Mamphela Ramphele

Mamphela Ramphele
Born	(1947-12-28) December 28, 1947 Kranspoort, Transvaal
Nationality	South African
Known for	anti-apartheid activist Former Managing Director of the World Bank Greatest South African (55th)

Mamphela Aletta Ramphele is a South African former activist against apartheid, a medical doctor, an academic and a successful businesswoman. She was a close friend of Steve Biko, with whom she had two children. She is a former Vice-Chancellor at the University of Cape Town and a one-time Managing Director at the World Bank. In February 2013, she announced the formation of a new political party, named Agang (Sotho for "Build"), intended to challenge the African National Congress.

Early life

Ramphele was born in Kranspoort, near Pietersburg (now Polokwane), in what is now Limpopo province. She completed her schooling at Setotolwane High School in 1966 and subsequently enrolled for pre-medical courses at the University of the North. Her mother, Rangoato Rahab, and her father, Pitsi Eliphaz Ramphele were primary school teachers. In 1944, her father was promoted as headmaster of Stephanus Hofmeyer School. Ramphele contracted severe whooping cough at the age of three months. The wife of the local reverend, Dominee Lukas van der Merwe, gave her mother medical advice and bought medicines for the sick child that saved her life.

In 1955, Ramphele witnessed a conflict between a racist Dominee (Reverend) and the people of the village of Kranspoort that also contributed to her political awakening. The dispute centred on whether the mother of a villager could be buried in the mission graveyard. The Dominee refused to allow the burial since he considered the woman to be a heathen who had not converted to Christianity. In defiance, local villagers took control of the church grounds and buried the woman. In revenge, the furious Dominee enlisted the police and banished all of the villagers who were involved in the burial and those known to be sympathetic to their cause. Two thirds of the villagers were cast out, losing their property in their rush to escape the violent police. Black Christians had previously routinely been buried there, so the cause of the conflict was clearly religious intolerance regarding the use of private mission grounds, it was followed by lawlessness on the side of both the attackers and the police, Ramphele interpreted this as her first experience of Blacks’ defiance to the apartheid system.

Education

Ramphele’s political awakening came at a very young age. Her sister Mashadi was expelled from high school after she demonstrated against the celebrations of South Africa’s becoming a Republic in 1961. Ramphele also remembers her parents discussing the detention of her uncle under the 90-day detention clause.

She attended the G. H. Frantz Secondary School but in January 1962 she left for Bethesda Normal School, a boarding school which was part of the Bethesda teachers training college. In 1964, she moved to Setotolwane High School for her matriculation where she was one of only two girls in her class. On completion of her schooling in 1966, in 1967, Mamphela enrolled for pre-medical courses at the University of the North. In 1968, she was accepted into the University of Natal’s Medical School, then the only institution that allowed Black students to enrol without prior permission from the government. Her meagre financial resources meant that she was forced to borrow money to travel to the Natal Medical School (now the Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela Medical School). Ramphele won the 1968 South African Jewish Women’s Association Scholarship and the Sir Ernes Oppenheimer Bursary worth about R150 annually for the rest of her years at Medical School.

Activism

While at university she had became increasingly involved in student politics and anti-apartheid activism and was one of the founders of the Black Consciousness Movement (BCM), along with Steve Biko. As a member of the BCM, she was especially involved in organizing and working with community development programmes. She and Biko had a long, passionate relationship. Though Biko was married at the time, he and Ramphele had two children. The first, a girl, Lerato Biko (1974), died of pneumonia at two months. Their son, Hlumelo Biko, was born in 1978, after Biko's death.

Due to her political activities, she was internally banished by the apartheid government to the town of Tzaneen from 1977 to 1984. She worked with the South African Students Association (SASO), a breakaway from the National Union of South African Students (NUSAS) that operated on English speaking white campuses. NUSAS had Black and White students as members. SASO was formed in 1969, under the leadership of Steve Biko, with whom she later had a child.

