" flour was recognized at the time as the best in the world. By 1895, through the efforts of silent partner William Hood Dunwoody, Washburn-Crosby exported four million barrels of flour a year to the United Kingdom. When exports reached their peak in 1900, about one third of all flour milled in Minneapolis was shipped overseas, and fourteen percent of America's grain was milled in Minneapolis. Overall production peaked at 18.5 million barrels in 1916.

However, decades of soil exhaustion, stem rust, and changes in freight tariffs combined to quash the city's flour industry. In the 1920s, Washburn Crosby and Pillsbury developed new milling centers in Buffalo, New York, and Kansas City, Missouri, while maintaining their headquarters in Minneapolis. Plants on the Minneapolis mill properties began to generate hydroelectricity with surplus water. Northern States Power bought the united mill companies in 1923, and by the 1950s controlled over 53,000 horsepower at the falls. In 1971, the falls became a national historic district. Hitherto "the backside of the city", the riverfront caught the attention of a convoluted network of private and government interests who sometimes fought. They developed townhouses and high rises, and rebuilt and renovated lofts—often neglecting affordability—revitalizing mills on both banks. The upper St. Anthony lock and dam permanently closed in 2015, and the region's three locks were under federal disposition study as of 2023.

Mississippi riverfront and Saint Anthony Falls in 1915. At left, Pillsbury, power plants and the Stone Arch Bridge. Today the Minnesota Historical Society's Mill City Museum is in the Washburn "A" Mill, across the river just to the left of the falls. At center-left are Northwestern Consolidated mills. The tall building is Minneapolis City Hall. In the right foreground are Nicollet Island and the Hennepin Avenue Bridge.

Critical industry

Minneapolis Star humorist Don Morrison wrote that the city doubled, tripled, then quadrupled its population every decade, and in 1922, the city's assessed property value was $266 million, "nearly 10 times the price paid for the entire midcontinent in the Louisiana Purchase." After the milling era waned, a "modern, major city" surfaced in 1900, attracted skilled workers, and learned from the university's Institute of Technology.

Seymour Cray and colleagues began work on the CDC 6600 (pictured) in downtown Minneapolis and completed the project in Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin.

In 1888, a businessman found that itchy wool underwear could be covered in silk. His Minneapolis textile factory lasted a century known as Munsingwear, today as Perry Ellis, and in 1923, was the world's largest manufacturer of underwear. In 1922, an inventor founded Onan Corporation near downtown Minneapolis that built and sold generators. Prior to a Cummins buyout in 1986, Onan brought electricity to midwestern markets before power lines covered the country, and supplied about half the generator sets the US military used during World War II. Frederick McKinley Jones invented mobile refrigeration in Minneapolis, and with his associate founded Thermo King in 1938. Medtronic, founded in a Minneapolis garage in 1949, and today domiciled in Ireland, as of 2022 usually appears in lists of the world's largest medical device makers.

Minnesota's computer industry was the US' largest and most varied beginning in the 1950s, and in 1989 employed 68,000 people. Minneapolis-Honeywell built a south Minneapolis campus where their experience controlling indoor temperature earned them contracts controlling military servomechanisms like the secret Norden bombsight and the C-1 autopilot. In the 1960s, the Honeywell 316 and DDP-516 were nodes in ARPANET, the internet's precursor. The Honeywell Project from 1968 until 1990 advocated for peaceful means to replace the company's military interests. General Mills built computers for NASA in northeast Minneapolis in the 1950s. In 1957, Control Data began in downtown Minneapolis, where in the CDC 1604 they replaced vacuum tubes with transistors. Later Control Data moved to the suburbs and built the CDC 6600 and CDC 7600, the first supercomputers. A highly successful business until disbanded in 1990, Control Data opened a facility in economically depressed north Minneapolis in 1967, bringing jobs and good publicity. The University of Minnesota formed an educational computing group that placed three or four personal computers in every Minnesota school, and in 1991 the group's personnel released Gopher on a Macintosh SE/30 which ran until World Wide Web traffic surpassed Gopher traffic in 1994.

In the 1960s, developers and city leaders successfully contended with shopping attractions in suburbia—the pioneering Southdale Center and later the Mall of America. The new Minneapolis Skyway System and the Nicollet Mall brought with them a heyday for downtown.

Social tensions

Main articles: List of incidents of civil unrest in Minneapolis–Saint Paul and 2020–2023 Minneapolis–Saint Paul racial unrest

Historian Iric Nathanson writes that over the course of the 20th century, "Minnesota's major city was able to shed a stultifying social order that inhibited change and entrenched privilege." In many ways, the 20th century was a difficult time of bigotry and malfeasance, beginning with four decades of corruption, followed by attempts to overcome them.

Physician Martha Ripley founded Maternity Hospital for both married and unmarried women in 1886, to redress discrimination against unmarried mothers. Known initially as a kindly physician, mayor Doc Ames made his brother police chief, ran the city into crime, and tried to leave town in 1902. Lincoln Steffens published Ames's story in "The Shame of Minneapolis" in 1903. The Ku Klux Klan was only effectively a force in the city from 1921 until 1923. The gangster Kid Cann engaged in bribery and intimidation between the 1920s and the 1940s. After Minnesota passed a eugenics law in 1925, the proprietors of Eitel Hospital sterilized people at Faribault State Hospital.

Battle between striking teamsters and police, 1934. The May (pictured) and subsequent July battles killed four men, two on each side.

With a Black population of less than one percent, the city was relatively unsegregated before 1910, when a developer wrote the first restrictive covenant based on race and ethnicity into a Minneapolis deed. But then realtors adopted the practice, thousands of times preventing non-Whites from owning or leasing properties, and they continued for four decades until the city became more and more racially divided. Though such language was prohibited by state law in 1953 and by the federal Fair Housing Act of 1968, restrictive covenants against minorities remained in many Minneapolis deeds as of the 2020s, and in 2021 the city gave residents a means to discharge them.

During the summer of 1934 and the financial downturn of the Great Depression, the Citizens' Alliance, an association of employers, refused to negotiate with teamsters. The truck drivers union executed strikes in May and July/August. Charles Rumford Walker explains in his book American City that the teamsters succeeded in part due to the "military precision of the strike machine". The union victory ultimately led to 1935 and 1938 federal laws protecting workers' rights.

From the end of World War I in 1918 until 1950, antisemitism was commonplace in Minneapolis—Carey McWilliams called the city the anti-Semitic capital of the US. A hate group called the Silver Legion of America held meetings in the city from 1936 to 1938. In the 1940s, mayor Hubert Humphrey worked to rescue the city's reputation, and helped the city establish the country's first fair employment practices and a human-relations council that interceded on behalf of minorities. However, the lives of Black people had not been improved. In 1966 and 1967, years of significant turmoil across the US, suppressed anger among the Black population was released in two disturbances on Plymouth Avenue. A coalition reached a peaceful outcome but again failed to solve Black poverty and unemployment. Prince, who was bused to fourth grade in 1967, said in retrospect, "he believed that Minnesota at that time was no more enlightened than segregationist Alabama had been".

Between 1958 and 1963—in the largest urban renewal plan undertaken in America as of 2022—Minneapolis demolished "skid row". Gone were 35 acres (10 ha) with more than 200 buildings, or roughly 40 percent of downtown, including the Gateway District and its significant architecture, such as the Metropolitan Building. Efforts to save the building failed but encouraged interest in historic preservation.

In 1968, relocated Native Americans founded the American Indian Movement in Minneapolis, and its Heart of the Earth Survival School taught native traditions until closing in 2010. In a backlash of the "dominant" White voters, Charles Stenvig, a law-and-order candidate, became mayor in 1969, and governed for a decade until 1977. After their marriage license was denied in 1970, a same-sex Minneapolis couple appealed all the way to the US Supreme Court in Baker v. Nelson. They managed to get a license and marry in 1971, forty years before Minnesota legalized same-sex marriage in 2013, and Obergefell v. Hodges did so nationwide in 2015.

Immigration helped to curb the city's mid-20th century population decline. But because of a few radicalized persons, the city's large Somali population was targeted with discrimination after 9/11, when its hawalas or banks were closed.

On May 25, 2020, a 17-year-old witness recorded the murder of George Floyd; her video contradicted the police department's initial statement. Floyd, an African-American man, suffocated when Derek Chauvin, a White Minneapolis police officer, knelt on his neck and back for more than nine minutes. While Floyd was neither the first nor the last Black man killed by Minneapolis police, his murder sparked international rebellions and mass protests. Reporting on the local insurgency, The New York Times said that "over three nights, a five-mile stretch of Minneapolis sustained extraordinary damage"—destruction included a police station that demonstrators overran and set on fire. The Twin Cities experienced ongoing unrest over racial injustice from 2020 to 2022.

