Canadian peacekeeping

Add links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

a person in a military uniform wearing a United Nations blue helmet
Canadian peacekeeper in 1976 wearing the distinctive UN blue helmet

Canada has served in over 50 peacekeeping missions, including every United Nations (UN) peacekeeping effort from its inception until 1989.[1] More than 125,000 Canadians have served in international peacekeeping operations, with approximately 130 Canadians having died during these operations.[1] Canada's strong support for multilateralism and internationalism has been closely related to its peacekeeping efforts.[2][3][4]

Canada's role in the development of, and participation in, peacekeeping during the 20th century led to its reputation as a positive middle power.[5][6] Canada's successful role in mediating the 1956 Suez Canal Crisis gave it credibility and established it as a country fighting for the common good of all nations.[7][8] The Canadian public came to identify the nation's peacekeeping role as one of the country's top international identifiable contributions.[9][10] Nevertheless, Canada has faced controversy over its involvement in peacekeeping, notably the 1993 Somalia affair.[11][12] The 21st century has seen Canadian direct participation in UN peacekeeping efforts greatly decline, with Canada directing its military participation to UN-sanctioned operations through the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).[13]

History[edit]

See also: Military history of Canada and United Nations peacekeeping

Foreign relations context[edit]

Further information: Foreign relations of Canada
Canadian Delegation to the United Nations seated around conference table
The Canadian delegation to the United Nations Conference on International Organization, San Francisco, May 1945[14]

The notion of peacekeeping is deeply embedded in Canadian culture and a distinguishing feature that Canadians feel sets their foreign policy apart from its closest ally, the United States.[15][10][16] Canada's foreign policy of peacekeeping has been intertwined with its tendency to pursue multilateral and international solutions since the end of World War II.[17][18]

Canada's central role in the development of peacekeeping in the late 1950s gave it credibility and established it as a country fighting for the "common good" of all nations.[19] Canada has since been engaged with the United Nations, NATO and the European Union (EU) in promoting its middle power status into an active role in world affairs.[20] Canada has long been reluctant to participate in military operations that are not sanctioned by the United Nations,[21][22] such as the Vietnam War or the 2003 Invasion of Iraq.[21][22] Canada has participated in US-led, UN-sanctioned operations such as the first Gulf War, in Afghanistan and Libya.[21][22] The country also participates with its NATO allies in UN-sanctioned missions, such as the Kosovo Conflict and in Haiti.[21][22]

Inception[edit]

Further information: History of United Nations peacekeeping
External videos
video icon "Peace Operations " – Historica Canada - Record of Service. (2:45 mins)

Canadian Lester B. Pearson had become a very prominent figure in the United Nations during its infancy and found himself in a peculiar position in 1956 during the Suez Crisis.[23] Pearson and Canada found themselves mediating a conflict involving their closest allies when the United States opposed the British, French, and Israeli invasion of Egypt.[24] During United Nations meetings, Pearson proposed to the security council that a United Nations police force be established to prevent further conflict in the region, allowing the countries involved an opportunity to sort out a resolution.[25] Pearson's proposal and offer to dedicate 1,000 Canadian soldiers to that cause was seen as a brilliant political move that prevented another war.[24] Pearson would be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize and be called "the father of modern peacekeeping" for his role during the Suez Crisis.[26][27][28]

Peacekeeping efforts[edit]

External videos
video icon " Dextraze in the Congo" – Historica Canada. - Heritage Minutes (1:01 min)

Canada participated in every UN peacekeeping effort from its inception until 1989.[29] Prior to the creation of the formal UN peacekeeping system, Canada had engaged in UN intervention operations, notably the 1948 mission in the second Kashmir conflict,[30] and played a central role in the International Control Commission (ICC), which tried to broker peace in Vietnam beginning in 1954.[31]

High-profile UN missions include those in Congo (1961), Cyprus (1964), Lebanon (1978), Angola (1989), Somalia (1992), Rwanda (1993), East Timor (1999), Haiti (2004), Mali (2013), and observation missions in the Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights during the mid-1970s.[32] Canada participatied in multiple missions in the Balkans with the UN, NATO and the EU in Croatia from 1991-1995; Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1992-2010; Kosovo from 1998-1999; and the former Republic of Macedonia in 2001.[33]

Since 1989, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) have been involved in peacekeeping missions related to training law enforcement personnel,[34] notably the United Nations Civilian Police Mission in Haiti (MIPONUH) from 1997 to 2000[35][36] and the NATO led mission in Afghanistan called Resolute Support Mission from 2003 to 2014.[36]

Personnel[edit]

a person in a police uniform wearing a United Nations blue beret
Royal Canadian Mounted Police peacekeeper in 2011 wearing the distinctive UN blue beret