From 1970 onwards, Ramphele became increasingly drawn into political activism with Biko, Barney Pityana and other student activists at the Medical School. She was elected the Chairperson of the local SASO branch. Between managing a hectic schedule of political activism and her studies, Ramphele qualified as a doctor in 1972. She began her medical internship at Durban’s King Edward VIII Hospital and later transferred to Livingstone Hospital in Port Elizabeth.

In 1974, Ramphele was charged under the Suppression of Communism Act for being in possession of banned literature. In 1975, she founded the Zanempilo Community Health Centre in Zinyoka, a village outside King William’s Town. It was one of the first primary health care initiatives outside the public sector in South Africa. During this time, she was also the manager of the Eastern Cape branch of the Black Community Health Programme. She travelled extensively in the Eastern Cape organising people to be drawn into community projects. In addition to her medical duties, Ramphele also became the Director of the Black Community Programmes (BCP) in the Eastern Cape when Biko was banned. In August 1976, Ramphele was detained under section 10 of the Terrorism Act, one of the first persons to be detained under this newly promulgated law.

In April 1977, Ramphele was issued with banning orders and banished to Tzaneen, Northern Transvaal (now Limpopo), a place she was unfamiliar with. Alone in a strange place, she turned to the church for help. A Father Mooney arranged for her to live with two African nuns at a place called Tickeyline, a village of poor people. She later set up home in Lenyenye Township in Tzaneen where she was under constant security police surveillance. She continued her work with the rural poor, and formed the Isutheng Community Health Programme with money from the BCP. Here she set about empowering women, encouraging them to establish vegetable gardens among other initiatives.

A Father Duane became a close friend, risking arrest by taking her on trips to escape the boredom a banned person experiences. Helen Suzman, the Progressive Party MP, also visited Ramphele. She assisted her in securing a passport when Ramphele had to travel abroad. Father Timothy Stanton, an Anglican priest would visit her and celebrate Eucharist with her.

In 1983, she completed the Commerce degree, which she had registered with UNISA in 1975. She also completed a Postgraduate Diploma in Tropical Hygiene and a Diploma in Public Health at the University of Witwatersrand. For this, she had to apply for a special dispensation to travel to Johannesburg where she had to report at the John Vorster Square Police Station upon her arrival and departure.

Ramphele left Lenyenye in 1984 to go to Port Elizabeth where she was offered a job at Livingstone Hospital. However, she left to take up an appointment at the University of Cape Town (UCT) which Francis Wilson, a Professor of Economics had arranged. She was to work with him here at the South African Development Research Unit (SALDRU)) as a research fellow.

Career

Continuing her academic studies, Ramphele received a Ph.D. in Social Anthropology from the University of Cape Town, a Bachelor of Commerce degree in Administration from the University of South Africa as well as diplomas in Tropical Health & Hygiene and Public Health from the University of the Witwatersrand. Ramphele has also authored and edited a number of books.

Ramphele joined the University of Cape Town as a research fellow in 1986 and was appointed as one of its Deputy Vice-Chancellors in 1991. She was appointed to the post of Vice-Chancellor of the university in September 1996, thereby becoming the first black woman to hold such a position at a South African university. Part of her executive job roles was to take charge of the University’s Equal Opportunity Policy Portfolio, with the aim of changing the culture of the institution. In 1994, Ramphele was a visiting scholar at the Kennedy School of Government in the United States of America (USA).

In 2000, Ramphele became one of the four Managing Directors of the World Bank. She was tasked with overseeing the strategic positioning and operations of the World Bank Institute as well as the Vice-Presidency of External Affairs. She is the first South African to hold this position.

Ramphele has served as a trustee of the Nelson Mandela Children's Fund, as the director of the Institute for a Democratic Alternative for South Africa (IDASA) and as a board member of the Anglo-American Corporation and Transnet.