Structural racism

Minneapolis has a history of structural racism and has racial disparities in nearly every aspect of society. Some historians and commentators have said White Minneapolitans used discrimination based on race against the city's non-White residents. As White settlers displaced the indigenous population during the 19th century, they claimed the city's land, and Kirsten Delegard of Mapping Prejudice explains that today's disparities evolved from control of the land. Discrimination increased when flour milling moved to the east coast and the economy declined. The Interstate Highway System built highways like the 35W interstate that in 1959 cut through homes belonging to Mexicans and Blacks.

The effects of racial covenants remain today in residential segregation, property value, homeownership, wealth, housing security, access to green spaces, trees and parks, and health equity. Racially discriminatory federal housing policies starting in the 1930s "prevented access to mortgages in areas with Jews, African-Americans and other minorities", and "left a lasting effect on the physical characteristics of the city and the financial well-being of its residents."

Discussing a Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis report on how systemic racism compromises education in Minnesota, Professor Keith Mayes says, "So the housing disparities created the educational disparities that we still live with today." Professor Samuel Myers Jr. says of redlining, "Policing policies evolved that substituted explicit racial profiling with scientific management of racially disparate arrests. ...racially discriminatory policies became institutionalized and 'baked in' to the fabric of Minnesota life." In 2020, government efforts to address these disparities include declaring racism a public health emergency, and the zoning changes allowed by the Minneapolis 2040 plan.

Geography

Main articles: Climate of Minnesota, Climate of Minneapolis–Saint Paul, Geography of Minneapolis, and Geology of Minnesota

Downtown Minneapolis viewed across the city's largest lake, Bde Maka Ska

The history and economic growth of Minneapolis are linked to water, the city's defining physical characteristic. Long periods of glaciation and interglacial melt carved several riverbeds through what is now Minneapolis. During the last glacial period, around 10,000 years ago, ice buried in these ancient river channels melted, resulting in basins that filled with water to become the lakes of Minneapolis. Meltwater from Lake Agassiz fed the glacial River Warren, which created a large waterfall that eroded upriver past the confluence of the Mississippi River, where it left a 75-foot (23-meter) drop in the Mississippi. This site is located in what is now downtown Saint Paul. The new waterfall, later called Saint Anthony Falls, in turn, eroded up the Mississippi about eight miles (13 kilometers) to its present location, carving the Mississippi River gorge as it moved upstream. Minnehaha Falls also developed during this period via similar processes.

Minneapolis is sited above an artesian aquifer and on flat terrain. Its total area is 59 sq mi (152.8 km²), of which six percent is covered by water. The city has a 12-mile (19 km) segment of the Mississippi River, four streams, and 17 waterbodies—13 of them lakes, with 24 miles (39 km) of lake shoreline.

A 1959 report by the US Soil Conservation Service listed Minneapolis's elevation above mean sea level as 830 feet (250 meters). The city's lowest elevation of 687 feet (209 m) above sea level is near the confluence of Minnehaha Creek with the Mississippi River. Sources disagree on the exact location and elevation of the city's highest point, which is cited as being between 967 and 985 feet (295 and 300 m) above sea level.

Neighborhoods

Main article: Neighborhoods of Minneapolis

Cyclists on Midtown Greenway in Midtown Phillips, one of the 83 neighborhoods of Minneapolis

Minneapolis has 83 neighborhoods and 70 neighborhood organizations. In some cases, two or more neighborhoods act together under one organization.

Reflected in the program's policy goals in 1990—that citizens know best the priorities of their own neighborhoods, the city set up the Neighborhood Revitalization Program (NRP), in which every one of the city's eighty-some neighborhoods participated. Residents had a direct connection to government in NRP, whereby they proposed ideas appropriate for their area, and NRP reviewed the plans and provided implementation funds. Funded for 20 years with $400 million tax increment financing (TIF), the program caught the eye of UN-Habitat who considered it an example of best practices, but it expired in 2011. The Neighborhoods 2020 program and the Neighborhood and Community Relations department took its place—funded by city revenue. Transition years had special revenue from a TIF district that was decertified in 2020. In 2022 some neighborhood organizations were contemplating mergers so they could combine reduced resources. In his budget proposal for 2024, the mayor suggested an increase in base funding for neighborhood organizations.

In 2018, Minneapolis City Council voted to approve the Minneapolis 2040 Comprehensive Plan, which resulted in a city-wide end to single-family zoning. Slate reported that Minneapolis was believed to be the first major city in the US to make citywide such a revision in housing possibilities. At the time, 70 percent of residential land was zoned for detached, single-family homes, though many of those areas had "nonconforming" buildings with more housing units. City leaders sought to increase the supply of housing so more neighborhoods would be affordable and to decrease the effects single-family zoning had caused on racial disparities and segregation. The Brookings Institution called it "a relatively rare example of success for the YIMBY agenda". In 2023, a district court judge ruled that the plan violated the Minnesota Environmental Rights Act and that the city must abandon it, allowing the city leeway to bring the plan into compliance.

Climate

Minneapolis experiences a hot-summer humid continental climate (Dfa in the Köppen climate classification), that is typical of southern parts of the Upper Midwest, and is situated in USDA plant hardiness zone 4b; although small enclaves of the city are classified as zone 5a. Minneapolis has cold, snowy winters and hot, humid summers, as is typical in a continental climate. The difference between average temperatures in the coldest winter month and the warmest summer month is 58.1 °F (32.3 °C).

According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the annual average for sunshine duration is 58 percent. Minneapolis experiences a full range of precipitation and related weather events, including snow, sleet, ice, rain, thunderstorms, and fog. The highest recorded temperature is 108 °F (42 °C) in July 1936 while the lowest is −41 °F (−41 °C) in January 1888. The snowiest winter on record was 1983–84, when 98.6 inches (250 centimeters) of snow fell. The least-snowiest winter was 1890–91, when 11.1 inches (28 cm) fell.

Climate data for Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °F (°C)	58 (14)	64 (18)	83 (28)	95 (35)	106 (41)	104 (40)	108 (42)	103 (39)	104 (40)	90 (32)	77 (25)	68 (20)	108 (42)
Mean maximum °F (°C)	42.5 (5.8)	46.7 (8.2)	64.7 (18.2)	79.7 (26.5)	88.7 (31.5)	93.3 (34.1)	94.4 (34.7)	91.7 (33.2)	88.3 (31.3)	80.1 (26.7)	62.1 (16.7)	47.1 (8.4)	96.4 (35.8)
Average high °F (°C)	23.6 (−4.7)	28.5 (−1.9)	41.7 (5.4)	56.6 (13.7)	69.2 (20.7)	79.0 (26.1)	83.4 (28.6)	80.7 (27.1)	72.9 (22.7)	58.1 (14.5)	41.9 (5.5)	28.8 (−1.8)	55.4 (13.0)
Daily mean °F (°C)	16.2 (−8.8)	20.6 (−6.3)	33.3 (0.7)	47.1 (8.4)	59.5 (15.3)	69.7 (20.9)	74.3 (23.5)	71.8 (22.1)	63.5 (17.5)	49.5 (9.7)	34.8 (1.6)	22.0 (−5.6)	46.9 (8.3)
Average low °F (°C)	8.8 (−12.9)	12.7 (−10.7)	24.9 (−3.9)	37.5 (3.1)	49.9 (9.9)	60.4 (15.8)	65.3 (18.5)	62.8 (17.1)	54.2 (12.3)	40.9 (4.9)	27.7 (−2.4)	15.2 (−9.3)	38.4 (3.6)
Mean minimum °F (°C)	−14.7 (−25.9)	−8 (−22)	2.7 (−16.3)	21.9 (−5.6)	35.7 (2.1)	47.3 (8.5)	54.5 (12.5)	52.3 (11.3)	38.2 (3.4)	26.0 (−3.3)	9.2 (−12.7)	−7.1 (−21.7)	−16.9 (−27.2)
Record low °F (°C)	−41 (−41)	−33 (−36)	−32 (−36)	2 (−17)	18 (−8)	34 (1)	43 (6)	39 (4)	26 (−3)	10 (−12)	−25 (−32)	−39 (−39)	−41 (−41)
Average precipitation inches (mm)	0.89 (23)	0.87 (22)	1.68 (43)	2.91 (74)	3.91 (99)	4.58 (116)	4.06 (103)	4.34 (110)	3.02 (77)	2.58 (66)	1.61 (41)	1.17 (30)	31.62 (803)
Average snowfall inches (cm)	11.0 (28)	9.5 (24)	8.2 (21)	3.5 (8.9)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.8 (2.0)	6.8 (17)	11.4 (29)	51.2 (130)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)	9.6	7.8	9.0	11.2	12.4	11.8	10.4	9.8	9.3	9.5	8.3	9.7	118.8
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)	9.3	7.3	5.2	2.4	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.6	4.5	8.8	38.2
Average relative humidity (%)	69.9	69.5	67.4	60.3	60.4	63.8	64.8	67.9	70.7	68.3	72.6	74.1	67.5
Average dew point °F (°C)	4.1 (−15.5)	9.5 (−12.5)	20.7 (−6.3)	31.6 (−0.2)	43.5 (6.4)	54.7 (12.6)	60.1 (15.6)	58.3 (14.6)	49.8 (9.9)	37.9 (3.3)	25.0 (−3.9)	11.1 (−11.6)	33.9 (1.0)
Mean monthly sunshine hours	156.7	178.3	217.5	242.1	295.2	321.9	350.5	307.2	233.2	181.0	112.8	114.3	2,710.7
Percent possible sunshine	55	61	59	60	64	69	74	71	62	53	39	42	59
Average ultraviolet index	1	2	3	5	7	8	8	7	5	3	2	1	4
Source 1: NOAA (relative humidity, dew point and sun 1961–1990)
Source 2: Weather Atlas (UV)