Canada provided the most amount of UN peacekeepers during the Cold War with apromently 80,000 personnel – equivalent to 10 percent of total UN forces.[37][38] In all, more than 125,000 Canadian men and women military personnel, civilians, diplomats – including over 4,000 Canadian police officers – have served in peacekeeping operations.[39][1] Approximately 130 Canadians have died in service of peacekeeping operations, with 123 of these deaths occurring during UN missions.[1]

Canada's ongoing participation in United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (Operation Snowgoose) that began in 1964, has seen over 33,000 Canadians serve.[40] Canada's largest contribution of approximately 40,000 personnel and resulting in 23 deaths, took place from 1992 to 2010 in the Balkans during and after the Yugoslav Wars.[41] The death of nine Canadian Armed Forces personnel when their Buffalo 461 was shot down over Syria on August 9, 1974, remains the largest single death toll in Canadian peacekeeping history.[42][43] The United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti saw the death of two Canadian RCMP peacekeepers as a result of the 2010 earthquake.[44]

Canada's "high point" of participation took place in April 1993, when there was 3,336 Canadian UN peacekeepers,[45] with a record low number of 34 UN designated Canadian peacekeepers in August 2020.[45] In March 2024, there were 59 Canadians deployed in UN peacekeeper missions, resulting in Canada being the 69th-largest, out of 120, personnel contributor.[46] Canada's military in the same period had over 3000 personnel deployed overseas in multiple non-UN operations related to combat roles, peacekeeping, emergency responses, military training, humanitarian, and law enforcement assistance.[47]

Critiques and reassessment[edit]

External videos
video icon "Canada's peacekeepers face a troubled world " – CBC News: The National. 2016 (5:10 mins)

Some argue that Canadian personnel may not consistently had the necessary training or resources to successfully navigate complex and volatile environments, leading to mixed results in their peacekeeping missions.[48] Other criticisms include the perceived lack of clear objectives,[10] and non fulfillment of personnel commitments in the 21st Century.[49][50][51]

a soldier in a sandbag fortification
A security checkpoint operated by Canadian soldiers at Beledweyne in Somalia, 1993

Canadian troops have been accused of being complicit in human rights abuses,[52] notability in 1993 when the Canadian Armed Forces were deployed during the Somali Civil War to support UNOSOM I.[53] Soldiers from the Canadian Airborne Regiment tortured and killed a 16-year-old youth that broke into the encampment.[54][55] Coined the Somalia affair, the incident has been described as "the darkest era in the history of the Canadian military".[54][56]

Canadian troops have also been accused of failing to adequately protect civilian populations in conflict zones,[57] notability in 1994 when Canadian troops were deployed to the United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda. The mission was criticized for the perceived failure to prevent or intervene in the genocide that occurred, dispite Canadian General Roméo Dallaire (commander of UNAMIR) warning top UN officials of an impending humanitarian crisis.[58][59]

"A period of reassessment" took place in the late 1990s after the Somalia and Rwanda UN missions,[60][61] followed by a significant decline in Canadian direct participation in UN peacekeeping efforts.[1] By the 21st century, Canada was directing its military participation to multilateral UN-sanctioned operations through NATO, rather than directly to the UN.[13] This resulted in a shift towards more militarized peacekeeping missions, where Canadian troops are tasked with combat and support roles rather than traditional peacekeeping duties.[62]

Financing[edit]

In 2022, Canada was the eighth-largest UN peace operations financial contributor,[63][64] allocating $2.49 billion for UN organizations including those related to peacekeeping, policing services, climate change and humanitarian efforts such as medicine and food distribution.[63] Canada's total military expenditure in the same period was approximately $26.9 billion, or around 1.2 percent of the country's gross domestic product (GDP).[65]

Recognition[edit]

See also: United Nations Medal; Canadian war memorials; and Orders, decorations, and medals of Canada
a statue of a person in front of a flag and two other persons kneeling down
The Peacekeeping Monument in Ottawa, Canada.[66]

The Somalia Medal, a campaign medal created in 1992 to recognize Canadian military personnel who participated in the international military coalition invasion to stabilize Somalia, has been awarded to 1,422 individuals.[67] In 1992, Reconciliation: The Peacekeeping Monument was completed, commemorating Canada's role in international peacekeeping and the soldiers and police officers who have participated and are currently participating, both living and dead.[68] The 1995 Canadian one-dollar coin displays the Peacekeeping Monument.[69] This commemoration was followed by the 2001 $10 Canadian banknote named "remembrance and peacekeeping" that depicts a female peacekeeper.[70]

In 1988, the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to United Nations peacekeepers, inspiring the creation of the Canadian Peacekeeping Service Medal in 1999 that has been awarded to over 75,000 Canadians.[71][72] Since 2008, after a campaign by the Canadian Association of Veterans in United Nations Peacekeeping, August 9 has officially been National Peacekeepers' Day in Canada,[73] with ceremonies taking place throughout the country at memorials and Peacekeeper Parks.[74]

List of UN missions[edit]

