2024 Ecuadorian conflict

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2024 Ecuadorian conflict
Part of the Ecuadorian security crisis and the War on drugs in Ecuador

Ecuadorian military on 13 January
Date9 January 2024 – present
(1 week)
Location
Ecuador
Status Ongoing
Belligerents
Ecuador Government of Ecuador Organized crime groups, notably Los Choneros
Commanders and leaders
Units involved
Armed civilians
Several organisations[1]
Casualties and losses
2 police officers killed[2]
4 police officers kidnapped[3]		 5 killed[4]
more than 1,400 suspects detained[2][4][5]
8 civilians killed[2]

On 9 January 2024, an armed conflict broke out in Ecuador involving the country's government against several organized crime groups, most notably Los Choneros.

Reports of armed attacks throughout Guayaquil were widespread, occurring primarily in prisons, markets, roads, and universities.[6][7] The large-scale attacks were a combination of responses to the escape of Los Choneros leader José Adolfo Macías Villamar in Guayaquil,[8] and President Daniel Noboa declaring a state of emergency and then an internal state of war.[7]

Background[edit]

Main article: Ecuadorian security crisis

Geographically, Ecuador is located between Colombia and Peru, the two main cocaine producing countries in the world. It also possesses the port of Guayaquil, an important gateway that suffers from poor oversight by Ecuadorian authorities. Until 2016 the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) controlled cocaine trafficking operations between Colombia and Ecuador. Following a peace agreement between FARC and the Colombian government that year which led to the former withdrawing from main cocaine producing areas, some dissident FARC members founded their own drug gangs. Due to better control of the Colombian government over transportation hubs, drug trafficking from Colombia decreased and its operations moved to Ecuador.[9]

According to Vox, the lower demand for cocaine in the United States alongside the Colombian peace process created a power vacuum that saw Albanian, Mexican and Venezuelan criminal groups attempt to control drug trafficking routes out of Ecuador.[10] Former Minister of Interior and head of the National Police of Peru, Eduardo Pérez Rocha, said after the conflict began that the increased violence in Ecuador was due to the presence of the international Venezuelan gang Tren de Aragua, resulting with a higher intensity of criminal activity.[11]

Since 2018, Ecuador has faced a historic wave of violence as the country has become a critical cocaine transit point, and organized crime groups compete for control of drug routes and prisons. Hundreds of prison inmates have been killed in prison fights.[12]

In 2019 massive riots broke out in response to austerity measures.[13] On 10 October, the capital city of Quito was overrun by the protesters forcing president Lenin Moreno to relocate the government to Guayaquil.[14] Returning the fuel subsidies ended these clashes.[15]

On 7 January 2024, Los Choneros leader José Adolfo Macías Villamar escaped from prison in Guayaquil on the day of his scheduled transfer to a maximum-security prison. The events were reported the next day by authorities, with charges being filed against two corrections officers.[8][16] On 9 January, Fabricio Colon Pico, the leader of another criminal group, Los Lobos, also escaped from prison in Riobamba four days after he had been arrested for plotting to kill Attorney-General Diana Salazar Méndez.[17][18]

Following the escape, President Daniel Noboa declared a state of emergency to last for 60 days,[7] granting authorities the power to suspend people's rights and allowing the military to be mobilized inside prisons. Riots ensued in multiple prisons across Ecuador.[19] A series of attacks took place, including attacks with explosives on businesses and private vehicles and an explosion near the house of the president of the National Court of Justice [es].[20] On the night of 8 January, four police officers were kidnapped in Quito and Quevedo.[8]

According to The Washington Post, intelligence analysts said that the attacks may have been triggered at least in part by a recent investigation into links between drug traffickers, criminal gangs, and political operators. The operation, known as Metastasis, led to the arrests of at least 20 top security officials and judges in December 2023 for alleged criminal activity benefiting a drug trafficker.[12]

Conflict[edit]

On 9 January 2024, organized crime groups in Ecuador issued threats of "war", prompting the country's president to declare a state of armed internal conflict and authorize military operations against these groups.[21][22] On the same day, Los Choneros gunmen[6] forcibly entered a TC Televisión studio in Guayaquil, where they took journalists hostage during a live newscast.[23] Later in the day, the Ecuadorian police raided the TV studio, released the journalists, and arrested the gang members.[6] One journalist was injured after being shot in the leg while another station employee suffered a broken arm.[24] Some of the attackers were reported to be minors.[25]