Cityscape

The Minneapolis skyline seen from the Prospect Park Water Tower

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Minneapolis

Historical population

Census	Pop.	Note	%±
1860	5,809		—
1870	13,066		124.9%
1880	46,887		258.8%
1890	164,738		251.4%
1900	202,718		23.1%
1910	301,408		48.7%
1920	380,582		26.3%
1930	464,356		22.0%
1940	492,370		6.0%
1950	521,718		6.0%
1960	482,872		−7.4%
1970	434,400		−10.0%
1980	370,951		−14.6%
1990	368,383		−0.7%
2000	382,618		3.9%
2010	382,578		0.0%
2020	429,954		12.4%
2022 (est.)	425,096		−1.1%
US Decennial Census 2020 Census

Racial and ethnic composition

	2020	2010	1990	1970	1950
White alone	58.0%	60.3%	77.5%	92.8%	n/a
Black or African American alone	18.9%	18.3%	13.0%	4.4%	1.3%
Hispanic or Latino	10.4%	10.5%	2.1%	0.9%	n/a
Asian alone	5.8%	5.6%	4.3%	0.4%	0.2%
Other race alone	0.5%	0.3%	n/a	n/a	n/a
Two or more races	5.2%	3.4%	n/a	n/a	n/a

The Minneapolis area was originally occupied by Dakota tribes, particularly the Mdewakanton, until European Americans moved westward. In the 1840s, new settlers arrived from Maine, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts, while French-Canadians came around the same time. Farmers from Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and Pennsylvania later followed in a secondary migration. A small fraction of the populace, settlers from New England had an outsized influence on civic life.

Mexican migrant workers began coming to Minnesota as early as 1860, although few stayed year-round. Latinos eventually settled in several neighborhoods in Minneapolis, including Phillips, Whittier, Longfellow and Northeast. Before the turn of the 21st century, Latinos were the state's largest and fastest-growing group of immigrants.

Settlers from Sweden, Norway, and Denmark found common ground with the Republican and Protestant belief systems of the New England migrants who preceded them, while Irish, Scots, and English immigrants arrived after the Civil War. Germans and Jews from Central and Eastern Europe, as well as Russia, followed. Minneapolis welcomed Italians and Greeks in the 1890s and 1900s, and Slovak and Czech immigrants settled in the Bohemian Flats area on the west bank of the Mississippi. Ukrainians arrived after 1900, and Central European migrants made their homes in the Northeast neighborhood.

Chinese began immigration in the 1870s and Chinese businesses centered on the Gateway District and Glenwood Avenue. Westminster Presbyterian Church gave language classes and support for Chinese Americans in Minneapolis, many of whom had fled discrimination in western states. Japanese Americans, many relocated from San Francisco, worked at Camp Savage, a secret military Japanese-language school that trained interpreters and translators. Following World War II, some Japanese and Japanese Americans remained in Minneapolis, and by 1970, they numbered nearly two thousand, forming part of the state's largest Asian American community. Around 1970, Koreans arrived, and the first Filipinos came to attend the University of Minnesota. Vietnamese, Hmong (some from Thailand), Lao, and Cambodians settled mainly in Saint Paul around 1975, but some built organizations in Minneapolis. In 1992, 160 Tibetan immigrants came to Minnesota, and many settled in the city's Whittier neighborhood. Burmese immigrants arrived in the early 2000s, with some moving to Greater Minnesota. The population of people from India in Minneapolis increased by 1,000 between 2000 and 2010, making it the largest concentration of Indians living in the state.

In the 1950s, the US government relocated Native Americans to cities like Minneapolis, attempting to do away with Indian reservations.

The population of Minneapolis grew until 1950 when the census peaked at 521,718—the only time it has exceeded a half million. The population then declined for decades; after World War II, people moved to the suburbs, and generally out of the Midwest.

In 1910, there were approximately 2,500 Black residents, and by 1930, Minneapolis had some of the most literate Black residents in the nation. However, discrimination prevented them from obtaining higher-paying jobs. In 1935, Cecil Newman and the Minneapolis Spokesman led a year-long consumer boycott of four area breweries that refused to hire Blacks. Employment improved during World War II, but housing discrimination persisted. Between 1950 and 1970, the Black population in Minneapolis increased by 436 percent. After the Rust Belt economy declined in the 1980s, Black migrants were attracted to Minneapolis for its job opportunities, good schools, and relatively safe neighborhoods. In the 1990s, immigrants from the Horn of Africa, particularly Somalia, began to arrive. Immigration from Somalia slowed following a 2017 executive order. As of 2019, over 20,000 Somalis reside in Minneapolis.

The Williams Institute reported that the Twin Cities had an estimated 4.2% LGBT adult population in 2020. In 2022, the Human Rights Campaign gave Minneapolis its highest score possible.

Census and estimates

According to the 2020 US census, the population of Minneapolis was 429,954. Hispanic and Latinos comprised 44,513 (10.4 percent). For those who were not Hispanic or Latino, 249,581 people (58.0 percent) were White alone (62.7 percent White alone or in combination), 81,088 (18.9 percent) were Black or African American alone (21.3 percent Black alone or in combination), 24,929 (5.8 percent) were Asian alone, 7,433 (1.2 percent) were American Indian and Alaska Native alone, 25,387 (0.6 percent) some other race alone, and 34,463 (5.2 percent) were multiracial.

The most common ancestries in Minneapolis according to the 2021 ACS were German (22.9 percent), Irish (10.8 percent), Norwegian (8.9 percent), Subsaharan African (6.7 percent), and Swedish (6.1 percent). Among those five years and older, 81.2 percent spoke only English at home, while 7.1 percent spoke Spanish and 11.7 percent spoke other languages, including large numbers of Somali and Hmong speakers. About 13.7 percent of the population was born abroad, with 53.2 percent of them being naturalized US citizens. Most immigrants arrived from Africa (40.6 percent), Asia (24.6 percent), and Latin America (25.2 percent), with 34.6 percent of all foreign-born residents having arrived in 2010 or earlier.

The 2021 ACS reported that the median household income in Minneapolis was $69,397. It was $97,670 for families, $123,693 for married couples, and $54,083 for non-family households. The median gross rent in Minneapolis was $1,225, and 92.7 percent of housing units in Minneapolis were occupied. 43.7 percent of housing units in the city were built in 1939 or earlier. About 15.0 percent of residents lived in poverty. The percentage of residents who had obtained a bachelor's degree or higher was 53.6 percent, and 92.1 percent had at least a high school diploma. US veterans made up 3.2 percent of the population.

In Minneapolis, African Americans comprised approximately 20% of the population as of 2020. However, a Black family's annual income was less than half of that earned by a White family, and they owned homes at a rate one-third that of White families. In 2018, the median income for a Black family was $36,000, which was $47,000 less than a White family's median income. This income gap was one of the largest in the country, with Black Minneapolitans earning only about 44% of what White Minneapolitans earned annually.

Religion

Christ Church Lutheran is one of the city's four National Historic Landmarks.

The indigenous Dakota people believed in the Great Spirit, and were surprised that not all European settlers were religious.

Twin Cities residents are 70 percent Christian according to the most recent Pew Research Center religious survey in 2014. Settlers who arrived in Minneapolis from New England were for the most part Protestants, Quakers, and Universalists. The oldest continuously used church, Our Lady of Lourdes Catholic Church, was built in 1856 by Universalists and soon afterward was acquired by a French Catholic congregation. St. Mary's Orthodox Cathedral was founded in 1887; it opened a missionary school and created the first Russian Orthodox seminary in the US. Edwin Hawley Hewitt designed St. Mark's Episcopal Cathedral and Hennepin Avenue United Methodist Church, both of which are located south of downtown. The Basilica of Saint Mary, the first basilica in the US and co-cathedral of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis, was named by Pope Pius XI in 1926. The Billy Graham Evangelistic Association was headquartered in Minneapolis from the 1950s until 2001. Christ Church Lutheran in the Longfellow neighborhood was the final work in the career of Eliel Saarinen, and has an education building designed by his son Eero.

Aligning with a national trend, the metro area's next largest group after Christians is the 23 percent non-religious population, who claim no religion but among whom one third nationally tend to think a God exists.

