Close-mid front unrounded vowel

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Close-mid front unrounded vowel
e
IPA number 302
Encoding
Entity (decimal) e
Unicode (hex) U+0065
X-SAMPA e
Kirshenbaum e
Braille ⠑ (braille pattern dots-15)
Sound

The close-mid front unrounded vowel, or high-mid front unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨e⟩.

The IPA prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowels, and the name of this article follows this preference. However, a large number of linguists prefer the terms "high" and "low".[citation needed]

Features[edit]

IPA vowel chart
Front Near-​front Central Near-​back Back
Close
Blank vowel trapezoid.svg
•iy
•ɨʉ
•ɯu
•ɪʏ
•eø
•ɘɵ
•ɤo
•ɛœ
•ɜɞ
•ʌɔ
•æ
•aɶ
•ɑɒ
Near-close
Close-mid
Mid
Open-mid
Near-open
Open
Paired vowels are: unrounded • rounded
This table contains phonetic symbols, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help]
IPA help • IPA key • chart • Loudspeaker.svg chart with audio • view

Occurrence[edit]

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Afrikaans Standard[1] meter [ˈmëˑtɐr] 'meter' Near-front. Allophone of /eə/ in less stressed words and in stressed syllables of polysyllabic words. In the latter case, it is in free variation with the diphthongal realization [ëə̯ ~ ë̯ə ~ ëə].[1] See Afrikaans phonology
Arabic Egyptian ليه [leː] 'why' See Egyptian Arabic phonology
Gulf ليش [leːʃ] See Arabic phonology
Levantine
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic heː [heː] 'yes' Prominent in the Urmia, Nochiya and Jilu dialects. Can be closer to [i] for some speakers. Lowered to [e̞] in other varieties.
Bavarian Amstetten dialect[2] [example needed]
Catalan[3] séc [s̠ek] 'fold' See Catalan phonology
Chinese Cantonese 鼻/bei6 [pei˨˨] 'nose' See Cantonese phonology
Mandarin 飛/fēi [feɪ̯˥] 'to fly' See Standard Chinese phonology
Wu 隑/ge [ɡe˩˧] 'lean'
Danish Standard[4][5][6][7][8] hæl [ˈheːˀl] 'heel' Also described as open-mid ⟨ɛ⟩[9] - the way it is most often transcribed. It is mid [e̞] in the conservative variety.[10] See Danish phonology
Dutch Belgian[11] vreemd [vreːmt] 'strange' In the Netherlands often diphthongized to [eɪ]. See Dutch phonology
Northeastern
Standard
Netherlandic
English Australian[12] bed [bed] 'bed' See Australian English phonology
General Indian[13] play [pl̥e(ː)] 'play'
General Pakistani[14] Can be a diphthong [eɪ] instead, depending on speaker.
Multicultural London[15]
Scottish[16]
Singaporean[17]
Tyneside[18]
Ulster[19] Pronounced [ɛː~iə] in Belfast.
Cardiff[20] kit [ke̠t] 'kit' Near-front;[20] corresponds to /ɪ/ in other dialects.
Faroese eg [eː] 'I'
French[21] beauté [bot̪e] 'beauty' See French phonology
Galician tres [t̪ɾes] 'three'
Georgian[22] მეფჱ [mɛpʰej] 'king'
German Standard[23] Seele About this sound [ˈzeːlə] (help·info) 'soul' See German phonology
Hindustani दे / دے [d̪eː] 'give!' See Hindustani phonology
Icelandic[24][25][26] vinur [ˈveːnөr] 'friend' Most often transcribed /ɪ/. See Icelandic phonology
Italian[27] stelle [ˈs̪t̪elle] 'stars' See Italian phonology
Kaingang[28] [ˈkɾe] 'thigh'
Korean 베다/beda [ˈpeːda] 'to cut' See Korean phonology
Limburgish Most dialects[29][30][31] leef [leːf] 'dear' The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect.
Rural Weerts[32] beek [beːk] 'stream' Corresponds to /iə/ in the city dialect. The vowel transcribed /eː/ in the city dialect is actually a centering diphthong /eə/.[33]
Luxembourgish[34] drécken [ˈdʀekən] 'to push' Allophone of /e/ before velar consonants; in free variation with [ɛ].
Malay bebek [bebeʔ] 'duck' See Malay phonology
North Frisian ween [ʋeːn] 'blue'
Norwegian Standard Eastern[35] le [l̪eː] 'laugh' Often diphthongized to [eə̯]. See Norwegian phonology
Polish[36] dzień About this sound [ˈd͡ʑeɲ̟] (help·info) 'day' Allophone of /ɛ/ between palatal or palatalized consonants. See Polish phonology
Portuguese[37] mesa [ˈmezɐ] 'table' See Portuguese phonology
Punjabi ਸੇਬ [seːb] 'apple'
Romanian Muntenian dialects[38] vezi [vezi][stress?] 'eyelash' Corresponds to mid [e̞] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Russian[39] шея About this sound [ˈʂejə] (help·info) 'neck' Occurs only before soft consonants. See Russian phonology
Shiwiar[40] [example needed] Allophone of /a/.[40]
Slovak Dialects spoken near the river Ipeľ[41] dcéra [ˈt͡seːrä] 'daughter' In standard Slovak, the backness varies between front and near-front; most commonly, it is realized as mid [e̞ː] instead.[42] See Slovak phonology
Standard[43]
Swedish se About this sound [s̪eː] (help·info) 'see' See Swedish phonology
Vietnamese tê [te] 'numb' See Vietnamese phonology
West Frisian skeel [skeːɫ] 'cross-eyed'
Yoruba[44] [example needed]
Zapotec Tilquiapan[45] [example needed] — — Occurs mostly after [i], otherwise the vowel is central [ɘ].