In Quito at 15:00, officials of the Palacio de Carondelet in the historic center and other state institutions were evacuated for safety. Many businesses closed their commercial activities for the day. An explosive device was later found and deactivated in the vicinity of the Obelisco de la Vicentina. It was also reported that the vehicle restriction system called pico y placa was suspended until further notice.[26]

Barricades in the hospital [es] of Los Ceibos [es] in the north of Guayaquil

Several hospitals in Guayaquil were targets of violent acts, including Teodoro Maldonado [es], Luis Vernaza [es], Guayaquil [es], El Niño and Los Ceibos [es].[27] The assaults on the hospitals ranged from robberies of medical personnel to shooting at medical facilities. During an attack near Ceibos Hospital, the singer Diego Gallardo (also known as "Aire del Golfo") and a high school student were shot and wounded. Both were treated at the same hospital, where Gallardo died from his injuries.[28]

Concurrently, another group took police officers hostage, coercing them to read a message characterizing the events as a reaction to Noboa's declared state of emergency.[23] Additionally, a kidnapping incident unfolded at the University of Guayaquil campus, where students barricaded themselves inside classrooms.[6]

Several attacks on civilians were reported. At the Centro Comercial Albán Borja [es] in Guayaquil, two civilians were shot and killed.[29] Two police officers were killed in an attack in Nobol.[30] Videos began circulating online showing prison guards being executed, while others requested a dialogue with Noboa, threatening to continue killing more guards.[31] One gang announcement threatened to kill anyone out in the streets after 11 pm.[16] Two vehicles and a gas station were set on fire in Esmeraldas.[18] Explosions were also reported across the country, particularly in Guayaquil, Cuenca, Machala, and Loja, as well as in Esmeraldas and Los Rios Provinces.[32]

Banks, markets, and shops were closed throughout the country in cities such as Quito and Guayaquil to protect merchants and customers from armed attacks.[33][34]

On 11 January, two people were killed and nine others were injured in an arson attack on a nightclub in Coca which also destroyed 11 stores.[35]

On 13 January, the government announced that all 178 prison guards and other employees held hostage in prisons across the country since that start of the unrest by the gangs had been freed.[36]

Government response[edit]

President Daniel Noboa declared in a decree that the country was experiencing an "internal armed conflict" and ordered the military to carry out operations to neutralize armed groups.[37] The head of the Armed Forces of Ecuador, Jaime Vela Erazo said in response to the decree that there will be "no negotiations" with armed groups.[38] Noboa identified these organized crime groups as "terrorist organizations and belligerent non-state actors."[37] The National Assembly subsequently approved the measures unanimously.[39]

That same day the Ministry of Education suspended in-person classes and mandated virtual learning until 12 January.[40]

Noboa announced that transportation in Quito would cease operations, except for the Quito Metro, which would run under limited stops and hours.[41] He also stated that the Mariscal Sucre International Airport in Quito would remain open but with increased security.[42] Noboa also said that foreign inmates were to be deported to reduce the prison population.[43]

Reactions[edit]

Domestic[edit]

  • The Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador and the Ecuadorian Episcopal Conference [es] called for national unity to overcome the "situation of unprecedented violence caused by organized crime." They emphasized that the national government must act within the current legal framework. Furthermore, they stressed that the state should not use this crisis "as an excuse to approve unpopular laws or policies that adversely affect the majority of the population."[44][45]
  • Former Ecuadorian president Rafael Correa expressed support for Noboa's decision to declare an "internal armed conflict" in the country. He endorsed Noboa's order for the Armed Forces of Ecuador to take action and called for national unity.[46]

International[edit]

Countries[edit]