See also: List of Canadian military operations and List of United Nations peacekeeping missions
Further information: List of non-UN peacekeeping missions and List of NATO operations

Below is a list of high-profile UN peacekeeping missions undertaken by Canada from 1947 to present, with Canadian operational names listed when assigned.[75]

Date UN operation Location Conflict Canadian operation
1948–present United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) Middle East Israeli–Palestinian conflict (initially) Military observers[76]
1948–1950 United Nations Temporary Commission on Korea (UNCOK) North Korea Korean conflict Several civilian and military personnel[77]
South Korea
1949–1979 United Nations Military Observer Group for India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) India Kashmir conflict Military observers with over 350 military personnel.[78]
Pakistan
1956–1967 United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF I) Egypt Suez Crisis Up to 1,007 personnel[79]
1960–1964 United Nations Operation in the Congo (ONUC) Republic of the Congo Congo Crisis Approx 300 personnel at a time, 1,900 total.[80]
1962–1963 United Nations Temporary Executive Authority (UNTEA) Netherlands New Guinea Transfer of sovereignty over Western New Guinea following the West New Guinea dispute Two aircraft, one observer.[81]
Indonesia
1964–present United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) Cyprus Cyprus dispute Operation SNOWGOOSE[82] with over 33,000 have served.[40]
Northern Cyprus
1973–1979 United Nations Emergency Force, Middle East (UNEF II) Egypt Yom Kippur War 1,097 personnel[83]
Israel
1974–present United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) Israel Maintains ceasefire following the Yom Kippur War. Operation DANACA[84]
Syria
1978 United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) Lebanon 1978 South Lebanon conflict Operation ANGORA 117 personnel[85]
1981–present Multinational Force and Observers (MFO) Sinai Peninsula Enforce the Egypt–Israel peace treaty Operation CALUMET[86]
1989–1990 United Nations Transition Assistance Group (UNTAG) Namibia Namibian War of Independence Operation MATADOR 40 personnel[87]
1991–1994 United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO) Western Sahara Western Sahara conflict Operation PYTHON a maximum of 35 CF personnel from May 1991 – June 1994.[88]
1992–1993 United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) Cambodia Conflict in Cambodia Operation MARQUIS 1 and MARQUIS 2 approximately 240 personnel[89]
1992–1995 United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) Bosnia and Herzegovina Yugoslav Wars Operation Harmony 2,000 plus personnel[90]
Croatia
Republic of Macedonia
FR Yugoslavia
April 1992 – December 1992 United Nations Operation in Somalia I (UNOSOM I) Somalia Somali Civil War Operation CORDON Staff officers[91]
December 1992 – May 1993 Unified Task Force (UNITAF) Somalia Somali Civil War Approximately 1,400 personnel[92]
May 1993 – March 1995 United Nations Operation in Somalia II (UNOSOM II) Somalia Somali Civil War Operation DELIVERANCE 900 personnel[93]
1993–1996 United Nations Mission in Haiti (UNMIH) Haiti 1991 Haitian coup d'état Operation CAULDRON - October 1993
Operation PIVOT - March 1995 to April 1996
Operation STANDARD - April 1996 to Sept 1996
soldiers and civilian police[94]
1993–1996 United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR) Rwanda Rwandan Civil War Operation LANCE[95]
1994–1996 United Nations Confidence Restoration Operation (UNCRO) Croatia Croatian War of Independence Operation HARMONY one Canadian infantry battalion[96]
1995–1999 United Nations Preventive Deployment Force (UNPREDEP) Macedonia Aftermath of the Yugoslav wars 1 observer[97]
1995–2000 United Nations Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina (UNMIBH) Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnian War Canadian Forces personnel and RCMP and civilian police[98]
1996–1997 United Nations Support Mission in Haiti (UNSMIH) Haiti Stabilizing Haiti's democracy Operation STANDARD and Operation STABLE 750 personnel[99]
1997–2004 United Nations Transition Mission in Haiti (UNTMIH) Haiti Training of the Haitian National Police Operation CONSTABLE 650 personnel[100]
1997–2000 United Nations Civilian Police Mission in Haiti (MIPONUH) Haiti Training of the Haitian National Police Operation COMPLIMENT 6 Bison armoured personnel carriers with eleven support personnel[101]
1998–2000 United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic (MINURCA) Central African Republic Mutinies in the Central African Republic armed forces Operation PRUDENCE 45 personnel at one time[102]