At the same time, more than 50 denominations and religions are present in Minneapolis, representing most of the world's religions. Temple Israel was built in 1928 by the city's first Jewish congregation, Shaarai Tov, which was formed in 1878. By 1959, a Temple of Islam was located in north Minneapolis. In 1972, a relief agency resettled the first Shi'a Muslim family from Uganda in the Twin Cities. Somalis who live in Minneapolis are primarily Sunni Muslim, and in 2022, Minneapolis became the first major American city to allow broadcasting the Muslim call to prayer. In 1971, a reported 150 persons attended classes at a Hindu temple near the university. The city has about seven Buddhist centers and meditation centers.

Economy

See also: Economy of Minnesota

Top Minneapolis employers
May 1, 2023

Rank		Company/Organization
1		Fairview Health Services
2		Target Corporation
3		US Federal Government
4		Allina Health
5		University of Minnesota
6		Wells Fargo
7		U.S. Bancorp
8		US Postal Service
9		Hennepin County
10		Hennepin Healthcare

Top 2023 publicly traded Minneapolis companies

Minneapolis rank		Corporation		US rank		Revenue (in millions)
1		Target Corporation		33		$109,120
2		U.S. Bancorp		149		$27,401
3		Xcel Energy		271		$15,310
4		Ameriprise Financial		289		$14,347
5		Thrivent		412		$9,347

Early in the city's history, millers were required to pay for wheat with cash during the growing season, and then to store the wheat until it was needed for flour. The Minneapolis Grain Exchange was founded in 1881; located near the riverfront, it is the only exchange as of 2023 for hard red spring wheat futures and options.

Along with cash requirements for the milling industry, the large amounts of capital that lumbering had accumulated stimulated the local banking industry and made Minneapolis a major financial center. The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis serves Minnesota, Montana, North and South Dakota, and parts of Wisconsin and Michigan; it has the smallest population of the twelve districts in the Federal Reserve System, and has one branch in Helena, Montana. Among the district's responsibilities are to supervise and examine member banks, examine financial institutions, lend to depository institutions, distribute currency and coin, clear checks, operate Fedwire, and serve as a bank for the US Treasury.

Minneapolis area employment is primarily in trade, transportation, utilities, education, health services, and professional and business services. Smaller numbers of residents are employed in manufacturing, leisure and hospitality, mining, logging, and construction.

In 2022, the Twin Cities metropolitan area tied with Boston as having the eighth-highest concentration of major corporate headquarters in the US. Five Fortune 500 corporations were headquartered within the city limits of Minneapolis: Target Corporation, U.S. Bancorp, Ameriprise Financial, Xcel Energy, and Thrivent. Other companies with offices or headquarters in Minneapolis include Accenture, Bellisio Foods, Canadian Pacific, Coloplast, RBC and Voya Financial.

Arts and culture

Visual arts

Main article: Arts in Minneapolis

The Minneapolis Institute of Art admission is free except for special exhibitions.

During the Gilded Age, the Walker Art Center began as a private art collection in the home of lumberman T. B. Walker who extended free admission to the public. Around 1940, the Walker's focus shifted to modern and contemporary art. The center expanded in 2005 with an addition by Herzog & de Meuron. The Walker said in 2023, that together with the Minneapolis Sculpture Garden across the street, it received more than 700,000 visitors each year.

The Minneapolis Institute of Art (Mia) is located in south-central Minneapolis on the 10-acre (4 ha) former homestead of the Morrison family. The collection of more than 90,000 artworks spans six continents and about 5,000 years. Perhaps reflecting the ambitions of the founders, competition winner McKim, Mead & White designed a complex seven times the size of what opened in 1915. Between 1972 and 1974, Kenzō Tange built right and left wings in the minimalist style yet following the original McKim, Mead & White scheme, adding 314,000 square feet (29,200 m²). In 2006, Michael Graves added a 13,000-square-foot (1,200 m²) wing to the south.

Frank Gehry designed Weisman Art Museum, which opened in 1993, for the University of Minnesota. A 2011 addition by Gehry doubled the size of the galleries. The Museum of Russian Art opened in a restored church in 2005, and hosts a collection of 20th-century Russian art and special events. Northeast Minneapolis Arts District hosts 400 independent artists, a center at the Northrup-King Building, and recurring annual events.

Theater and performing arts

Main article: List of theaters in Minnesota

The Guthrie Theater originated as an alternative to Broadway.

Minneapolis has hosted theatrical performances since the end of the American Civil War. Early theaters included Pence Opera House, the Academy of Music, Grand Opera House, Lyceum, and later the Metropolitan Opera House, which opened in 1894. Fifteen of the fifty-five Twin Cities theater companies counted in 2015 by Peg Guilfoyle had a physical site in Minneapolis. About half the remainder performed in variable spaces throughout the metropolitan area.

In his social history of American regional theater, Joseph Zeigler calls the Guthrie Theater the "granddaddy" of regional theater. Tyrone Guthrie founded the Guthrie in 1963 with an inventive thrust stage—a collaboration by Guthrie, designer Tanya Moiseiwitsch, and architect Ralph Rapson—jutting into the seats and surrounded by the audience on three sides. French architect Jean Nouvel designed a new Guthrie that opened in 2006 overlooking the Mississippi River. The design team reproduced the thrust stage with some alterations, and they added a proscenium stage and an experimental stage.

Minneapolis purchased and renovated the Orpheum, State, and Pantages Theatres, vaudeville and film houses on Hennepin Avenue that are now used for concerts and plays. Another renovated theater, the Shubert, joined with the Hennepin Center for the Arts to become the Cowles Center for Dance and the Performing Arts, which represents more than 20 performing arts groups.

Music

Main article: Music of Minnesota

Prince studied at the Minnesota Dance Theatre through the Minneapolis Public Schools.

Minnesota Orchestra plays classical and popular music at Orchestra Hall under Thomas Søndergård, the music director effective with the 2023–2024 season. The orchestra won a 2014 Grammy for their recording of Symphonies Nos. 1 & 4 by Sibelius, and a 2004 Grammy for composer Dominick Argento with their recording of Casa Guidi. Minneapolis's opera companies include Minnesota Opera, the Gilbert & Sullivan Very Light Opera Company, and Really Spicy Opera.

Prince was a child prodigy, born in Minneapolis and an area resident for most of his life. For a time in the 1980s, Prince and other musicians like Hüsker Dü and The Replacements helped make First Avenue and the 7th Street Entry the heart of American popular music. The city hosts several other concert venues, including Icehouse, the Cedar, the Dakota, and the Cabooze. Live Nation books The Armory, the Fillmore, the Varsity Theater, and the Uptown Theater. Underground Minnesota hip hop acts such as Atmosphere feature the city and Minnesota in their song lyrics.

Charity

Philanthropy and charitable giving have been part of the Minneapolis community since the 1800s. According to AmeriCorps, in 2017, Minneapolis–Saint Paul, with 46.3 percent of the population volunteering, had the highest proportion of volunteers among US cities. Catholic Charities of Minneapolis and Saint Paul is one of the largest non-profit organizations in the state, and a provider of several social services.

After refugees explained the old name was a reminder of their most dreadful days, the American Refugee Committee changed its name to Alight. Alight helps millions of refugees in Africa and Asia with water, shelter, and economic support.

Historical museums

Black Lives Matter mural (2020) organized by the Minnesota African American Heritage Museum and Gallery

Exhibits at Mill City Museum feature the city's history of flour milling, and Minnehaha Depot was built in 1875. The Bakken, formerly known as the Bakken Library and Museum of Electricity in Life, shifted focus in 2016 from electricity and magnetism to invention and innovation, and in 2020 opened a new entrance on Bde Maka Ska. Hennepin History Museum is housed in a former mansion.

The American Swedish Institute occupies a former mansion on Park Avenue. The American Indian Cultural Corridor, about eight blocks on Franklin Avenue, houses All My Relatives Gallery. The Minnesota African American Heritage Museum and Gallery was founded in 2018. Minneapolis hosts the world's only Somali history museum as of 2021, the tiny Somali Museum of Minnesota.

Literary arts

The nonprofit literary presses Coffee House Press, Milkweed Editions, and Graywolf Press are based in Minneapolis. The University of Minnesota Press publishes books, journals, and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. The Open Book facility houses Milkweed, the Minnesota Center for Book Arts, and The Loft Literary Center. Other Minneapolis publishers are 1517 Media, Button Poetry, and Lerner Publishing Group.

Cuisine

See also: Cuisine of the Midwestern United States § Minneapolis and Saint Paul

After the flight to the suburbs began in the 1950s, streetcar service ended citywide. One of the largest urban food deserts in the US developed on the north side of Minneapolis, where as of mid-2017, 70,000 people had access to only two grocery stores. When Aldi closed in 2023, the area again became a food desert with two full-service grocers. The nonprofit Appetite for Change sought to improve the diet of residents, competing against an influx of fast-food stores, and by 2017 it administered ten gardens, sold produce in the mid-year months at West Broadway Farmers Market, supplied its restaurants, and gave away boxes of fresh produce.