  •  Argentina: The Argentine Government expressed support for the authorities and people of Ecuador in their "struggle against organized crime, which seeks to undermine the rule of law."[47] The Minister for Security, Patricia Bullrich, announced that the government would offer armed assistance to Ecuador, stating that drug trafficking was a "continental issue".[48]
  •  Brazil: The Brazilian government expressed concern over the violent incidents in Ecuador. It also conveyed its "solidarity with both the Ecuadorian Government and the Ecuadorian people who have fallen victim to these attacks."[49]
  •  Chile: The Chilean Foreign Ministry issued a statement expressing its concern, extending its support to the "Ecuadorian institutions and conveying a message of solidarity and support to their authorities and people."[50]
  •  China: The country announced the temporary closure of its embassy and consulates in Ecuador on 10 January.[30]
  •  Colombia: The Colombian Foreign Ministry indicated its support for the democratic institutions and the rule of law of the neighboring country through a press release. It also expressed solidarity with those affected and wished for the restoration of public order.[51] The Colombian army said that it was increasing security measures along the border with Ecuador.[17]
  •  Costa Rica,  Dominican Republic,  Panama: The three countries jointly expressed their support and solidarity with the Government of Ecuador.[52] Panamanian Laurentino Cortizo also expressed regret at the crisis in Ecuador and expressed solidarity with President Noboa.[53]
  •  France: The country warned its nationals against traveling to Ecuador.[54]
  •  Mexico: Mexican Ambassador to Ecuador Raquel Serur appealed for calm and urged everyone to follow local authorities' instructions, stay at home, and avoid attending large-scale events.[55]
  •  Netherlands: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs warned people traveling to Ecuador not to visit the border area with Colombia and recommended only essential travel to Esmeraldas Province.[56]
    • KLM: A special KLM flight was made to Ecuador to get seven Dutch people out of the country, after an emergency call on Twitter by Dutch television personality Rob Kamphues [nl].[57][58][59]
  •  Paraguay: The country expressed its solidarity with the people and Government of Ecuador amidst the "delicate internal security situation."[60]
  •  Peru: Prime Minister Alberto Otarola declared an emergency along the border with Ecuador and ordered the deployment of the Peruvian army to bolster National Police units[32] sent there by Interior Minister Víctor Torres Falcón.[61][62]
  •  Russia: The country warned its nationals against traveling to Ecuador.[54]
  •  United States: Ambassador Brian A. Nichols, the Assistant Secretary of State for Western Hemisphere Affairs expressed concern about "the violence and kidnappings" and said that the US was "ready to provide assistance to the Ecuadorian government and will remain in close contact with the President regarding our support."[63] National Security Council Advisor Jake Sullivan said that the US was "committed to supporting Ecuadorians' security & prosperity & bolstering cooperation w/partners to ensure the perpetrators are brought to justice." The US embassy in Quito canceled consular services on 10 January.[64]
  •  Uruguay: The Ministry of Foreign Relations issued a statement in which it expressed its "solidarity with the Ecuadorian authorities" on behalf of the Uruguayan Government and that it ensures the "reestablishment of internal order within the strict framework of the current institutions that allows the recovery of "citizen coexistence".[65] In addition, it was announced that the Embassy of Uruguay is closely following the development of events and an emergency line was enabled for Uruguayan citizens in Ecuador.[66]
  •  Venezuela: President Nicolás Maduro wrote on Twitter, "I strongly reject the violence unleashed by Ecuadorian criminal gangs that put the security and peace of our sister Republic at risk and express, on behalf of Venezuela, our solidarity with the people and government of Ecuador in this fight against the scourge of organized crime. I trust in the prompt restoration of order and in the timely action of justice against the intellectual and material authors of these unacceptable terrorist acts."[67]

Supranational organizations[edit]

  •  European Union: Foreign policy chief Josep Borrell described the increased gang activity as a "direct attack on democracy and the rule of law".[54]
  •  United Nations: Secretary-General Antonio Guterres expressed alarm at the "deteriorating situation in the country as well as its disruptive impact on the lives of Ecuadorans".[17]

References[edit]

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  67. ^ Nicolás Maduro [@NicolasMaduro] (10 January 2024). "Rechazo de manera contundente la violencia desatada por las bandas criminales ecuatorianas que ponen en riesgo la seguridad y la paz de nuestra hermana República y expreso, en nombre de Venezuela, nuestra solidaridad al pueblo y al gobierno del Ecuador en esta lucha contra el flagelo del crimen organizado. Confío en el pronto restablecimiento del orden y en la actuación oportuna de la justicia contra los autores intelectuales y materiales de estos inaceptables actos terroristas" (Tweet) – via Twitter.

External links[edit]

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