1999–2000 The United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET) East Timor 1999 East Timorese crisis Operation TOUCAN 600 personnel,[103]
Indonesia
1999–2002 United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) Serbia Kosovo War Operation Kinetic[104] and Operation QUADRANT[105]
Kosovo
1999–2005 United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL) Sierra Leone Sierra Leone Civil War Operation REPTILE[106]
1999–2010 United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC) Democratic Republic of the Congo Second Congo War Operation CROCODILE 9 military observers[107]
2000–2002 The United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET) East Timor 1999 East Timorese crisis Operation TOUCAN 600 personnel[103]
Indonesia
2000-2003 United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE) Eritrea Eritrean–Ethiopian War Operation Addition 450 personnel[108]
Ethiopia
2004 United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) Haiti Aftermath of the 2004 Haitian coup d'état Operation HALO 500 personnel, 6 helicopters[109]
2005–2009 United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS) Sudan Second Sudanese Civil War Operation SAFARI 45 personnel [110]
2008 United Nations/African Union Mission in Darfur (UNAMID) Sudan War in Darfur Operation SATURN 6 staff officers[111][112]
2018–2023 Multidimensional Integrated Stabilisation Mission in Mali (MINUSMA) Mali Mali War Operation PRESENCE[113]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e "Canada and Peacekeeping". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Jun 30, 2023. Archived from the original on February 26, 2024. Retrieved Mar 14, 2024.
  2. ^ Sens, Allen; Stoett, Peter (2013). Global Politics (5th ed.). Nelson Education. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-17-648249-7. Archived from the original on 2023-11-30. Retrieved 2024-02-26.
  3. ^ "Plans at a glance and operating context". Global Affairs Canada. Archived from the original on September 25, 2020. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
  4. ^ Munton, Don; Keating, Tom (2001). "Internationalism and the Canadian Public". Canadian Journal of Political Science / Revue canadienne de science politique. Canadian Political Science Association. 34 (3): 517–549. doi:10.1017/S0008423901777992. ISSN 0008-4239. JSTOR 3233002. S2CID 154625162. Archived from the original on September 22, 2023. Retrieved March 5, 2024.
  5. ^ Chapnick, Adam (2011). The Middle Power Project: Canada and the Founding of the United Nations. UBC Press. pp. 2–5. ISBN 978-0-7748-4049-1. Archived from the original on 2023-11-30. Retrieved 2024-02-26.
  6. ^ Gabryś, M.; Soroka, T. (2017). Canada as a selective power: Canada's Role and International Position after 1989. Societas. Neriton, Wydawnictwo. p. 39. ISBN 978-83-7638-792-5. Archived from the original on 2024-02-26. Retrieved 2024-02-26.
  7. ^ Donaghy, Greg (2016). "The politics of accommodation: Canada, the Middle East, and the Suez Crisis, 1950–1956". International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis. 71 (2): 313–327. doi:10.1177/0020702016643261. ISSN 0020-7020.
  8. ^ Gaffen, Fred (1987). In The Eye of The Storm: A History of Canadian Peacekeeping. Toronto: Deneau & Wayne Publishers LTD. p. 43.
  9. ^ Anker, Lane (June 20, 2005). "Peacekeeping and Public Opinion". Government of Canada, National Defence, Canadian Defence Academy. Archived from the original on February 10, 2024. Retrieved February 26, 2024.
  10. ^ a b c Carroll, Michael K (2016). "Peacekeeping: Canada's past, but not its present and future?". International Journal. [Sage Publications, Ltd., Canadian International Council]. 71 (1): 167–176. doi:10.1177/0020702015619857. ISSN 0020-7020. JSTOR 44631172. Archived from the original on February 28, 2024. Retrieved February 28, 2024.
  11. ^ Farnsworth, Clyde H (November 27, 1994). "Torture by Army Peacekeepers in Somalia Shocks Canada". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 1, 2011.
  12. ^ Dawson, G. (2011). "Here Is Hell": Canada's Engagement in Somalia. UBC Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-7748-4016-3. Archived from the original on 2024-03-15. Retrieved 2024-03-05.
  13. ^ a b Linda McQuaig (2010). Holding the Bully's Coat: Canada and the U.S. Empire. Random House Digital. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-385-67297-9.
  14. ^ "Canada and the United Nations: A Half Century Partnership". GAC. April 25, 2019. Archived from the original on February 8, 2023.