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Lass (1987), p. 119.
  2. ^ Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
  3. ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:54)
  4. ^ Grønnum (1998:100)
  5. ^ Grønnum (2005:268)
  6. ^ Grønnum (2003)
  7. ^ Basbøll (2005:45)
  8. ^ "John Wells's phonetic blog: Danish". 5 November 2010. Retrieved 11 March 2015. 
  9. ^ Allan, Holmes & Lundskær-Nielsen (2000:17)
  10. ^ Ladefoged & Johnson (2010:227)
  11. ^ Verhoeven (2005:245)
  12. ^ Harrington, Cox & Evans (1997)
  13. ^ Wells (1982:626)
  14. ^ Mahboob & Ahmar (2004:1010)
  15. ^ Gimson (2014:91)
  16. ^ Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006:7)
  17. ^ Deterding (2000:?)
  18. ^ Watt & Allen (2003:268–269)
  19. ^ "Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland" (PDF). 
  20. ^ a b Coupland (1990:93)
  21. ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
  22. ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:261–262)
  23. ^ Kohler (1999:87), Mangold (2005:37)
  24. ^ Árnason (2011:60)
  25. ^ Einarsson (1945:10), cited in Gussmann (2011:73)
  26. ^ Haugen (1958:65)
  27. ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:119)
  28. ^ Jolkesky (2009:676–677 and 682)
  29. ^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999:159)
  30. ^ Peters (2006:119)
  31. ^ Verhoeven (2007:221)
  32. ^ Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998:107)
  33. ^ Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998:107, 109)
  34. ^ Gilles & Trouvain (2013:70)
  35. ^ Vanvik (1979:13)
  36. ^ Jassem (2003:106)
  37. ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
  38. ^ Pop (1938), p. 29.
  39. ^ Jones & Ward (1969:44)
  40. ^ a b Fast Mowitz (1975:2)
  41. ^ Kráľ (1988:92)
  42. ^ Pavlík (2004:93, 95)
  43. ^ Pavlík (2004:95)
  44. ^ Bamgboṣe (1969:166)
  45. ^ Merrill (2008:109–10)

Bibliography[edit]