Ramphele also serves as a trustee for The Link SA fund, a charitable organization that raises money to subsidise the tertiary education of South Africa's brightest underprivileged students. She also sits on the Board of the Mo Ibrahim Foundation, an organisation which supports good governance and great leadership in Africa.

She was voted 55th in the Top 100 Great South Africans in 2004, a survey portrayed as mired in controversy.

Politics

In 2013, she expressed interest in returning to South African politics and resigned as the Chair person of Gold Fields. On 18 February 2013, she announced the formation of a new political party, named Agang (Sotho for "Build"), intended to challenge the African National Congress.

Ramphele's entry into politics has been met with significant criticism from a range of commentators and social organisations. Because of changes in her own philosophy, her use of Steve Biko's legacy for self-promotion has been questioned.

Honorary degrees and awards

Ramphele has received eighteen honorary degrees and numerous awards, including:

• An Honorary Doctorate at the International Institute of Social Studies, The Hague, The Netherlands, in 1997.
• An Honorary Doctor of Law from the University of Cambridge in 2001.
• An Honorary Doctorate in Humane Letters from Hunter College of the City University of New York in 1984.
• An Honorary Doctor of Science degree from Tufts University in May 1991.
• An Honorary Doctorate in Medicine from the University of Natal.
• The Medal of Distinction from Barnard College in the United States.
• Ramphele is also a former fellow of the Bunting Institute and was elected as an honorary member of the Alpha and Iota chapters of Phi Beta Kappa at Radcliffe and Harvard Colleges.
• An Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters degree from New York University in May 2007
• Ramphele was made officer of the Legion of Honour, the highest decoration in France.

References

•Campbell, C. et al. (2004) Great South Africans. Johannesburg. pp. 162–3 •Dr. Mamphela Aletta Ramphele[online] Available at:www.whoswhosa.co.za [Accessed 24 July 2009] •South Africa Democracy Education Trust (SADET) (2006)The Road to Democracy in South Africa, Vol. 2 [1970-1980] Pretoria. pp. 135–6 •SADET (2006).The Road to Democracy in South Africa Volume 2 [1960 – 1970]. Unisa Press, Pretoria •Ramphele M. (1995).Mamphela Ramphele: A Life. David Philips, Cape Town •Mothibeli T. (2006) Mamphela Ramphele Academic Giant And Ray Of Hope from the Financial Mail, [online] Available at www.secure.financialmail.co.za Accessed on 15 November 2011 •Leib B., Mamphela Ramphele, a Biography [online] Available at www.womeninworldhistory.com Accessed on 19 November 2011 •Biography Dr. Mamphela Ramphele, [online] Available at www.ndstest.co.za Accessed on 19 November 2011 •World Bank, (2003). Dr. Mamphela Ramphele Managing Director from the The World Bank Group, [online] Available at www.info.worldbank.org Accessed on 19 November 2011

Publications

• Uprooting Poverty: The South African Challenge, 1989, Co-author. This book draws together research conducted by the second Carnegie inquiry into poverty and development in South Africa and received the 1990 Noma Award, an annual prize given to African writers and scholars whose work is published in Africa.
• Bounds of Possibility: The Legacy of Steve Biko, 1991, Co-editor.
• Restoring the Land, 1992, Editor This publication deals with the ecological challenges facing post-apartheid South Africa.
• A Bed called Home, 1993, Author. This book was based on Ramphele's PhD thesis in Social Anthropology, The Politics of Space, and deals with life in the migrant labour hostels of Cape Town.
• Mamphela Ramphele - A Life, 1995, Author.
• Across Boundaries: The Journey of a South African Woman Leader, 1996, Author.

"Steering by the Stars: Being young in South Africa", 2004, Author.

• Laying Ghosts to Rest: Dilemmas of the transformation in South Africa, 2008, Author.

Academic offices
Preceded by Stuart Saunders	Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cape Town 1996 – 2000	Succeeded by Njabulo Ndebele