  15. ^ Gutiérrez-Haces, Maria Teresa (Nov 6, 2018). Identity and Otherness in Canadian Foreign Policy. Collection internationale d'Études canadiennes | International Canadian Studies Series. University of Ottawa Press. pp. 231–250. ISBN 978-0-7766-2722-9. Archived from the original on March 4, 2024. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
  16. ^ "Canada's Current Role in World" (PDF). Environics Institute for Survey Research. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-03-04. Retrieved 2024-03-04.
  17. ^ Keating, T.F. (2002). Canada and World Order: The Multilateralist Tradition in Canadian Foreign Policy. Oxford University Press. pp. 108, 112. ISBN 978-0-19-541529-2.
  18. ^ Whitworth, S. (2004). Men, Militarism, and UN Peacekeeping: A Gendered Analysis. Critical security studies. Lynne Rienner Pub. p. 91. ISBN 978-1-58826-296-7. Archived from the original on 2024-03-15. Retrieved 2024-03-05.
  19. ^ Fred Gaffen (1987). In The Eye of The Storm: A History of Canadian Peacekeeping. Deneau & Wayne Publishers. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-88879-160-3.
  20. ^ Juneau, T.; Momani, B. (2022). Middle Power in the Middle East: Canada's Foreign and Defence Policies in a Changing Region. University of Toronto Press. p. 131. ISBN 978-1-4875-2847-8.
  21. ^ a b c d Massie, Justin (2019-04-30). "Why Canada Goes to War: Explaining Combat Participation in US-led Coalitions". Canadian Journal of Political Science. Cambridge University Press (CUP). 52 (3): 575–594. doi:10.1017/s0008423919000040. ISSN 0008-4239.
  22. ^ a b c d Mingst, K.; Karns, M.P. (2019). The United Nations In The Post-cold War Era, Second Edition. Taylor & Francis. p. 63. ISBN 978-1-000-30674-3.
  23. ^ Alan Vaughan Lowe; Adam Roberts; Jennifer Welsh (2008). The United Nations Security Council and war: the evolution of thought and practice since 1945. Oxford University Press. p. 280. ISBN 978-0-19-953343-5.
  24. ^ a b Andrew Cohen (2008). Lester B. Pearson. Penguin Canada. pp. 116–125. ISBN 978-0-14-317269-7.
  25. ^ Fred Gaffen (1987). In the eye of the storm: a history of Canadian peacekeeping. Deneau & Wayne. pp. 40–41. ISBN 978-0-88879-160-3.
  26. ^ Holloway, Steven Kendall (2006). Canadian Foreign Policy: Defining the National Interest. University of Toronto Press. pp. 102–103. ISBN 978-1-55111-816-1.
  27. ^ Mays, Terry M. (December 16, 2010). Historical Dictionary of Multinational Peacekeeping. Scarecrow Press. pp. 218–. ISBN 978-0-8108-7516-6.
  28. ^ Durch, W.J. (2006). Twenty-first-century Peace Operations. United States Institute of Peace and the Henry L. Stimson Center. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-929223-91-6. Archived from the original on 2024-03-15. Retrieved 2024-02-26.
  29. ^ Lauri Johnson; Reva Joshee (2007). Multicultural education policies in Canada and the United States. UBC Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-7748-1325-9.
  30. ^ Andrew Cohen (2011). While Canada Slept: How We Lost Our Place in the World. Random House Digital. p. 82. ISBN 978-1-55199-587-8.
  31. ^ Preston, Andrew (2003). "Balancing War and Peace: Canadian Foreign Policy and the Vietnam War, 1961–1965". Diplomatic History. Oxford University Press. 27 (1): 73–111. doi:10.1111/1467-7709.00340. ISSN 0145-2096. JSTOR 24914431. Archived from the original on February 29, 2024. Retrieved February 29, 2024.
  32. ^ Frederick H. Fleitz (2002). Peacekeeping fiascoes of the 1990s: causes, solutions, and U.S. interests. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 54–55. ISBN 978-0-275-97367-4.
  33. ^ "Balkans". Veterans Affairs Canada. Mar 25, 2009. Retrieved Mar 23, 2024.
  34. ^ "The International Police Peacekeeping and Peace Operations Program". Public Safety Canada / Sécurité publique Canada. January 11, 2019. Archived from the original on March 5, 2024. Retrieved March 5, 2024.
  35. ^ Antonini, Blanca (2015-07-09). Koops, Joachim A.; Tardy, Thierry; MacQueen, Norrie; Williams, Paul D. (eds.). United Nations Civilian Police Mission in Haiti (MIPONUH). Oxford University Press. p. 12. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199686049.013.53.
  36. ^ a b "The RCMP and overseas service". Veterans Affairs Canada. Mar 25, 2009. Archived from the original on February 15, 2023. Retrieved Mar 14, 2024.
  37. ^ Dorn, A. Walter; Libben, Joshua (2018). "Preparing for peace: Myths and realities of Canadian peacekeeping training". International Journal. [Sage Publications, Inc., Sage Publications, Ltd., Canadian International Council]. 73 (2): 257–281. doi:10.1177/0020702018788552. ISSN 0020-7020. JSTOR 26499686. S2CID 149978007. Archived from the original on February 29, 2024. Retrieved February 29, 2024.