  • Allan, Robin; Holmes, Philip; Lundskær-Nielsen, Tom (2000), Danish: An Essential Grammar, London: Routledge, ISBN 0-19-824268-9 
  • Árnason, Kristján (2011), The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-922931-4 
  • Bamgboṣe, Ayọ (1966), A Grammar of Yoruba, [West African Languages Survey / Institute of African Studies], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 
  • Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, ISBN 0-203-97876-5 
  • Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618 
  • Coupland, Nikolas (1990), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, p. 93, ISBN 1-85359-032-0 
  • Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223 
  • Deterding, David (2000), "Measurements of the /eɪ/ and /oʊ/ vowels of young English speakers in Singapore", in Brown, Adam; Deterding, David; Low, Ee Ling, The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics, pp. 93–99 
  • Einarsson, Stefán (1945), Icelandic. Grammar texts glossary., Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, ISBN 978-0801863578 
  • Fast Mowitz, Gerhard (1975), Sistema fonológico del idioma achual, Lima: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano 
  • Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874 
  • Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278 
  • Gimson, Alfred Charles (2014), Cruttenden, Alan, ed., Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.), Routledge, ISBN 9781444183092 
  • Grønnum, Nina (1998), "Illustrations of the IPA: Danish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 28 (1 & 2): 99–105, doi:10.1017/s0025100300006290 
  • Grønnum, Nina (2003), Why are the Danes so hard to understand? 
  • Grønnum, Nina (2005), Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk (3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, ISBN 87-500-3865-6 
  • Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association (University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies) 29: 155–166, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526 
  • Gussmann, Edmund (2011). "Getting your head around: the vowel system of Modern Icelandic" (PDF). Folia Scandinavica Posnaniensia 12: 71–90. ISBN 978-83-232-2296-5. 
  • Harrington, Jonathan; Cox, Felicity; Evans, Zoe (1997), "An acoustic phonetic study of broad, general, and cultivated Australian English vowels", Australian Journal of Linguistics 17 (2): 155–184, doi:10.1080/07268609708599550 
  • Haugen, Einar (1958). "The Phonemics of Modern Icelandic". Language 34 (1): 55–88. doi:10.2307/411276. JSTOR 411276. 
  • Heijmans, Linda; Gussenhoven, Carlos (1998), "The Dutch dialect of Weert" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association 28: 107–112, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006307 
  • Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191 
  • Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2009), "Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingáng falado em Cacique Doble", Anais do SETA (Campinas: Editora do IEL-UNICAMP) 3: 675–685 
  • Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press 
  • Kohler, Klaus J. (1999), "German", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 86–89, ISBN 0-521-65236-7 
  • Kráľ, Ábel (1988), Pravidlá slovenskej výslovnosti, Bratislava: Slovenské pedagogické nakladateľstvo 
  • Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19814-8. 
  • Ladefoged, Peter; Johnson, Keith (2010), A Course in Phonetics (6th ed.), Boston, Massachusetts: Wadsworth Publishing, ISBN 978-1-4282-3126-9 
  • Lass, Roger (1987), "Intradiphthongal Dependencies", in Anderson, John; Durand, Jaques, Explorations in Dependency Phonology, Dordrecht: Foris Publications Holland, pp. 109–131, ISBN 9067652970 
  • Mahboob, Ahmar; Ahmar, Nadra H. (2004), "Pakistani English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W., A handbook of varieties of English 1, Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 1003–1015 
  • Mangold, Max (2005), Das Aussprachewörterbuch, Duden, ISBN 9783411040667 
  • Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344 
  • Pavlík, Radoslav (2004), "Slovenské hlásky a medzinárodná fonetická abeceda" (PDF), Jazykovedný časopis 55: 87–109 
  • Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428 
  • Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj 
  • Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628 
  • Scobbie, James M; Gordeeva, Olga B.; Matthews, Benjamin (2006), Acquisition of Scottish English Phonology: an overview, Edinburgh: QMU Speech Science Research Centre Working Papers 
  • Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659 
  • Traunmüller, Hartmut (1982), "Vokalismus in der westniederösterreichischen Mundart.", Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik 2: 289–333, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006290 
  • Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetik, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6 
  • Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 35 (2): 243–247, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173 
  • Verhoeven, Jo (2007), "The Belgian Limburg dialect of Hamont", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37 (2): 219–225, doi:10.1017/S0025100307002940 
  • Watt, Dominic; Allen, William (2003), "Tyneside English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 267–271, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001397 
  • Wells, J. C. (1982), Accents of English 3: Beyond the British Isles, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-28541-0 
 
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel&oldid=691917034"