Minneapolis-based individuals who have won the food industry James Beard Foundation Award include chef Gavin Kaysen, writer Dara Moskowitz Grumdahl, television personality Andrew Zimmern, and chef Sean Sherman, whose restaurant Owamni received James Beard's 2022 best new restaurant award.

Both purported originators of the Jucy Lucy burger—the 5-8 Club and Matt's Bar—have served it since the 1950s. The Herbivorous Butcher opened in 2016; the shop offers natural alternatives to meat that were described by CBS News as "meat-free meat" from the "first vegan 'butcher' shop in the United States". East African cuisine arrived in Minneapolis with the wave of migrants from Somalia that started in the 1990s.

Annual events

Each January and February, a series of events called The Great Northern is held in Minneapolis. The series includes the annual U.S. Pond Hockey Championships on Lake Nokomis; and the City of Lakes Loppet, a 13-mile (21-kilometer) or 26-mile (42-kilometer) cross-country ski race that is part of the American ski marathon series;

The annual MayDay Parade is held in south Minneapolis in May. Other events include Art-A-Whirl in May; Twin Cities Pride, the Stone Arch Bridge Festival, and Twin Cities Juneteenth in June; Minnehaha Falls Art Fair and Loring Park Art Festival in July; the Minneapolis Aquatennial, the Minnesota Fringe Festival, the Uptown Art Fair, Powderhorn Art Fair, and Downtown Mpls Street Art Festival in August; the Minneapolis Monarch Festival in September that celebrates the monarch butterfly's 2,300-mile (3,700 km) migration; and in October, the Twin Cities Marathon which is a Boston Marathon qualifier.

Libraries

In 2008, the Minneapolis Public Library merged with the Hennepin County Library. Fifteen of the system's 41 branches serve Minneapolis. The downtown Central Library, designed by César Pelli, opened in 2006. Seven special collections hold resources for researchers.

Sports

Main articles: Sports in Minneapolis–Saint Paul and Sports in Minnesota

Target Center

Target Field

U.S. Bank Stadium

Minneapolis has four professional sports teams. The American football team Minnesota Vikings and the baseball team Minnesota Twins have played in the state since 1961. The Vikings were an National Football League expansion team and the Twins were formed when the Washington Senators relocated to Minnesota. The Twins won the World Series in 1987 and 1991, and have played at Target Field since 2010. The Vikings played in the Super Bowl following the 1969, 1973, 1974, and 1976 seasons, losing all four games. The basketball team Minnesota Timberwolves returned National Basketball Association (NBA) basketball to Minneapolis in 1989, and were followed by Minnesota Lynx in 1999. Both basketball teams play in the Target Center.

In the 2010s, the Lynx were the most-successful sports team in the city and a dominant force in the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA), winning four WNBA championships from 2011 to 2017. In 2016, following the killings of Philando Castile and Alton Sterling, Lynx captains wore black shirts as a protest by Black athletes for social change.

Minnesota Wild, a National Hockey League team, play at the Xcel Energy Center; and the Major League Soccer soccer team Minnesota United FC play at Allianz Field, both of which are located in Saint Paul.

In addition to professional sports teams, Minneapolis hosts a majority of the Minnesota Golden Gophers' college sports teams of the University of Minnesota. The Gophers football team plays at Huntington Bank Stadium and have won seven national championships. The Gophers women's ice hockey team is a six-time NCAA champion. The Gophers men's ice hockey team plays at 3M Arena at Mariucci, and won five NCAA championships. Both the Golden Gophers men's basketball and women's basketball teams play at Williams Arena.

The 1,750,000-square-foot (163,000 m²) U.S. Bank Stadium was built for the Vikings at a cost of $1.122 billion, $348 million of which was provided by the state of Minnesota and $150 million came from the city of Minneapolis. The stadium, which was called "Minnesota's biggest-ever public works project", opened in 2016 with 66,000 seats, which was expanded to 70,000 for the 2018 Super Bowl. U.S. Bank Stadium also hosts indoor running and rollerblading nights.

Six golf courses are located within the Minneapolis city limits. While living in Minneapolis, Scott and Brennan Olson founded and later sold Rollerblade, the company that popularized the sport of inline skating.

Parks and recreation

Main article: Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board

Canoeing on the Mississippi

Charles M. Loring and William Watts Folwell enabled Horace Cleveland to create his finest landscape architecture, preserving geographical landmarks and linking them with boulevards and parkways. Theodore Wirth, park superintendent from 1906 to 1935, built parkways for the automobile, dredged lakes, sculpted land, and managed details of park expansion. Superintendent in the 1960s and 1970s, Robert W. Ruhe created neighborhood parks and recreation centers in hitherto underserved areas. In 2022, 500 participants ages 14 to 24 served as Teen Teamworks recruits for on-the-job training in green careers or as future park employees. In his book The American City: What Works, What Doesn't, Alexander Garvin wrote Minneapolis built "the best-located, best-financed, best-designed, and best-maintained public open space in America".

The city's parks are governed and operated by the independent Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board park district. Beyond its network of 185 neighborhood parks, the park board owns the city's canopy of trees, and nearly all land that borders the city's waterfronts. The park board owns property outside the city limits including the Eloise Butler Wildflower Garden and Bird Sanctuary which is part of its largest park, Theodore Wirth Park, shared with Golden Valley, Minnesota.

Minnehaha Falls after significant rainfall.

As of 2020, approximately 15 percent of land in Minneapolis is parks, in accordance with the national median, and 98 percent of residents live within one-half mile (0.8 km) of a park. Minneapolis slipped in the ParkScore index to 3rd place in 2023. The city's Chain of Lakes, consisting of seven lakes and Minnehaha Creek, is connected by bicycle paths, and running and walking paths, and is used for swimming, fishing, picnics, boating, and ice skating. A parkway for cars, a bikeway for riders, and a walkway for pedestrians run parallel along the 51-mile (82 km) route of the Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway. Parks are interlinked in many places, and the Mississippi National River and Recreation Area connects regional parks and visitor centers. Among walks and hikes running along the Mississippi River, the five-mile (8 km), hiking-only Winchell Trail offers views of and access to the Mississippi Gorge and a rustic hiking experience.

When it was established in 1889, Minnehaha Park was Minnesota's first state park, not to mention the nation's second state park. The park contains the 53-foot (16 m) waterfall Minnehaha Falls. In the bestselling and often-parodied 19th-century epic poem The Song of Hiawatha, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow named Hiawatha's wife Minnehaha for the Minneapolis waterfall. Between 5,000 and 10,000 people per year visited the falls before 1889. Visitors increased to about that many per day after Minnehaha became a park. In 2017, the park received over two million visitors.

Minneapolis's climate provides opportunities for winter activities such as ice fishing, snowshoeing, ice skating, cross-country skiing, and sledding at many parks and lakes between December and March. Scaling back on skate rental and warming houses since the COVID-19 pandemic, as of 2021, the park board maintained 20 outdoor ice rinks in winter.

Government

Main articles: Minneapolis City Council, Government of Minneapolis, Minneapolis Police Department, Timeline of race relations and policing in Minneapolis–Saint Paul, and 2021 Minneapolis Question 2

Built between 1889 and 1906, Minneapolis City Hall (seen from The People's Plaza) is on the National Register of Historic Places.

The Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party (DFL), which is affiliated with the Democratic Party, holds the majority in Minneapolis. The city has not had a Republican mayor since 1973. At the federal level, Minneapolis is situated in Minnesota's 5th congressional district, which has been represented by Democrat Ilhan Omar since 2018. Both of Minnesota's US Senators, Amy Klobuchar and Tina Smith, were elected or appointed while residing in Minneapolis and are Democrats as well. Jacob Frey, a former DFL city council member, was elected as the mayor of Minneapolis in 2017 and re-elected in 2021.

In 2006, the city adopted instant-runoff voting and first used it during the 2009 elections. The Minneapolis City Council has 12 DFL council members and one Democratic Socialists of America member, representing the city's 13 wards. Seven political newcomers joined the council in 2022, and for the first time, a majority of the council members were non-White. Andrea Jenkins was unanimously elected as the president of the city council in 2022.

In 2021, a ballot question shifted more weight from the city council to the mayor, a change that proponents had tried to achieve since the early 20th century. The mayor and city council now share responsibility for the city's finances. The city's primary source of funding is property tax, and there is a sales tax of 8.03 percent on purchases made within the city, which is a combination of state, county, special district taxes, a city sales tax of 0.50 percent, and a local use tax for out-of-state purchases. The Park and Recreation Board is an independent city department with nine elected commissioners who levy their own taxes, subject to city charter limits. The Board of Estimation and Taxation, which oversees city levies, is also an independent department.