  38. ^ "The Fall of Canadian Peacekeeping: Should It Be Revived?". NAOC. 2019-07-31. Archived from the original on 2024-03-14. Retrieved 2024-03-14. This event began the era of Canadian domination of peacekeeping. Canada ranks first in the amount of peacekeepers provided during the Cold War. During this time, Canada was also the only country to be a part of every UN peacekeeping operation. Canada provided 80,000 peacekeepers (10 percent of the UN total) before UN peacekeepers won the 1988 Nobel Peace Prize. All these accomplishments show that Canada used to be a world leader in peacekeeping.
  39. ^ "The benefits of policing beyond Canadian borders". Royal Canadian Mounted Police. 2024-01-15. Archived from the original on 2024-02-29. Retrieved 2024-02-29.
  40. ^ a b "Canadian Peacekeepers in Cyprus". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Dec 5, 2023. Archived from the original on March 13, 2024. Retrieved Mar 13, 2024.
  41. ^ Defence, National (Jul 25, 2016). "Canadian Armed Forces operations in Bosnia-Herzegovina". Canada.ca. Retrieved Mar 23, 2024.
  42. ^ "9 Killed in U.N. Plane Downed in Syria". The New York Times. 10 August 1974. Archived from the original on 17 February 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  43. ^ "Canadian Remember Lost Peacekeepers" (PDF). Golan: The UNDOF Journal (100): 11. July–September 2004. Archived from the original on 2021-02-17. Retrieved 2024-02-27.
  44. ^ "Haiti". Veterans Affairs Canada. 2009-03-25. Archived from the original on 2024-03-05. Retrieved 2024-03-05.
  45. ^ a b Dorn, Dr. Walter (September 30, 2023). "Tracking the Promises -- Canada's Current Contributions to UN Peacekeeping". Canadian Forces Collegee. Archived from the original on February 26, 2024. Retrieved February 28, 2024.
  46. ^ "Canada". United Nations Peacekeeping. Archived from the original on 2023-09-12. Retrieved 2024-03-15. Today (2024-03-15), Canada provides 59 uniformed personnel, including 18 women, to six UN peace operations making it the 69th-largest contributor. Its largest contribution of personnel is to the UN Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO), where 23 of its women and men now serve. Canada also contributes to the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA); the UN Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS); UN Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO); the UN Integrated Office in Haiti (BINUH); and the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP)
  47. ^ Defence, National (2024). "Current Operations and Combined Military Exercises list". Canada.ca. Retrieved March 15, 2024.
  48. ^ Dorn, Walter (March 17, 2013). "Canadian Peacekeeping No Myth" (PDF). Royal Canadian Military Institute. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 8, 2024. Retrieved February 28, 2024.
  49. ^ Berthiaume, Lee (Dec 13, 2020). "'Promises were made and not kept,' former Liberals slam failure on peacekeeping". CP24. Retrieved Mar 19, 2024.
  50. ^ Vanderperre, Julie (April 20, 2017). "Canada Is Still Wavering in Its Pledge to UN Peacekeeping". PassBlue. Retrieved March 19, 2024.
  51. ^ The Canadian Press; Berthiaume, Lee (Apr 13, 2023). "Canada slow to deliver UN 200 peacekeeping soldiers". CTVNews. Retrieved Mar 19, 2024.
  52. ^ Razack, Sherene (2000). "From the". Cultural Anthropology. [Wiley, American Anthropological Association]. 15 (1): 127–163. doi:10.1525/can.2000.15.1.127. ISSN 0886-7356. JSTOR 656642.
  53. ^ Kim Richard Nossal (2002). Diplomatic Departures: Conservative Era in Canadian Foreign Policy. UBC Press. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-7748-0865-1.
  54. ^ a b Foot, Richard (2 August 2019). "Canadian Peacekeepers in Somalia". www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Historica Canada. Archived from the original on 12 March 2024. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
  55. ^ Sherene Razack (2004). Dark threats and white knights: the Somalia Affair, peacekeeping, and the new imperialism. University of Toronto Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-8020-8663-1.
  56. ^ Cohen, S.A. (2010). Israel's Armed Forces in Comparative Perspective. BESA studies in international security. Taylor & Francis. p. 160. ISBN 978-1-135-16956-5. Archived from the original on 2024-03-04. Retrieved 2024-02-27.
  57. ^ Dorn, A. Walter; Matloff, Jonathan (August 2000). "View of Preventing the Bloodbath: Could the UN have Predicted and Prevented the Rwandan Genocide?". Journal of Conflict Studies. Retrieved Mar 19, 2024.