The restructured mayor's role created a new Minneapolis Office of Community Safety, with its commissioner overseeing the police and fire departments, 911 dispatch, emergency management, and violence prevention. The city in 2021 proposed a new cooperation with the police department and a mental health services company, Canopy Mental Health & Consulting, to respond to some 911 calls that do not require police. The organization had responded to more than three thousand 911 calls as of September 2022 and was proposed to continue through the 2023–2024 budget year.

Police guard the third precinct the day before it was burned down during the George Floyd protests.

After the murder of George Floyd in May 2020, about 166 police officers left of their own accord either to retirement or to temporary leave—many with PTSD—and a crime wave resulted in more than 500 shootings. A Reuters investigation found that killings surged when a "hands-off" attitude resulted in fewer officer-initiated encounters. Violent crime rose three percent across Minneapolis in July 2022 compared with 2021, and in 2020, it rose 21 percent compared to the previous five years. Violent crime was down for 2022 in every category except assaults. Carjackings, gunshots fired, gunshot wounds, and robberies decreased, and homicides were down 20 percent compared to the previous year.

In 2023, the US Justice Department (DOJ) proposed 28 immediate "remedial" steps as it completed its investigation of the city's policing practices. Among DOJ findings, Minneapolis police officers routinely used excessive force, discriminated against people, and, with the city, violated people's rights. In 2022, the Minnesota Department of Human Rights completed its two-year investigation of the police department that found a "pattern or practice of race discrimination in violation of the Minnesota Human Rights Act". The state stipulated that the federal decree would take precedence in the case of conflicts, and city leaders sought one monitor to oversee both, to assure a single measure of compliance. The 2023 city budget planned for one negotiated consent decree, and the statutory minimum of 731 officers in the police department, which had been short of that minimum.

In 2015, the city council passed a resolution making fossil fuel divestment city policy, joining 17 cities worldwide in the Carbon Neutral Cities Alliance. Minneapolis's climate plan calls for an 80 percent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. Minneapolis has a separation ordinance that directs local law-enforcement officers not to "take any law enforcement action" for the sole purpose of finding undocumented immigrants, nor to ask an individual about his or her immigration status.

Education

Primary and secondary education

Volunteer missionaries, the Pond brothers got permission at Fort Snelling to teach new farming techniques and a new religion to Chief Cloud Man and his community on the east shore of Bde Maka Ska. J. D. Stevens and the Ponds built an Indian mission near Lake Harriet, which was the first educational institution in Minneapolis. When more settlers moved to the area, by 1874, ten school buildings served nearly four thousand students. The city of Minneapolis joined with St. Anthony and by 1922, together they enrolled seventy thousand students.

Dual language science outreach at Emerson, one of nine magnet elementary schools

Minneapolis Public Schools served 28,689 K–12 students as of October 2022, in more than fifty schools, divided between community and magnet. As of 2023, enrollment was declining about 1.5 percent per year, and approximately 60 percent of school age children attended district schools. Many students enrolled in alternatives such as charter schools, of which the city has thirty as of 2023. By state law, charter schools are open to all students and are tuition free. In 2022, about 1200 at-risk students attended district Contract Alternative Schools.

The public school district adopted a comprehensive district design beginning with the 2020–2021 school year to address academics, equity, financial sustainability, and to end disadvantages for students of color and students from low-income neighborhoods. The design changed student placement, changed the boundaries for almost all schools, moved magnet schools to central locations and narrowed the magnet types, standardized many start times to improve bus service, and gave every student a community elementary and middle school in their neighborhood. Students may attend a community school by request, and be accepted to the school in their neighborhood. Students entered a lottery to be enrolled in a magnet school. Eight high schools had school-based clinics with a doctor, nurses, a mental health counselor, and a registered dietitian. School district demographics differed from the city's. White students made up 41 percent, Black students 35 percent, Hispanic 14 percent, and 5 percent each were Asian and Native American. English-language learners were about 17 percent, in a district that spoke 100 languages at home. About 15 percent were special education students. Beginning in fall 2023, every Minneapolis public school student received one free breakfast and one free lunch each school day. In 2022, the district's graduation rate was 77 percent, an improvement of three percent over the previous year.

Colleges and universities

See also: Minnesota State Colleges and Universities system

University of Minnesota teaching art museum, teaching hospital, and student union (left to right)

The University of Minnesota Twin Cities campus is headquartered in Minneapolis. With more than 50,000 students in 2023, it is the sixth largest campus in the US by enrollment. College rankings for 2023 place the school in the range of 44th (2022) to 185th for academics worldwide. QS found a decline in rank over a decade. Shanghai found excellence in ecology, business management, library & information science, and biotechnology. Among the 2,000 schools U.S. News & World Report compared to make its 2022–2023 best global universities rankings, the University of Minnesota was 57th. The state's land-grant university, the school has unusual autonomy—regents are in control, independent of city government—that has existed in Minnesota since 1858, when the provision was included in the state constitution.

Augsburg University, Minneapolis College of Art and Design, and North Central University are private four-year colleges; the first two offer master's programs. The public two-year Minneapolis Community and Technical College and the private Dunwoody College of Technology provide career training and associate degrees and the latter offers a bachelor's program. Saint Mary's University of Minnesota has a Twin Cities campus for its graduate and professional programs. Opening a new Minneapolis site in 2023, Red Lake Nation College is a federally recognized tribal college site that teaches Ojibwe culture. The large, principally online universities Capella University and Walden University are both headquartered in the city. The public four-year Metropolitan State University and the private four-year University of St. Thomas are post-secondary institutions based elsewhere that have campuses in Minneapolis.

The city has more than twenty-five licensed career schools. These institutions offer short term training, some diplomas, and certificates in a wide variety of fields including business, yoga, pilates, portfolio development, CompTIA certification, floral design, cosmetology, construction, healthcare, information technology, and for those who wish to become a personal trainer, ophthalmic technician, or phlebotomy technician.

Media

Main article: Media in Minneapolis–Saint Paul

As of 2022, Minnesota Newspaper Association members who publish in Minneapolis include The Circle, Insight News, Finance & Commerce, Longfellow Nokomis Messenger, Minneapolis/St. Paul Business Journal, Minnesota Daily, Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder, Minnesota Women's Press, MinnPost, The Monitor, North News, Northeaster, Southwest Connector, Star Tribune, and St. Paul – Midway Como Frogtown Monitor. La Prensa de Minnesota, Vida y Sabor, Metro Lutheran, and The American Jewish World are published in the city. Other papers are Dispatch, Southwest Voices, Streets.mn, and Racket.

Some of the magazines published in the city are American Craft, Artful Living, and Mpls. St. Paul; the literary journal Rain Taxi; business publications Enterprise Minnesota, Franchise Times, Restaurant Finance Monitor, and Twin Cities Business; university student publications Great River Review, The Tower, Minnesota Journal of International Law, and Minnesota Law Review; and professional magazines Architecture Minnesota, Bench & Bar, and Minnesota Medicine.

In 2023, Nielsen found the Minneapolis–Saint Paul area to be the 15th largest designated market area, down from 14th in 2022. About 75 radio stations may be heard in the Minneapolis market, some of them distantly. The Twin Cities have 1,742,530 TV homes. TV Guide lists 151 TV channels for Minneapolis.

Krista Tippett, awarded a Peabody and the National Humanities Medal, produced the On Being project from her Minneapolis studio.

Infrastructure

Transportation

Main articles: Transportation in Minnesota, Metro (Minnesota), and Trails in Minneapolis

A Metro Blue Line train traveling from the Lake Street/Midtown station

The 2020 census found that the average commute to work for the Minneapolis population was 22 minutes. The most common means of transportation to work was driving alone (45 percent), the least common was bicycling (1.7 percent), and others were carpooling with other people (6.5 percent), taking public transit (5.6 percent), and walking (4.8 percent).

A division of the Metropolitan Council, Metro operates public transportation in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area. The system has two light rail lines, one commuter rail line, about five bus rapid transit (BRT) lines, and about 90 bus lines with over 8,000 stops. As of 2021, riders of Metro Transit system-wide were 44 percent persons of color. Bus ridership in the Twin Cities was 91.6 million in 2019, a three-percent decline over the previous year and part of a national trend in falling local bus ridership, while commuter rides were down, and ridership on light rail and BRTs remained steady or grew slightly.

The Metro Blue Line light rail line connects the Mall of America and Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport in Bloomington to downtown, and the Green Line travels from downtown through the University of Minnesota campus to downtown Saint Paul. Hundreds of homeless people nightly sought shelter on Green Line trains until overnight service was cut back in 2019. In 2020, a rise in crime on the light rail system led to discussion in the state legislature on how to best address the problem. A Blue Line extension to the northwest suburbs re-entered the planning stages for a new route alignment in 2020. A Green Line extension is planned to connect downtown with the southwestern suburbs. BRT lines are 25 percent faster than regular bus lines because riders pay before boarding, stops are limited, and sometimes they employ signal prioritization. The newest BRT line, the D Line, runs along one of Minnesota's most used bus lines, the 18-mile (29 km) route 5, where a quarter of households do not have access to a car. The 40-mile (64 km) Northstar Commuter rail runs from Big Lake, Minnesota, to downtown Minneapolis. Commuter rides decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic, and as of 2023, service cut back to four from 12 daily trips.

A cyclist in winter

Minneapolis has 16 miles (26 km) of on-street protected bikeways, 98 miles (158 km) of bike lanes and 101 miles (163 km) of off-street bikeways and trails. Off-street facilities include the Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway, Midtown Greenway, Little Earth Trail, Hiawatha LRT Trail, Kenilworth Trail, and Cedar Lake Trail. Replacing Nice Ride in 2023, for part of the year Lime, Spin and Veo have bicycles and scooters for rent with an app.

In 2007, the Interstate 35W bridge over the Mississippi, which was overloaded with 300 short tons (270,000 kg) of repair materials, collapsed, killing 13 people and injuring 145. The bridge was rebuilt in 14 months.

The Minneapolis Skyway System, 9.5 miles (15.3 km) of enclosed pedestrian bridges called skyways, links 80 city blocks downtown with access to second-floor restaurants, retailers, government, sports facilities, doctor's offices and other businesses that are open on weekdays.

Fifteen commercial passenger airlines serve Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport (MSP). MSP is the headquarters of Sun Country Airlines. After it merged with Northwest Airlines in 2009, Delta Air Lines flew 80% of the airport's traffic, and MSP was Delta's second-largest US hub.

Services and utilities

DID ambassador

The city has 19 fire stations. Xcel Energy supplies electricity, and CenterPoint Energy provides gas. The water supply is managed by four watershed districts that correspond with the Mississippi and three streams that are river tributaries.

Requests for non-emergency information or service requests can be made through Minneapolis 311. The call center operates in English, Spanish, Hmong, and Somali, and offers 220 language options. Email, TTY, text, voice, and a mobile app can access the center.

The Minneapolis Department of Public Works is responsible for myriad services including snow plowing, solid waste removal, traffic and parking, water treatment, transportation planning and maintenance, and fleet services for the city. Among its engineering functions, the department was increasing the capacity of a 4,200-foot (1,300 m) storm water tunnel system 80 feet (24 m) under Washington to Chicago Avenues. They had completed 97 percent of the excavation phase and 41 percent of the lining phase as of August 2023. Designed for downtown's concrete landscape, the system will drain runoff into the Mississippi in case of a 100-year storm.

Downtown Improvement District (DID) ambassadors, who are identified by their blue-and-green-yellow fluorescent jackets, daily patrol a 120-block area of downtown to greet and assist visitors, remove trash, monitor property, and call police when they are needed. The ambassador program is a public-private partnership that is paid for by a special downtown tax district.

Health care

See also: COVID-19 pandemic in Minnesota and COVID-19 pandemic in Minnesota § Economy

HCMC (Hennepin County Medical Center) has the state's busiest emergency room.

Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Children's Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare, M Health Fairview University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, M Health Fairview University of Minnesota Medical Center, M Health Fairview University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis VA Medical Center, and Phillips Eye Institute serve the city.

Cardiac surgery was developed at the university's Variety Club Heart Hospital, where by 1957, more than 200 patients—most of whom were children—had survived open-heart operations. Working with surgeon C. Walton Lillehei, Medtronic began to build portable and implantable cardiac pacemakers about this time.

Hennepin Healthcare, a public teaching hospital and Level I trauma center, opened in 1887 as City Hospital, and has been known as Minneapolis General Hospital, Hennepin County General Hospital, and Hennepin County Medical Center or HCMC. In 2022, the Hennepin Healthcare safety net counted 626,000 in-person and 50,586 virtual clinic visits, and 87,731 emergency room visits.

The Mashkiki Waakaa'igan Pharmacy on Bloomington Avenue dispenses free prescription drugs and culturally sensitive care to members of any federally recognized tribes living in Hennepin and Ramsey counties, regardless of insurance status. The pharmacy is funded by the Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa.

Notable people

Main article: List of people from Minneapolis

Sister cities

Minneapolis's sister cities are:

• Bosaso, Somalia (2014)
• Cuernavaca, Mexico (2008)
• Eldoret, Kenya (2000)
• Harbin, China (1992)
• Ibaraki, Japan (1980)
• Kuopio, Finland (1972)
• Najaf, Iraq (2009)
• Novosibirsk, Russia (1988)
• Santiago, Chile (1961)
• Tours, France (1991)
• Uppsala, Sweden (2000)
• Winnipeg, Canada (1973)

See also

• List of tallest buildings in Minneapolis
• National Register of Historic Places listings in Hennepin County, Minnesota
• USS Minneapolis, 4 ships (including 2 as Minneapolis-Saint Paul)

References

Works cited

Books

• Anderson, Gary Clayton (2019). Massacre in Minnesota: The Dakota War of 1862, the Most Violent Ethnic Conflict in American History. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-6434-2.
• Anfinson, John O.; Madigan, Thomas; Forsberg, Drew M.; Nunnally, Patrick (2003). "St. Anthony Falls: Timber, Flour and Electricity". River of history: a historic resources study. St. Paul District, U.S. Corps of Engineers. Retrieved April 21, 2023 – via US National Park Service.
• Atwater, Isaac, ed. (1893). History of the City of Minneapolis, Minnesota. Vol. 1. Munsell & Company. OCLC 22047580 – via Internet Archive.

• Baldwin, Rufus J. (1893). "Early Settlement". History of the City of Minneapolis, Minnesota. pp. 29–48.
• Chapin, N. C. (1893). "Charitable Institutions". History of the City of Minneapolis, Minnesota. pp. 240–269.

• Azerrad, Michael (2002). Our Band Could Be Your Life. Back Bay Books. ISBN 978-0-316-78753-6.
• Barlow, Philip; Silk, Mark (2004). Religion and Public Life in the Midwest: America's Common Denominator?. Rowman Altamira. ISBN 978-0-7591-0631-4.
• Blegen, Theodore Christian (1975) [1963]. Minnesota: A History of the State. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-0754-9.
• Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (August 15, 2019) [October 2016]. The Federal Reserve System Purposes and Functions (10th ed.). Federal Reserve System. ISBN 978-1-6864-2531-8.
• Caro, Robert A. (2002). Master of the Senate: The Years of Lyndon Johnson. Vol. 3. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-394-52836-6.
• Chalmers, David Mark (1987). Hooded Americanism: The History of the Ku Klux Klan. Duke University Press. p. 149. ISBN 978-0-8223-0772-3. Retrieved March 5, 2023.
• Cornell, Tricia (2016). Moon. Minneapolis & St. Paul (3rd ed.). Avalon Travel. ISBN 978-1-63121-272-7.
• Davis, Julie L. (2013). Survival Schools: The American Indian Movement and Community Education in the Twin Cities. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-7429-9.
• Fremling, Calvin R. (2005). Immortal River: The Upper Mississippi in Ancient and Modern Times. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-20294-1.
• Garvin, Alexander (2013). The American City: What Works, What Doesn't (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill Education. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-07-180162-1.
• Gras, Norman Scott Brien (1922). An Introduction to Economic History. Harper & Brothers. ISBN 978-0-598-78089-8.
• Gray, James (1954). Business without Boundary: The Story of General Mills. University of Minnesota Press. LCCN 54-10286.
• Guilfoyle, Peg (September 15, 2015). "Fifty-five Theaters in the Twin Cities Metro". Offstage Voices: Life in Twin Cities Theater. Minnesota Historical Society Press. pp. 455–484. ISBN 978-0-87351-971-7.
• Hess, Jeffrey A. (1985). Their splendid legacy: the first 100 years of the Minneapolis Society of Fine Arts. Minneapolis Society of Fine Arts. ISBN 978-0-912964-17-1.
• Holmquist, June D., ed. (1981). They Chose Minnesota: A Survey of the States Ethnic Groups. Minnesota Historical Society Press. ISBN 0-87351-231-6.

• Taylor, David Vassar (1981). "The Blacks". They Chose Minnesota: A Survey of the States Ethnic Groups. pp. 73–91.
• Vecoli, Rudolph J. (1981). "The Italians". They Chose Minnesota: A Survey of the States Ethnic Groups. pp. 449–471.
• Saloutos, Theodore (1981). "The Greeks". They Chose Minnesota: A Survey of the States Ethnic Groups. pp. 472–488.
• Mason, Sarah R. (1981). "The Chinese". They Chose Minnesota: A Survey of the States Ethnic Groups. pp. 531–545.
• Mason, Sarah R. (1981). "The Filipinos". They Chose Minnesota: A Survey of the States Ethnic Groups. pp. 546–557.
• Albert, Michael (1981). "The Japanese". They Chose Minnesota: A Survey of the States Ethnic Groups. pp. 558–571.
• Mason, Sarah R. (1981). "The Koreans". They Chose Minnesota: A Survey of the States Ethnic Groups. pp. 572–579.
• Mason, Sarah R. (1981). "The Indochinese". They Chose Minnesota: A Survey of the States Ethnic Groups. pp. 580–592.