  58. ^ Adams, Smin (21 January 2014). "The UN, Rwanda and the "Genocide Fax" – 20 Years Later". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 14 April 2015.
  59. ^ "Canadian Peacekeepers in Rwanda". The Canadian Encyclopedia. May 2, 2022. Retrieved Mar 19, 2024.
  60. ^ MacKay, Peter (Mar 3, 2021). "Peacekeeping is not suited to today's conflicts". Policy Options. Retrieved Mar 18, 2024.
  61. ^ "Our history". United Nations Peacekeeping. October 20, 2016. Retrieved March 15, 2024.
  62. ^ James, P.; Michaud, N.; O'Reilly, M. (2006). Handbook of Canadian Foreign Policy. Lexington Books. p. 177. ISBN 978-0-7391-5580-6.
  63. ^ a b "Prime Minister advances progress toward a peaceful, healthy future at United Nations General Assembly". Prime Minister of Canada. 2023-09-21. Archived from the original on 2024-03-01. Retrieved 2024-03-15.
  64. ^ Canada, Global Affairs (December 6, 2023). "Canada bolsters support and commitments to peacekeeping at 2023 United Nations Peacekeeping Ministerial". Canada.ca. Archived from the original on February 26, 2024. Retrieved February 26, 2024.
  65. ^ "Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2022" (PDF). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. April 2023. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
  66. ^ "National Inventory of Canadian Military Memorials (NICMM)". Veterans Affairs Canada. Mar 25, 2009. Archived from the original on February 26, 2024. Retrieved Feb 26, 2024.
  67. ^ "Somalia Medal". Veterans Affairs Canada. Mar 25, 2009. Archived from the original on March 4, 2024. Retrieved Mar 4, 2024.
  68. ^ Gough, P. (2002). "' Invicta Pax ' Monuments, Memorials and Peace: an analysis of the Canadian Peacekeeping Monument, Ottawa". International Journal of Heritage Studies. 8 (3): 201–223. doi:10.1080/1352725022000018903. ISSN 1352-7258. S2CID 159974425.
  69. ^ "1 DOLLAR". The Royal Canadian Mint. Archived from the original on March 12, 2024. Retrieved Mar 12, 2024.
  70. ^ "Canadian Journey Series $10 Note". Bank of Canada Museum. Jul 20, 2014. Archived from the original on March 12, 2024. Retrieved Mar 12, 2024.
  71. ^ "Canadian Peacekeeping Service Medal (CPSM)". Veterans Affairs Canada. 2009-03-25. Archived from the original on 2024-01-29. Retrieved 2024-02-26.
  72. ^ Christopher McCreery (2005). The Canadian honours system. Dundurn Press. p. 181. ISBN 978-1-55002-554-5.
  73. ^ "National Peacekeepers' Day Act". Site Web de la législation (Justice). Jun 18, 2008. Archived from the original on February 26, 2024. Retrieved Feb 26, 2024.
  74. ^ Rehman, Mishall (2023-08-10). "Peacekeepers' Day Marks 15th Anniversary". Canadian Military Family Magazine. Archived from the original on 2024-02-29. Retrieved 2024-02-29.
  75. ^ Defence, National (2023). "Military operations". Canada.ca. Retrieved 2024-03-20.
  76. ^ "UN Truce Supervision Organization (Palestine)-Middle East: 1948". Home. Apr 4, 1949. Archived from the original on March 12, 2024. Retrieved Mar 12, 2024.
  77. ^ Defence, National (Dec 11, 2018). "United Nations Commission on Korea (UNCOK)". Canada.ca. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved Mar 12, 2024.
  78. ^ Defence, National (Mar 14, 2019). "United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP)". Canada.ca. Archived from the original on March 12, 2024. Retrieved Mar 12, 2024.
  79. ^ Defence, National (Dec 11, 2018). "United Nations Emergency Force I (UNEF I)". Canada.ca. Archived from the original on March 12, 2024. Retrieved Mar 12, 2024.
  80. ^ Defence, National (Mar 26, 2019). "Opération des Nations unies au Congo (ONUC)". Canada.ca. Archived from the original on March 12, 2024. Retrieved Mar 12, 2024.
  81. ^ Defence, National (Jun 3, 2019). "United Nations Security Force in West New Guinea (UNSF)". Canada.ca. Archived from the original on March 12, 2024. Retrieved Mar 12, 2024.
  82. ^ Defence, National (Feb 20, 2013). "Operation SNOWGOOSE". Canada.ca. Archived from the original on March 12, 2024. Retrieved Mar 12, 2024.
  83. ^ Defence, National (Jul 15, 2019). "United Nations Emergency Force II (UNEF II)". Canada.ca. Archived from the original on March 12, 2024. Retrieved Mar 12, 2024.
  84. ^ Defence, National (Jul 22, 2013). "Operation DANACA". Canada.ca. Archived from the original on March 12, 2024. Retrieved Mar 12, 2024.
  85. ^ Defence, National (Jul 10, 2019). "Operation Angora". Canada.ca. Archived from the original on March 12, 2024. Retrieved Mar 12, 2024.
  86. ^ Defence, National (Aug 20, 2019). "Operation Calumet". Canada.ca. Archived from the original on March 12, 2024. Retrieved Mar 12, 2024.
  87. ^ Defence, National (Jul 18, 2019). "United Nations Transition Assistance Group Namibia". Canada.ca. Archived from the original on March 12, 2024. Retrieved Mar 12, 2024.
  88. ^ Defence, National (Dec 11, 2018). "Misión de las Naciones Unidas para el referéndum del Sàhara Occidental". Canada.ca. Archived from the original on March 12, 2024. Retrieved Mar 12, 2024.
  89. ^ Defence, National (Oct 25, 2020). "MARQUIS (UNTAC)". Canada.ca. Archived from the original on October 28, 2023. Retrieved Mar 12, 2024.
  90. ^ Defence, National (Dec 17, 2013). "Operation HARMONY". Canada.ca. Archived from the original on March 12, 2024. Retrieved Mar 12, 2024.
  91. ^ Defence, National (Dec 11, 2018). "United Nations Operation in Somalia I". Canada.ca. Archived from the original on March 12, 2024. Retrieved Mar 12, 2024.
  92. ^ "Canadian Peacekeepers in Somalia". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Jul 25, 2019. Archived from the original on March 12, 2024. Retrieved Mar 12, 2024.
  93. ^ Defence, National (Dec 11, 2018). "United Nations Operations in Somalia II (UNOSOM II)". Canada.ca. Archived from the original on March 12, 2024. Retrieved Mar 12, 2024.
  94. ^ Defence, National (Dec 11, 2018). "United Nations Mission in Haiti (UNMIH)". Canada.ca. Archived from the original on March 12, 2024. Retrieved Mar 12, 2024.
  95. ^ Defence, National (Oct 26, 2020). "LANCE (UNAMIR)". Canada.ca. Archived from the original on March 12, 2024. Retrieved Mar 12, 2024.
  96. ^ Defence, National (Dec 11, 2018). "United Nations Confidence Restoration Organization (UNCRO)". Canada.ca. Archived from the original on March 12, 2024. Retrieved Mar 12, 2024.
  97. ^ Defence, National (Dec 11, 2018). "United Nations Preventive Deployment Force (UNPREDEP)". Canada.ca. Archived from the original on March 12, 2024. Retrieved Mar 12, 2024.
  98. ^ Defence, National (Dec 11, 2018). "United Nations Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovenia (UNMIBH)". Canada.ca. Archived from the original on March 12, 2024. Retrieved Mar 12, 2024.
  99. ^ Defence, National (Dec 11, 2018). "United Nations Support Mission in Haiti (UNSMIH)". Canada.ca. Archived from the original on March 12, 2024. Retrieved Mar 12, 2024.
  100. ^ Defence, National (Jul 30, 1997). "Operation CONSTABLE". Canada.ca. Archived from the original on March 12, 2024. Retrieved Mar 12, 2024.
  101. ^ Defence, National (Dec 11, 2018). "United Nations Civilian Police Mission in Haiti (MIPONUH)". Canada.ca. Archived from the original on March 12, 2024. Retrieved Mar 12, 2024.
  102. ^ Defence, National (Dec 11, 2018). "United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic (MINURCA)". Canada.ca. Archived from the original on March 12, 2024. Retrieved Mar 12, 2024.
  103. ^ a b Defence, National (Nov 5, 2013). "Operation TOUCAN". Canada.ca. Archived from the original on March 12, 2024. Retrieved Mar 12, 2024.
  104. ^ Defence, National (Jul 22, 2013). "Operation Kinetic". Canada.ca. Archived from the original on March 12, 2024. Retrieved Mar 12, 2024.
  105. ^ Defence, National (Jul 22, 2013). "Operation QUADRANT". Canada.ca. Archived from the original on March 12, 2024. Retrieved Mar 12, 2024.
  106. ^ Defence, National (Jul 22, 2013). "Operation REPTILE". Canada.ca. Archived from the original on March 12, 2024. Retrieved Mar 12, 2024.
  107. ^ Defence, National (Feb 20, 2013). "Operation CROCODILE". Canada.ca. Archived from the original on March 12, 2024. Retrieved Mar 12, 2024.
  108. ^ Defence, National (Nov 21, 2013). "Operation ADDITION". Canada.ca. Archived from the original on March 12, 2024. Retrieved Mar 12, 2024.
  109. ^ Defence, National (Jul 22, 2013). "Operation HALO". Canada.ca. Archived from the original on March 12, 2024. Retrieved Mar 12, 2024.
  110. ^ Defence, National (Jul 22, 2013). "Operation SAFARI". Canada.ca. Archived from the original on December 4, 2023. Retrieved Mar 12, 2024.
  111. ^ Defence, National (Feb 20, 2013). "Operation SATURN". Canada.ca. Archived from the original on March 12, 2024. Retrieved Mar 12, 2024.
  112. ^ Defence, National (Dec 11, 2018). "United Nations Assistance Mission in Darfur (UNAMID)". Canada.ca. Archived from the original on March 12, 2024. Retrieved Mar 12, 2024.
  113. ^ Defence, National (Jul 5, 2018). "Operation PRESENCE". Canada.ca. Archived from the original on March 12, 2024. Retrieved Mar 12, 2024.

Further reading[edit]

Main article: Bibliography of Canadian military history

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Peacekeeping missions of Canada.
Archives
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canadian_peacekeeping&oldid=1215132627#List_of_UN_missions"