• Kane, Lucile M. (1987) [1966]. The Falls of St. Anthony: The Waterfall That Built Minneapolis. Minnesota Historical Society Press. ISBN 978-0-87351-205-3.
• Jeffrey, Kirk (2001). Machines in Our Hearts: The Cardiac Pacemaker, the Implantable Defibrillator, and American Health Care. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-6579-4.
• Kimmerer, Robin Wall; Smith, Monique Gray (2022). Braiding Sweetgrass for Young Adults: Indigenous Wisdom, Scientific Knowledge, and the Teachings of Plants. Zest Books. ISBN 978-1-7284-5899-1.
• Larson, Agnes Mathilda (2007) [1972]. The White Pine Industry in Minnesota, A History. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-5149-8.
• Lass, William E. (2000). Minnesota: A History (2nd ed.). W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-31971-2.
• League of Women Voters (December 2002). Immigration in Minnesota: Challenges and Opportunities. The League of Women Voters Education Fund. ISBN 978-1-877889-33-2.
• Liebling, Jerome; Morrison, Donal MacLachlan (1966). The Face of Minneapolis. Dillon Press. OCLC 904082681.
• The Minneapolis '76 Bicentennial Commission (1976). Minneapolis Frontiers, Firsts & Futures: A Bicentennial Commemorative Guide to the History of the City of Minneapolis. The Minneapolis '76 Bicentennial Commission. OCLC 3804178.
• Millett, Larry (2007). AIA Guide to the Twin Cities: The Essential Source on the Architecture of Minneapolis and St. Paul. Minnesota Historical Society Press. ISBN 978-0-87351-540-5.
• Misa, Thomas J. (2013). Digital State: The Story of Minnesota's Computing Industry. University of Minnesota Press. doi:10.5749/minnesota/9780816683314.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-8166-8836-4.
• Murray, Charles J. (1997). The Supermen: The Story of Seymour Cray and the Technical Wizards behind the Supercomputer. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-04885-2.
• Nadenicek, Daniel J.; Neckar, Lance M. (April 2002) [1873]. Introduction. Landscape Architecture, as Applied to the Wants of the West; with an Essay on Forest Planting on the Great Plains. By Cleveland, H. W. S. University of Massachusetts Press in association with Library of American Landscape History. ISBN 978-1-55849-330-8.
• Nathanson, Iric (2010). Minneapolis in the Twentieth Century: The Growth of an American City. Minnesota Historical Society Press. ISBN 978-0-87351-725-6.
• Pennefeather, Shannon M., ed. (2003). Mill City: A Visual History of the Minneapolis Mill District. Minnesota Historical Society Press. ISBN 978-0-87351-446-0.
• Price, Robert M. (November 11, 2005). The Eye for Innovation: Recognizing Possibilities and Managing the Creative Enterprise. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-10877-4.
• The Princeton Review (2014). The Complete Book of Colleges. Random House. ISBN 978-0-8041-2520-8.
• Riggs, Stephen Return (1992) [1st pub. US Government Publishing Office, 1890]. Dorsey, James Owen (ed.). A Dakota-English dictionary. Borealis Books. ISBN 978-0-87351-282-4.
• Risjord, Norman K. (2005). A Popular History of Minnesota. Minnesota Historical Society Press. ISBN 978-0-87351-532-0.
• Smith, David C. (2008). City of Parks: The Story of Minneapolis Parks. Foundation for Minneapolis Parks. ISBN 978-0-615-19535-3.
• Stipanovich, Joseph (1982). City of Lakes: An illustrated history of Minneapolis. Windsor Publications. ISBN 978-0-89781-048-7.
• Walker, Charles Rumford (1937). American City: A Rank-and-file History. Farrar & Rinehart. OCLC 480952.
• Weber, Tom (2022). Minneapolis: An Urban Biography (Updated ed.). Minnesota Historical Society Press. ISBN 978-1-68134-260-3.
• Williamson, John P. (compiler) (1992) [1st pub. American Tract Society 1902]. An English-Dakota Dictionary. Borealis Books. ISBN 978-0-87351-283-1.
• Wingerd, Mary Lethert (2010). North Country: The Making of Minnesota. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-4868-9.
• Zeigler, Joseph Wesley (1973). Regional Theatre: The Revolutionary Stage. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-1-4529-1142-7.

Journal articles

• Anfinson, Scott F. (1990). "Archaeology of the Central Minneapolis Riverfront Part 2: Archaeological Explorations and Interpretive Potentials". The Minnesota Archaeologist. 49 (1–2): i–143. Archived from the original on August 23, 2009. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
• Bly, Mark; Schechter, Joel (November 1, 1979). "The Guthrie: An Interview with Alvin Epstein and Michael Feingold". Theater. Duke University Press. 10 (3): 33–39. doi:10.1215/00440167-10-3-33. ISSN 1527-196X.
• Danbom, David B. (2003). "Flour power: the significance of flour milling at the falls" (PDF). Minnesota History. 58 (5–6): 270–285. JSTOR 20188363. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 1, 2013.
• Delegard, Kirsten; Ehrman-Solberg, Kevin (Spring 2017). "'Playground of the People'? Mapping Racial Covenants in Twentieth-Century Minneapolis". Open Rivers: Rethinking the Mississippi. University of Minnesota (6): 72–79. doi:10.24926/2471190X.2820.
• Hatle, Elizabeth Dorsey; Vaillancourt, Nancy M. (Winter 2009–2010). "One Flag, One School, One Language: Minnesota's Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s" (PDF). Minnesota History. 61 (8): 360–371. JSTOR 40543955. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2018.
• Hispanic Advocacy and Community Empowerment through Research (HACER) (June 1998). "Realidades Latinas: Una Comunidad Vibrante Emerge en el Sur de Minneapolis". HACER. hdl:11299/3628. Retrieved March 27, 2023 – via University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy.
• Ladd-Taylor, Molly (Summer 2005). "Coping with a 'Public Menace': Eugenic Sterilization in Minnesota" (PDF). Minnesota History. 59 (6): 237–248. JSTOR 20188483. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 10, 2021. Retrieved March 5, 2023.
• Mitchell, Tania D. (Spring 2022). "In the Wake of Multiple Pandemics". Liberal Education. Vol. 108, no. 2. American Association of Colleges and Universities. pp. 42–47. Retrieved March 12, 2023.
• Myers, Samuel L. (2002). "Analysis of Racial Profiling as Policy Analysis". Journal of Policy Analysis and Management. 21 (2): 287–300. doi:10.1002/pam.10030. JSTOR 3325638. S2CID 154452510.
• Peel, M. C.; Finlayson, B. L.; McMahon, T. A. (October 2007). "Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 11 (5): 1633–1644. Bibcode:2007HESS...11.1633P. doi:10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007.
• Reichard, Gary W. (Summer 1998). "Mayor Hubert H. Humphrey" (PDF). Minnesota History. 56 (2): 50–67. JSTOR 20188091. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
• Vollmar, Alice M. (2003). "Medical Mechanic". World & I. 18 (12): 146. ISSN 0887-9346.
• Walker, Rebecca H.; Ramer, Hannah; Derickson, Kate D.; Keeler, Bonnie L. (2023). "Making the City of Lakes: Whiteness, Nature, and Urban Development in Minneapolis". Annals of the American Association of Geographers. 113 (7): 1615–1629. doi:10.1080/24694452.2022.2155606. S2CID 256754104.
• Watts, Alison (Summer 2000). "The technology that launched a city: scientific and technological innovations in flour milling during the 1870s in Minneapolis" (PDF). Minnesota History. 57 (2): 86–97. JSTOR 20188202. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 1, 2013. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
• Weber, Laura E. (Spring 1991). "'Gentiles Preferred': Minneapolis Jews and Employment 1920–1950" (PDF). Minnesota History. 52 (5): 166–182. JSTOR 20179243. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2012. Retrieved March 5, 2023.
• Whitmore, Janet (Autumn 2004). "Presentation Strategies in the American Gilded Age: One Case Study". Nineteenth-Century Art Worldwide. 3 (2): 113–130. ISSN 1543-1002. Retrieved April 14, 2023.
• Wright, H. E. Jr. (1990). "Geologic History of Minnesota Rivers" (PDF). Minnesota Geological Survey Educational Series. 7: iii–20. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 20, 2021. Retrieved November 16, 2020 – via South Washington Watershed District.

Further reading

• Lindeke, Bill (February 24, 2015). "About that 'Miracle'". Twin Cities Daily Planet. Archived from the original on February 25, 2015.
• Lowery, Wesley (June 10, 2020). "Why Minneapolis Was the Breaking Point". The Atlantic. Atlantic Monthly Group.
• Richards, Hanje (2002). Minneapolis-Saint Paul Then and Now. Thunder Bay Press. ISBN 978-1-57145-687-8.

External links

• Official website
• "Minneapolis Past" — documentary produced by Twin Cities Public Television.